kubeadm - CLI tool to easily provision a secure Kubernetes cluster.
Components
kubelet - The
primary agent that runs on each node. The kubelet takes a set of PodSpecs
and ensures that the described containers are running and healthy.
kube-apiserver -
REST API that validates and configures data for API objects such as pods,
services, replication controllers.
kube-controller-manager - Daemon that embeds the core control loops shipped with Kubernetes.
kube-proxy - Can
do simple TCP/UDP stream forwarding or round-robin TCP/UDP forwarding across
a set of back-ends.
kube-scheduler - Scheduler that manages availability, performance, and capacity.
List of ports and protocols that
should be open on control plane and worker nodes
Config APIs
This section hosts the documentation for "unpublished" APIs which are used to
configure kubernetes components or tools. Most of these APIs are not exposed
by the API server in a RESTful way though they are essential for a user or an
operator to use or manage a cluster.
This section provides reference information for the Kubernetes API.
The REST API is the fundamental fabric of Kubernetes. All operations and
communications between components, and external user commands are REST API
calls that the API Server handles. Consequently, everything in the Kubernetes
platform is treated as an API object and has a corresponding entry in the
API.
The JSON and Protobuf serialization schemas follow the same guidelines for
schema changes. The following descriptions cover both formats.
The API versioning and software versioning are indirectly related.
The API and release versioning proposal
describes the relationship between API versioning and software versioning.
Different API versions indicate different levels of stability and support. You
can find more information about the criteria for each level in the
API Changes documentation.
Here's a summary of each level:
Alpha:
The version names contain alpha (for example, v1alpha1).
The software may contain bugs. Enabling a feature may expose bugs. A
feature may be disabled by default.
The support for a feature may be dropped at any time without notice.
The API may change in incompatible ways in a later software release without notice.
The software is recommended for use only in short-lived testing clusters,
due to increased risk of bugs and lack of long-term support.
Beta:
The version names contain beta (for example, v2beta3).
The software is well tested. Enabling a feature is considered safe.
Features are enabled by default.
The support for a feature will not be dropped, though the details may change.
The schema and/or semantics of objects may change in incompatible ways in
a subsequent beta or stable release. When this happens, migration
instructions are provided. Schema changes may require deleting, editing, and
re-creating API objects. The editing process may not be straightforward.
The migration may require downtime for applications that rely on the feature.
The software is not recommended for production uses. Subsequent releases
may introduce incompatible changes. If you have multiple clusters which
can be upgraded independently, you may be able to relax this restriction.
Note: Please try beta features and provide feedback. After the features exit beta, it
may not be practical to make more changes.
Stable:
The version name is vX where X is an integer.
The stable versions of features appear in released software for many subsequent versions.
API groups
API groups
make it easier to extend the Kubernetes API.
The API group is specified in a REST path and in the apiVersion field of a
serialized object.
There are several API groups in Kubernetes:
The core (also called legacy) group is found at REST path /api/v1.
The core group is not specified as part of the apiVersion field, for
example, apiVersion: v1.
The named groups are at REST path /apis/$GROUP_NAME/$VERSION and use
apiVersion: $GROUP_NAME/$VERSION (for example, apiVersion: batch/v1).
You can find the full list of supported API groups in
Kubernetes API reference.
Enabling or disabling API groups
Certain resources and API groups are enabled by default. You can enable or
disable them by setting --runtime-config on the API server. The
--runtime-config flag accepts comma separated <key>[=<value>] pairs
describing the runtime configuration of the API server. If the =<value>
part is omitted, it is treated as if =true is specified. For example:
to disable batch/v1, set --runtime-config=batch/v1=false
to enable batch/v2alpha1, set --runtime-config=batch/v2alpha1
Note: When you enable or disable groups or resources, you need to restart the API
server and controller manager to pick up the --runtime-config changes.
Persistence
Kubernetes stores its serialized state in terms of the API resources by writing them into
etcd.
The Kubernetes API is a resource-based (RESTful) programmatic interface
provided via HTTP. It supports retrieving, creating, updating, and deleting
primary resources via the standard HTTP verbs (POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE,
GET).
For some resources, the API includes additional subresources that allow
fine grained authorization (such as a separating viewing details for a Pod from
retrieving its logs), and can accept and serve those resources in different
representations for convenience or efficiency.
Kubernetes supports efficient change notifications on resources via watches.
Kubernetes also provides consistent list operations so that API clients can
effectively cache, track, and synchronize the state of resources.
You can view the API reference online,
or read on to learn about the API in general.
Kubernetes API terminology
Kubernetes generally leverages common RESTful terminology to describe the
API concepts:
A resource type is the name used in the URL (pods, namespaces, services)
All resource types have a concrete representation (their object schema) which is called a kind
A list of instances of a resource is known as a collection
A single instance of a resource type is called a resource, and also usually represents an object
For some resource types, the API includes one or more sub-resources, which are represented as URI paths below the resource
Most Kubernetes API resource types are
objects:
they represent a concrete instance of a concept on the cluster, like a
pod or namespace. A smaller number of API resource types are virtual in
that they often represent operations on objects, rather than objects, such
as a permission check
(use a POST with a JSON-encoded body of SubjectAccessReview to the
subjectaccessreviews resource), or the eviction sub-resource of a Pod
(used to trigger
API-initiated eviction).
Object names
All objects you can create via the API have a unique object
name to allow idempotent creation and
retrieval, except that virtual resource types may not have unique names if they are
not retrievable, or do not rely on idempotency.
Within a namespace, only one object
of a given kind can have a given name at a time. However, if you delete the object,
you can make a new object with the same name. Some objects are not namespaced (for
example: Nodes), and so their names must be unique across the whole cluster.
API verbs
Almost all object resource types support the standard HTTP verbs - GET, POST, PUT, PATCH,
and DELETE. Kubernetes also uses its own verbs, which are often written lowercase to distinguish
them from HTTP verbs.
Kubernetes uses the term list to describe returning a collection of
resources to distinguish from retrieving a single resource which is usually called
a get. If you sent an HTTP GET request with the ?watch query parameter,
Kubernetes calls this a watch and not a get (see
Efficient detection of changes for more details).
For PUT requests, Kubernetes internally classifies these as either create or update
based on the state of the existing object. An update is different from a patch; the
HTTP verb for a patch is PATCH.
Resource URIs
All resource types are either scoped by the cluster (/apis/GROUP/VERSION/*) or to a
namespace (/apis/GROUP/VERSION/namespaces/NAMESPACE/*). A namespace-scoped resource
type will be deleted when its namespace is deleted and access to that resource type
is controlled by authorization checks on the namespace scope.
You can also access collections of resources (for example: listing all Nodes).
The following paths are used to retrieve collections and resources:
Cluster-scoped resources:
GET /apis/GROUP/VERSION/RESOURCETYPE - return the collection of resources of the resource type
GET /apis/GROUP/VERSION/RESOURCETYPE/NAME - return the resource with NAME under the resource type
Namespace-scoped resources:
GET /apis/GROUP/VERSION/RESOURCETYPE - return the collection of all instances of the resource type across all namespaces
GET /apis/GROUP/VERSION/namespaces/NAMESPACE/RESOURCETYPE - return collection of all instances of the resource type in NAMESPACE
GET /apis/GROUP/VERSION/namespaces/NAMESPACE/RESOURCETYPE/NAME - return the instance of the resource type with NAME in NAMESPACE
Since a namespace is a cluster-scoped resource type, you can retrieve the list
(“collection”) of all namespaces with GET /api/v1/namespaces and details about
a particular namespace with GET /api/v1/namespaces/NAME.
Cluster-scoped subresource: GET /apis/GROUP/VERSION/RESOURCETYPE/NAME/SUBRESOURCE
Namespace-scoped subresource: GET /apis/GROUP/VERSION/namespaces/NAMESPACE/RESOURCETYPE/NAME/SUBRESOURCE
The verbs supported for each subresource will differ depending on the object -
see the API reference for more information. It
is not possible to access sub-resources across multiple resources - generally a new
virtual resource type would be used if that becomes necessary.
Efficient detection of changes
The Kubernetes API allows clients to make an initial request for an object or a
collection, and then to track changes since that initial request: a watch. Clients
can send a list or a get and then make a follow-up watch request.
To make this change tracking possible, every Kubernetes object has a resourceVersion
field representing the version of that resource as stored in the underlying persistence
layer. When retrieving a collection of resources (either namespace or cluster scoped),
the response from the API server contains a resourceVersion value. The client can
use that resourceVersion to initiate a watch against the API server.
When you send a watch request, the API server responds with a stream of
changes. These changes itemize the outcome of operations (such as create, delete,
and update) that occurred after the resourceVersion you specified as a parameter
to the watch request. The overall watch mechanism allows a client to fetch
the current state and then subscribe to subsequent changes, without missing any events.
If a client watch is disconnected then that client can start a new watch from
the last returned resourceVersion; the client could also perform a fresh get /
list request and begin again. See Resource Version Semantics
for more detail.
For example:
List all of the pods in a given namespace.
GET /api/v1/namespaces/test/pods
---
200 OK
Content-Type: application/json
{
"kind": "PodList",
"apiVersion": "v1",
"metadata": {"resourceVersion":"10245"},
"items": [...]
}
Starting from resource version 10245, receive notifications of any API operations
(such as create, delete, apply or update) that affect Pods in the
test namespace. Each change notification is a JSON document. The HTTP response body
(served as application/json) consists a series of JSON documents.
A given Kubernetes server will only preserve a historical record of changes for a
limited time. Clusters using etcd 3 preserve changes in the last 5 minutes by default.
When the requested watch operations fail because the historical version of that
resource is not available, clients must handle the case by recognizing the status code
410 Gone, clearing their local cache, performing a new get or list operation,
and starting the watch from the resourceVersion that was returned.
For subscribing to collections, Kubernetes client libraries typically offer some form
of standard tool for this list-then-watch logic. (In the Go client library,
this is called a Reflector and is located in the k8s.io/client-go/tools/cache package.)
Watch bookmarks
To mitigate the impact of short history window, the Kubernetes API provides a watch
event named BOOKMARK. It is a special kind of event to mark that all changes up
to a given resourceVersion the client is requesting have already been sent. The
document representing the BOOKMARK event is of the type requested by the request,
but only includes a .metadata.resourceVersion field. For example:
As a client, you can request BOOKMARK events by setting the
allowWatchBookmarks=true query parameter to a watch request, but you shouldn't
assume bookmarks are returned at any specific interval, nor can clients assume that
the API server will send any BOOKMARK event even when requested.
Retrieving large results sets in chunks
FEATURE STATE:Kubernetes v1.9 [beta]
On large clusters, retrieving the collection of some resource types may result in
very large responses that can impact the server and client. For instance, a cluster
may have tens of thousands of Pods, each of which is equivalent to roughly 2 KiB of
encoded JSON. Retrieving all pods across all namespaces may result in a very large
response (10-20MB) and consume a large amount of server resources.
Provided that you don't explicitly disable the APIListChunkingfeature gate, the
Kubernetes API server supports the ability to break a single large collection request
into many smaller chunks while preserving the consistency of the total request. Each
chunk can be returned sequentially which reduces both the total size of the request and
allows user-oriented clients to display results incrementally to improve responsiveness.
You can request that the API server handles a list by serving single collection
using pages (which Kubernetes calls chunks). To retrieve a single collection in
chunks, two query parameters limit and continue are supported on requests against
collections, and a response field continue is returned from all list operations
in the collection's metadata field. A client should specify the maximum results they
wish to receive in each chunk with limit and the server will return up to limit
resources in the result and include a continue value if there are more resources
in the collection.
As an API client, you can then pass this continue value to the API server on the
next request, to instruct the server to return the next page (chunk) of results. By
continuing until the server returns an empty continue value, you can retrieve the
entire collection.
Like a watch operation, a continue token will expire after a short amount
of time (by default 5 minutes) and return a 410 Gone if more results cannot be
returned. In this case, the client will need to start from the beginning or omit the
limit parameter.
For example, if there are 1,253 pods on the cluster and you wants to receive chunks
of 500 pods at a time, request those chunks as follows:
List all of the pods on a cluster, retrieving up to 500 pods each time.
Continue the previous call, retrieving the last 253 pods.
GET /api/v1/pods?limit=500&continue=ENCODED_CONTINUE_TOKEN_2
---
200 OK
Content-Type: application/json
{
"kind": "PodList",
"apiVersion": "v1",
"metadata": {
"resourceVersion":"10245",
"continue": "", // continue token is empty because we have reached the end of the list
...
},
"items": [...] // returns pods 1001-1253
}
Notice that the resourceVersion of the collection remains constant across each request,
indicating the server is showing you a consistent snapshot of the pods. Pods that
are created, updated, or deleted after version 10245 would not be shown unless
you make a separate list request without the continue token. This allows you
to break large requests into smaller chunks and then perform a watch operation
on the full set without missing any updates.
remainingItemCount is the number of subsequent items in the collection that are not
included in this response. If the list request contained label or field
selectors then the number of
remaining items is unknown and the API server does not include a remainingItemCount
field in its response.
If the list is complete (either because it is not chunking, or because this is the
last chunk), then there are no more remaining items and the API server does not include a
remainingItemCount field in its response. The intended use of the remainingItemCount
is estimating the size of a collection.
Collections
In Kubernetes terminology, the response you get from a list is
a collection. However, Kubernetes defines concrete kinds for
collections of different types of resource. Collections have a kind
named for the resource kind, with List appended.
When you query the API for a particular type, all items returned by that query are
of that type.
For example, when you list Services, the collection response
has kind set to
ServiceList; each item in that collection represents a single Service. For example:
There are dozens of collection types (such as PodList, ServiceList,
and NodeList) defined in the Kubernetes API.
You can get more information about each collection type from the
Kubernetes API documentation.
Some tools, such as kubectl, represent the Kubernetes collection
mechanism slightly differently from the Kubernetes API itself.
Because the output of kubectl might include the response from
multiple list operations at the API level, kubectl represents
a list of items using kind: List. For example:
Keep in mind that the Kubernetes API does not have a kind named List.
kind: List is a client-side, internal implementation detail for processing
collections that might be of different kinds of object. Avoid depending on
kind: List in automation or other code.
Receiving resources as Tables
When you run kubectl get, the default output format is a simple tabular
representation of one or more instances of a particular resource type. In the past,
clients were required to reproduce the tabular and describe output implemented in
kubectl to perform simple lists of objects.
A few limitations of that approach include non-trivial logic when dealing with
certain objects. Additionally, types provided by API aggregation or third party
resources are not known at compile time. This means that generic implementations
had to be in place for types unrecognized by a client.
In order to avoid potential limitations as described above, clients may request
the Table representation of objects, delegating specific details of printing to the
server. The Kubernetes API implements standard HTTP content type negotiation: passing
an Accept header containing a value of application/json;as=Table;g=meta.k8s.io;v=v1
with a GET call will request that the server return objects in the Table content
type.
For example, list all of the pods on a cluster in the Table format.
GET /api/v1/pods
Accept: application/json;as=Table;g=meta.k8s.io;v=v1
---
200 OK
Content-Type: application/json
{
"kind": "Table",
"apiVersion": "meta.k8s.io/v1",
...
"columnDefinitions": [
...
]
}
For API resource types that do not have a custom Table definition known to the control
plane, the API server returns a default Table response that consists of the resource's
name and creationTimestamp fields.
Not all API resource types support a Table response; for example, a
CustomResourceDefinitions
might not define field-to-table mappings, and an APIService that
extends the core Kubernetes API
might not serve Table responses at all. If you are implementing a client that
uses the Table information and must work against all resource types, including
extensions, you should make requests that specify multiple content types in the
Accept header. For example:
By default, Kubernetes returns objects serialized to JSON with content type
application/json. This is the default serialization format for the API. However,
clients may request the more efficient
Protobuf representation of these objects for better performance at scale.
The Kubernetes API implements standard HTTP content type negotiation: passing an
Accept header with a GET call will request that the server tries to return
a response in your preferred media type, while sending an object in Protobuf to
the server for a PUT or POST call means that you must set the Content-Type
header appropriately.
The server will return a response with a Content-Type header if the requested
format is supported, or the 406 Not acceptable error if none of the media types you
requested are supported. All built-in resource types support the application/json
media type.
See the Kubernetes API reference for a list of
supported content types for each API.
For example:
List all of the pods on a cluster in Protobuf format.
GET /api/v1/pods
Accept: application/vnd.kubernetes.protobuf
---
200 OK
Content-Type: application/vnd.kubernetes.protobuf
... binary encoded PodList object
Create a pod by sending Protobuf encoded data to the server, but request a response
in JSON.
POST /api/v1/namespaces/test/pods
Content-Type: application/vnd.kubernetes.protobuf
Accept: application/json
... binary encoded Pod object
---
200 OK
Content-Type: application/json
{
"kind": "Pod",
"apiVersion": "v1",
...
}
Not all API resource types support Protobuf; specifically, Protobuf isn't available for
resources that are defined as
CustomResourceDefinitions
or are served via the
aggregation layer.
As a client, if you might need to work with extension types you should specify multiple
content types in the request Accept header to support fallback to JSON.
For example:
Kubernetes uses an envelope wrapper to encode Protobuf responses. That wrapper starts
with a 4 byte magic number to help identify content in disk or in etcd as Protobuf
(as opposed to JSON), and then is followed by a Protobuf encoded wrapper message, which
describes the encoding and type of the underlying object and then contains the object.
The wrapper format is:
A four byte magic number prefix:
Bytes 0-3: "k8s\x00" [0x6b, 0x38, 0x73, 0x00]
An encoded Protobuf message with the following IDL:
message Unknown {
// typeMeta should have the string values for "kind" and "apiVersion" as set on the JSON object
optional TypeMeta typeMeta = 1;
// raw will hold the complete serialized object in protobuf. See the protobuf definitions in the client libraries for a given kind.
optional bytes raw = 2;
// contentEncoding is encoding used for the raw data. Unspecified means no encoding.
optional string contentEncoding = 3;
// contentType is the serialization method used to serialize 'raw'. Unspecified means application/vnd.kubernetes.protobuf and is usually
// omitted.
optional string contentType = 4;
}
message TypeMeta {
// apiVersion is the group/version for this type
optional string apiVersion = 1;
// kind is the name of the object schema. A protobuf definition should exist for this object.
optional string kind = 2;
}
Note: Clients that receive a response in application/vnd.kubernetes.protobuf that does
not match the expected prefix should reject the response, as future versions may need
to alter the serialization format in an incompatible way and will do so by changing
the prefix.
Resource deletion
When you delete a resource this takes place in two phases.
When a client first sends a delete to request removal of a resource, the .metadata.deletionTimestamp is set to the current time.
Once the .metadata.deletionTimestamp is set, external controllers that act on finalizers
may start performing their cleanup work at any time, in any order.
Order is not enforced between finalizers because it would introduce significant
risk of stuck .metadata.finalizers.
The .metadata.finalizers field is shared: any actor with permission can reorder it.
If the finalizer list were processed in order, then this might lead to a situation
in which the component responsible for the first finalizer in the list is
waiting for some signal (field value, external system, or other) produced by a
component responsible for a finalizer later in the list, resulting in a deadlock.
Without enforced ordering, finalizers are free to order amongst themselves and are
not vulnerable to ordering changes in the list.
Once the last finalizer is removed, the resource is actually removed from etcd.
Single resource API
The Kubernetes API verbs get, create, apply, update, patch,
delete and proxy support single resources only.
These verbs with single resource support have no support for submitting multiple
resources together in an ordered or unordered list or transaction.
When clients (including kubectl) act on a set of resources, the client makes a series
of single-resource API requests, then aggregates the responses if needed.
By contrast, the Kubernetes API verbs list and watch allow getting multiple
resources, and deletecollection allows deleting multiple resources.
Dry-run
FEATURE STATE:Kubernetes v1.18 [stable]
When you use HTTP verbs that can modify resources (POST, PUT, PATCH, and
DELETE), you can submit your request in a dry run mode. Dry run mode helps to
evaluate a request through the typical request stages (admission chain, validation,
merge conflicts) up until persisting objects to storage. The response body for the
request is as close as possible to a non-dry-run response. Kubernetes guarantees that
dry-run requests will not be persisted in storage or have any other side effects.
Make a dry-run request
Dry-run is triggered by setting the dryRun query parameter. This parameter is a
string, working as an enum, and the only accepted values are:
[no value set]
Allow side effects. You request this with a query string such as ?dryRun
or ?dryRun&pretty=true. The response is the final object that would have been
persisted, or an error if the request could not be fulfilled.
All
Every stage runs as normal, except for the final storage stage where side effects
are prevented.
When you set ?dryRun=All, any relevant
admission controllers
are run, validating admission controllers check the request post-mutation, merge is
performed on PATCH, fields are defaulted, and schema validation occurs. The changes
are not persisted to the underlying storage, but the final object which would have
been persisted is still returned to the user, along with the normal status code.
If the non-dry-run version of a request would trigger an admission controller that has
side effects, the request will be failed rather than risk an unwanted side effect. All
built in admission control plugins support dry-run. Additionally, admission webhooks can
declare in their
configuration object
that they do not have side effects, by setting their sideEffects field to None.
Note: If a webhook actually does have side effects, then the sideEffects field should be
set to "NoneOnDryRun". That change is appropriate provided that the webhook is also
be modified to understand the DryRun field in AdmissionReview, and to prevent side
effects on any request marked as dry runs.
Here is an example dry-run request that uses ?dryRun=All:
POST /api/v1/namespaces/test/pods?dryRun=All
Content-Type: application/json
Accept: application/json
The response would look the same as for non-dry-run request, but the values of some
generated fields may differ.
Generated values
Some values of an object are typically generated before the object is persisted. It
is important not to rely upon the values of these fields set by a dry-run request,
since these values will likely be different in dry-run mode from when the real
request is made. Some of these fields are:
name: if generateName is set, name will have a unique random name
creationTimestamp / deletionTimestamp: records the time of creation/deletion
UID: uniquely identifies the object and is randomly generated (non-deterministic)
resourceVersion: tracks the persisted version of the object
Any field set by a mutating admission controller
For the Service resource: Ports or IP addresses that the kube-apiserver assigns to Service objects
Dry-run authorization
Authorization for dry-run and non-dry-run requests is identical. Thus, to make
a dry-run request, you must be authorized to make the non-dry-run request.
For example, to run a dry-run patch for a Deployment, you must be authorized
to perform that patch. Here is an example of a rule for Kubernetes
RBAC that allows patching
Deployments:
Kubernetes' Server Side Apply
feature allows the control plane to track managed fields for newly created objects.
Server Side Apply provides a clear pattern for managing field conflicts,
offers server-side Apply and Update operations, and replaces the
client-side functionality of kubectl apply.
The API verb for Server-Side Apply is apply.
See Server Side Apply for more details.
Resource versions
Resource versions are strings that identify the server's internal version of an
object. Resource versions can be used by clients to determine when objects have
changed, or to express data consistency requirements when getting, listing and
watching resources. Resource versions must be treated as opaque by clients and passed
unmodified back to the server.
You must not assume resource versions are numeric or collatable. API clients may
only compare two resource versions for equality (this means that you must not compare
resource versions for greater-than or less-than relationships).
resourceVersion fields in metadata
Clients find resource versions in resources, including the resources from the response
stream for a watch, or when using list to enumerate resources.
v1.meta/ObjectMeta - The metadata.resourceVersion of a resource instance identifies the resource version the instance was last modified at.
v1.meta/ListMeta - The metadata.resourceVersion of a resource collection (the response to a list) identifies the resource version at which the collection was constructed.
resourceVersion parameters in query strings
The get, list, and watch operations support the resourceVersion parameter.
From version v1.19, Kubernetes API servers also support the resourceVersionMatch
parameter on list requests.
The API server interprets the resourceVersion parameter differently depending
on the operation you request, and on the value of resourceVersion. If you set
resourceVersionMatch then this also affects the way matching happens.
Semantics for get and list
For get and list, the semantics of resourceVersion are:
get:
resourceVersion unset
resourceVersion="0"
resourceVersion="{value other than 0}"
Most Recent
Any
Not older than
list:
From version v1.19, Kubernetes API servers support the resourceVersionMatch parameter
on list requests. If you set both resourceVersion and resourceVersionMatch, the
resourceVersionMatch parameter determines how the API server interprets
resourceVersion.
You should always set the resourceVersionMatch parameter when setting
resourceVersion on a list request. However, be prepared to handle the case
where the API server that responds is unaware of resourceVersionMatch
and ignores it.
Unless you have strong consistency requirements, using resourceVersionMatch=NotOlderThan and
a known resourceVersion is preferable since it can achieve better performance and scalability
of your cluster than leaving resourceVersion and resourceVersionMatch unset, which requires
quorum read to be served.
Setting the resourceVersionMatch parameter without setting resourceVersion is not valid.
This table explains the behavior of list requests with various combinations of
resourceVersion and resourceVersionMatch:
resourceVersionMatch and paging parameters for list
resourceVersionMatch param
paging params
resourceVersion not set
resourceVersion="0"
resourceVersion="{value other than 0}"
unset
limit unset
Most Recent
Any
Not older than
unset
limit=<n>, continue unset
Most Recent
Any
Exact
unset
limit=<n>, continue=<token>
Continue Token, Exact
Invalid, treated as Continue Token, Exact
Invalid, HTTP 400 Bad Request
resourceVersionMatch=Exact
limit unset
Invalid
Invalid
Exact
resourceVersionMatch=Exact
limit=<n>, continue unset
Invalid
Invalid
Exact
resourceVersionMatch=NotOlderThan
limit unset
Invalid
Any
Not older than
resourceVersionMatch=NotOlderThan
limit=<n>, continue unset
Invalid
Any
Not older than
Note: If your cluster's API server does not honor the resourceVersionMatch parameter,
the behavior is the same as if you did not set it.
The meaning of the get and list semantics are:
Any
Return data at any resource version. The newest available resource version is preferred,
but strong consistency is not required; data at any resource version may be served. It is possible
for the request to return data at a much older resource version that the client has previously
observed, particularly in high availability configurations, due to partitions or stale
caches. Clients that cannot tolerate this should not use this semantic.
Most recent
Return data at the most recent resource version. The returned data must be
consistent (in detail: served from etcd via a quorum read).
Not older than
Return data at least as new as the provided resourceVersion. The newest
available data is preferred, but any data not older than the provided resourceVersion may be
served. For list requests to servers that honor the resourceVersionMatch parameter, this
guarantees that the collection's .metadata.resourceVersion is not older than the requested
resourceVersion, but does not make any guarantee about the .metadata.resourceVersion of any
of the items in that collection.
Exact
Return data at the exact resource version provided. If the provided resourceVersion is
unavailable, the server responds with HTTP 410 "Gone". For list requests to servers that honor the
resourceVersionMatch parameter, this guarantees that the collection's .metadata.resourceVersion
is the same as the resourceVersion you requested in the query string. That guarantee does
not apply to the .metadata.resourceVersion of any items within that collection.
Continue Token, Exact
Return data at the resource version of the initial paginated list call. The returned continue
tokens are responsible for keeping track of the initially provided resource version for all paginated
list calls after the initial paginated list.
Note: When you list resources and receive a collection response, the response includes the
metadata of the collection as
well as object metadata
for each item in that collection. For individual objects found within a collection response,
.metadata.resourceVersion tracks when that object was last updated, and not how up-to-date
the object is when served.
When using resourceVersionMatch=NotOlderThan and limit is set, clients must
handle HTTP 410 "Gone" responses. For example, the client might retry with a
newer resourceVersion or fall back to resourceVersion="".
When using resourceVersionMatch=Exact and limit is unset, clients must
verify that the collection's .metadata.resourceVersion matches
the requested resourceVersion, and handle the case where it does not. For
example, the client might fall back to a request with limit set.
Semantics for watch
For watch, the semantics of resource version are:
watch:
resourceVersion for watch
resourceVersion unset
resourceVersion="0"
resourceVersion="{value other than 0}"
Get State and Start at Most Recent
Get State and Start at Any
Start at Exact
The meaning of those watch semantics are:
Get State and Start at Any
Caution: Watches initialized this way may return arbitrarily stale
data. Please review this semantic before using it, and favor the other semantics
where possible.
Start a watch at any resource version; the most recent resource version
available is preferred, but not required. Any starting resource version is
allowed. It is possible for the watch to start at a much older resource
version that the client has previously observed, particularly in high availability
configurations, due to partitions or stale caches. Clients that cannot tolerate
this apparent rewinding should not start a watch with this semantic. To
establish initial state, the watch begins with synthetic "Added" events for
all resource instances that exist at the starting resource version. All following
watch events are for all changes that occurred after the resource version the
watch started at.
Get State and Start at Most Recent
Start a watch at the most recent resource version, which must be consistent
(in detail: served from etcd via a quorum read). To establish initial state,
the watch begins with synthetic "Added" events of all resources instances
that exist at the starting resource version. All following watch events are for
all changes that occurred after the resource version the watch started at.
Start at Exact
Start a watch at an exact resource version. The watch events are for all changes
after the provided resource version. Unlike "Get State and Start at Most Recent"
and "Get State and Start at Any", the watch is not started with synthetic
"Added" events for the provided resource version. The client is assumed to already
have the initial state at the starting resource version since the client provided
the resource version.
"410 Gone" responses
Servers are not required to serve all older resource versions and may return a HTTP
410 (Gone) status code if a client requests a resourceVersion older than the
server has retained. Clients must be able to tolerate 410 (Gone) responses. See
Efficient detection of changes for details on
how to handle 410 (Gone) responses when watching resources.
If you request a resourceVersion outside the applicable limit then, depending
on whether a request is served from cache or not, the API server may reply with a
410 Gone HTTP response.
Unavailable resource versions
Servers are not required to serve unrecognized resource versions. If you request
list or get for a resource version that the API server does not recognize,
then the API server may either:
wait briefly for the resource version to become available, then timeout with a
504 (Gateway Timeout) if the provided resource versions does not become available
in a reasonable amount of time;
respond with a Retry-After response header indicating how many seconds a client
should wait before retrying the request.
If you request a resource version that an API server does not recognize, the
kube-apiserver additionally identifies its error responses with a "Too large resource
version" message.
If you make a watch request for an unrecognized resource version, the API server
may wait indefinitely (until the request timeout) for the resource version to become
available.
2.2 - Server-Side Apply
FEATURE STATE:Kubernetes v1.22 [stable]
Introduction
Server Side Apply helps users and controllers manage their resources through
declarative configurations. Clients can create and modify their
objects
declaratively by sending their fully specified intent.
A fully specified intent is a partial object that only includes the fields and
values for which the user has an opinion. That intent either creates a new
object or is combined, by the server, with the existing object.
The system supports multiple appliers collaborating on a single object.
Changes to an object's fields are tracked through a "field management"
mechanism. When a field's value changes, ownership moves from its current
manager to the manager making the change. When trying to apply an object,
fields that have a different value and are owned by another manager will
result in a conflict. This is done in order to signal that the
operation might undo another collaborator's changes. Conflicts can be forced,
in which case the value will be overridden, and the ownership will be
transferred.
If you remove a field from a configuration and apply the configuration, server
side apply checks if there are any other field managers that also own the
field. If the field is not owned by any other field managers, it is either
deleted from the live object or reset to its default value, if it has one. The
same rule applies to associative list or map items.
Server side apply is meant both as a replacement for the original kubectl apply and as a simpler mechanism for controllers to enact their changes.
If you have Server Side Apply enabled, the control plane tracks managed fields
for all newly created objects.
Field Management
Compared to the last-applied annotation managed by kubectl, Server Side
Apply uses a more declarative approach, which tracks a user's field management,
rather than a user's last applied state. This means that as a side effect of
using Server Side Apply, information about which field manager manages each
field in an object also becomes available.
For a user to manage a field, in the Server Side Apply sense, means that the
user relies on and expects the value of the field not to change. The user who
last made an assertion about the value of a field will be recorded as the
current field manager. This can be done either by changing the value with
POST, PUT, or non-apply PATCH, or by including the field in a config sent
to the Server Side Apply endpoint. When using Server-Side Apply, trying to
change a field which is managed by someone else will result in a rejected
request (if not forced, see Conflicts).
When two or more appliers set a field to the same value, they share ownership of
that field. Any subsequent attempt to change the value of the shared field, by any of
the appliers, results in a conflict. Shared field owners may give up ownership
of a field by removing it from their configuration.
Field management is stored in amanagedFields field that is part of an object's
metadata.
A simple example of an object created by Server Side Apply could look like this:
apiVersion:v1kind:ConfigMapmetadata:name:test-cmnamespace:defaultlabels:test-label:testmanagedFields:- manager:kubectloperation:ApplyapiVersion:v1time:"2010-10-10T0:00:00Z"fieldsType:FieldsV1fieldsV1:f:metadata:f:labels:f:test-label:{}f:data:f:key:{}data:key:some value
The above object contains a single manager in metadata.managedFields. The
manager consists of basic information about the managing entity itself, like
operation type, API version, and the fields managed by it.
Note: This field is managed by the API server and should not be changed by
the user.
Nevertheless it is possible to change metadata.managedFields through an
Update operation. Doing so is highly discouraged, but might be a reasonable
option to try if, for example, the managedFields get into an inconsistent
state (which clearly should not happen).
The format of the managedFields is described in the
API.
Conflicts
A conflict is a special status error that occurs when an Apply operation tries
to change a field, which another user also claims to manage. This prevents an
applier from unintentionally overwriting the value set by another user. When
this occurs, the applier has 3 options to resolve the conflicts:
Overwrite value, become sole manager: If overwriting the value was
intentional (or if the applier is an automated process like a controller) the
applier should set the force query parameter to true and make the request
again. This forces the operation to succeed, changes the value of the field,
and removes the field from all other managers' entries in managedFields.
Don't overwrite value, give up management claim: If the applier doesn't
care about the value of the field anymore, they can remove it from their
config and make the request again. This leaves the value unchanged, and causes
the field to be removed from the applier's entry in managedFields.
Don't overwrite value, become shared manager: If the applier still cares
about the value of the field, but doesn't want to overwrite it, they can
change the value of the field in their config to match the value of the object
on the server, and make the request again. This leaves the value unchanged,
and causes the field's management to be shared by the applier and all other
field managers that already claimed to manage it.
Managers
Managers identify distinct workflows that are modifying the object (especially
useful on conflicts!), and can be specified through the fieldManager query
parameter as part of a modifying request. It is required for the apply endpoint,
though kubectl will default it to kubectl. For other updates, its default is
computed from the user-agent.
Apply and Update
The two operation types considered by this feature are Apply (PATCH with
content type application/apply-patch+yaml) and Update (all other operations
which modify the object). Both operations update the managedFields, but behave
a little differently.
Note:
Whether you are submitting JSON data or YAML data, use
application/apply-patch+yaml as the Content-Type header value.
All JSON documents are valid YAML.
For instance, only the apply operation fails on conflicts while update does
not. Also, apply operations are required to identify themselves by providing a
fieldManager query parameter, while the query parameter is optional for update
operations. Finally, when using the apply operation you cannot have
managedFields in the object that is being applied.
An example object with multiple managers could look like this:
apiVersion:v1kind:ConfigMapmetadata:name:test-cmnamespace:defaultlabels:test-label:testmanagedFields:- manager:kubectloperation:ApplyapiVersion:v1fields:f:metadata:f:labels:f:test-label:{}- manager:kube-controller-manageroperation:UpdateapiVersion:v1time:'2019-03-30T16:00:00.000Z'fields:f:data:f:key:{}data:key:new value
In this example, a second operation was run as an Update by the manager called
kube-controller-manager. The update changed a value in the data field which
caused the field's management to change to the kube-controller-manager.
If this update would have been an Apply operation, the operation
would have failed due to conflicting ownership.
Merge strategy
The merging strategy, implemented with Server Side Apply, provides a generally
more stable object lifecycle. Server Side Apply tries to merge fields based on
the actor who manages them instead of overruling based on values. This way
multiple actors can update the same object without causing unexpected interference.
When a user sends a "fully-specified intent" object to the Server Side Apply
endpoint, the server merges it with the live object favoring the value in the
applied config if it is specified in both places. If the set of items present in
the applied config is not a superset of the items applied by the same user last
time, each missing item not managed by any other appliers is removed. For
more information about how an object's schema is used to make decisions when
merging, see
sigs.k8s.io/structured-merge-diff.
A number of markers were added in Kubernetes 1.16 and 1.17, to allow API
developers to describe the merge strategy supported by lists, maps, and
structs. These markers can be applied to objects of the respective type,
in Go files or in the OpenAPI schema definition of the
CRD:
Golang marker
OpenAPI extension
Accepted values
Description
Introduced in
//+listType
x-kubernetes-list-type
atomic/set/map
Applicable to lists. set applies to lists that include only scalar elements. These elements must be unique. map applies to lists of nested types only. The key values (see listMapKey) must be unique in the list. atomic can apply to any list. If configured as atomic, the entire list is replaced during merge. At any point in time, a single manager owns the list. If set or map, different managers can manage entries separately.
1.16
//+listMapKey
x-kubernetes-list-map-keys
List of field names, e.g. ["port", "protocol"]
Only applicable when +listType=map. A list of field names whose values uniquely identify entries in the list. While there can be multiple keys, listMapKey is singular because keys need to be specified individually in the Go type. The key fields must be scalars.
1.16
//+mapType
x-kubernetes-map-type
atomic/granular
Applicable to maps. atomic means that the map can only be entirely replaced by a single manager. granular means that the map supports separate managers updating individual fields.
1.17
//+structType
x-kubernetes-map-type
atomic/granular
Applicable to structs; otherwise same usage and OpenAPI annotation as //+mapType.
1.17
If listType is missing, the API server interprets a
patchMergeStrategy=merge marker as a listType=map and the
corresponding patchMergeKey marker as a listMapKey.
The atomic list type is recursive.
These markers are specified as comments and don't have to be repeated as
field tags.
Compatibility across topology changes
On rare occurrences, a CRD or built-in type author may want to change the
specific topology of a field in their resource without incrementing its
version. Changing the topology of types, by upgrading the cluster or
updating the CRD, has different consequences when updating existing
objects. There are two categories of changes: when a field goes from
map/set/granular to atomic and the other way around.
When the listType, mapType, or structType changes from
map/set/granular to atomic, the whole list, map, or struct of
existing objects will end-up being owned by actors who owned an element
of these types. This means that any further change to these objects
would cause a conflict.
When a list, map, or struct changes from atomic to
map/set/granular, the API server won't be able to infer the new
ownership of these fields. Because of that, no conflict will be produced
when objects have these fields updated. For that reason, it is not
recommended to change a type from atomic to map/set/granular.
Before spec.data gets changed from atomic to granular,
manager-one owns the field spec.data, and all the fields within it
(key1 and key2). When the CRD gets changed to make spec.datagranular, manager-one continues to own the top-level field
spec.data (meaning no other managers can delete the map called data
without a conflict), but it no longer owns key1 and key2, so another
manager can then modify or delete those fields without conflict.
Custom Resources
By default, Server Side Apply treats custom resources as unstructured data. All
keys are treated the same as struct fields, and all lists are considered atomic.
If the Custom Resource Definition defines a
schema
that contains annotations as defined in the previous "Merge Strategy"
section, these annotations will be used when merging objects of this
type.
Using Server-Side Apply in a controller
As a developer of a controller, you can use server-side apply as a way to
simplify the update logic of your controller. The main differences with a
read-modify-write and/or patch are the following:
the applied object must contain all the fields that the controller cares about.
there is no way to remove fields that haven't been applied by the controller
before (controller can still send a PATCH/UPDATE for these use-cases).
the object doesn't have to be read beforehand, resourceVersion doesn't have
to be specified.
It is strongly recommended for controllers to always "force" conflicts, since they
might not be able to resolve or act on these conflicts.
Transferring Ownership
In addition to the concurrency controls provided by conflict resolution,
Server Side Apply provides ways to perform coordinated
field ownership transfers from users to controllers.
This is best explained by example. Let's look at how to safely transfer
ownership of the replicas field from a user to a controller while enabling
automatic horizontal scaling for a Deployment, using the HorizontalPodAutoscaler
resource and its accompanying controller.
Say a user has defined deployment with replicas set to the desired value:
Now, the user would like to remove replicas from their configuration, so they
don't accidentally fight with the HPA controller. However, there is a race: it
might take some time before HPA feels the need to adjust replicas, and if
the user removes replicas before the HPA writes to the field and becomes
its owner, then apiserver will set replicas to 1, its default value. This
is not what the user wants to happen, even temporarily.
There are two solutions:
(basic) Leave replicas in the configuration; when HPA eventually writes to that
field, the system gives the user a conflict over it. At that point, it is safe
to remove from the configuration.
(more advanced) If, however, the user doesn't want to wait, for example
because they want to keep the cluster legible to coworkers, then they can take
the following steps to make it safe to remove replicas from their
configuration:
First, the user defines a new configuration containing only the replicas field:
If the apply results in a conflict with the HPA controller, then do nothing. The
conflict indicates the controller has claimed the field earlier in the
process than it sometimes does.
At this point the user may remove the replicas field from their configuration.
Note that whenever the HPA controller sets the replicas field to a new value,
the temporary field manager will no longer own any fields and will be
automatically deleted. No clean up is required.
Transferring Ownership Between Users
Users can transfer ownership of a field between each other by setting the field
to the same value in both of their applied configs, causing them to share
ownership of the field. Once the users share ownership of the field, one of them
can remove the field from their applied configuration to give up ownership and
complete the transfer to the other user.
Comparison with Client Side Apply
A consequence of the conflict detection and resolution implemented by Server
Side Apply is that an applier always has up to date field values in their local
state. If they don't, they get a conflict the next time they apply. Any of the
three options to resolve conflicts results in the applied configuration being an
up to date subset of the object on the server's fields.
This is different from Client Side Apply, where outdated values which have been
overwritten by other users are left in an applier's local config. These values
only become accurate when the user updates that specific field, if ever, and an
applier has no way of knowing whether their next apply will overwrite other
users' changes.
Another difference is that an applier using Client Side Apply is unable to
change the API version they are using, but Server Side Apply supports this use
case.
Upgrading from client-side apply to server-side apply
Client-side apply users who manage a resource with kubectl apply can start
using server-side apply with the following flag.
kubectl apply --server-side [--dry-run=server]
By default, field management of the object transfers from client-side apply to
kubectl server-side apply without encountering conflicts.
Caution:
Keep the last-applied-configuration annotation up to date.
The annotation infers client-side apply's managed fields.
Any fields not managed by client-side apply raise conflicts.
For example, if you used kubectl scale to update the replicas field after
client-side apply, then this field is not owned by client-side apply and
creates conflicts on kubectl apply --server-side.
This behavior applies to server-side apply with the kubectl field manager.
As an exception, you can opt-out of this behavior by specifying a different,
non-default field manager, as seen in the following example. The default field
manager for kubectl server-side apply is kubectl.
Downgrading from server-side apply to client-side apply
If you manage a resource with kubectl apply --server-side,
you can downgrade to client-side apply directly with kubectl apply.
Downgrading works because kubectl server-side apply keeps the
last-applied-configuration annotation up-to-date if you use
kubectl apply.
This behavior applies to server-side apply with the kubectl field manager.
As an exception, you can opt-out of this behavior by specifying a different,
non-default field manager, as seen in the following example. The default field
manager for kubectl server-side apply is kubectl.
With the Server Side Apply feature enabled, the PATCH endpoint accepts the
additional application/apply-patch+yaml content type. Users of Server Side
Apply can send partially specified objects as YAML to this endpoint. When
applying a configuration, one should always include all the fields that they
have an opinion about.
Clearing ManagedFields
It is possible to strip all managedFields from an object by overwriting them
using MergePatch, StrategicMergePatch, JSONPatch, or Update, so every
non-apply operation. This can be done by overwriting the managedFields field
with an empty entry. Two examples are:
This will overwrite the managedFields with a list containing a single empty
entry that then results in the managedFields being stripped entirely from the
object. Note that setting the managedFields to an empty list will not
reset the field. This is on purpose, so managedFields never get stripped by
clients not aware of the field.
In cases where the reset operation is combined with changes to other fields
than the managedFields, this will result in the managedFields being reset
first and the other changes being processed afterwards. As a result the
applier takes ownership of any fields updated in the same request.
Caution: Server Side Apply does not correctly track ownership on
sub-resources that don't receive the resource object type. If you are
using Server Side Apply with such a sub-resource, the changed fields
won't be tracked.
2.3 - Client Libraries
This page contains an overview of the client libraries for using the Kubernetes
API from various programming languages.
To write applications using the Kubernetes REST API,
you do not need to implement the API calls and request/response types yourself.
You can use a client library for the programming language you are using.
Client libraries often handle common tasks such as authentication for you.
Most client libraries can discover and use the Kubernetes Service Account to
authenticate if the API client is running inside the Kubernetes cluster, or can
understand the kubeconfig file
format to read the credentials and the API Server address.
Note:
This section links to third party projects that provide functionality required by Kubernetes. The Kubernetes project authors aren't responsible for these projects, which are listed alphabetically. To add a project to this list, read the content guide before submitting a change. More information.
The following Kubernetes API client libraries are provided and maintained by
their authors, not the Kubernetes team.
This document details the deprecation policy for various facets of the system.
Kubernetes is a large system with many components and many contributors. As
with any such software, the feature set naturally evolves over time, and
sometimes a feature may need to be removed. This could include an API, a flag,
or even an entire feature. To avoid breaking existing users, Kubernetes follows
a deprecation policy for aspects of the system that are slated to be removed.
Deprecating parts of the API
Since Kubernetes is an API-driven system, the API has evolved over time to
reflect the evolving understanding of the problem space. The Kubernetes API is
actually a set of APIs, called "API groups", and each API group is
independently versioned. API versions fall
into 3 main tracks, each of which has different policies for deprecation:
Example
Track
v1
GA (generally available, stable)
v1beta1
Beta (pre-release)
v1alpha1
Alpha (experimental)
A given release of Kubernetes can support any number of API groups and any
number of versions of each.
The following rules govern the deprecation of elements of the API. This
includes:
REST resources (aka API objects)
Fields of REST resources
Annotations on REST resources, including "beta" annotations but not
including "alpha" annotations.
Enumerated or constant values
Component config structures
These rules are enforced between official releases, not between
arbitrary commits to master or release branches.
Rule #1: API elements may only be removed by incrementing the version of the
API group.
Once an API element has been added to an API group at a particular version, it
can not be removed from that version or have its behavior significantly
changed, regardless of track.
Note: For historical reasons, there are 2 "monolithic" API groups - "core" (no
group name) and "extensions". Resources will incrementally be moved from these
legacy API groups into more domain-specific API groups.
Rule #2: API objects must be able to round-trip between API versions in a given
release without information loss, with the exception of whole REST resources
that do not exist in some versions.
For example, an object can be written as v1 and then read back as v2 and
converted to v1, and the resulting v1 resource will be identical to the
original. The representation in v2 might be different from v1, but the system
knows how to convert between them in both directions. Additionally, any new
field added in v2 must be able to round-trip to v1 and back, which means v1
might have to add an equivalent field or represent it as an annotation.
Rule #3: An API version in a given track may not be deprecated in favor of a less stable API version.
GA API versions can replace beta and alpha API versions.
Beta API versions can replace earlier beta and alpha API versions, but may not replace GA API versions.
Alpha API versions can replace earlier alpha API versions, but may not replace GA or beta API versions.
Rule #4a: minimum API lifetime is determined by the API stability level
GA API versions may be marked as deprecated, but must not be removed within a major version of Kubernetes
Beta API versions must be supported for 9 months or 3 releases (whichever is longer) after deprecation
Alpha API versions may be removed in any release without prior deprecation notice
Note: There are no current plans for a major version revision of Kubernetes that removes GA APIs.
Note: Until #52185 is
resolved, no API versions that have been persisted to storage may be removed.
Serving REST endpoints for those versions may be disabled (subject to the
deprecation timelines in this document), but the API server must remain capable
of decoding/converting previously persisted data from storage.
Rule #4b: The "preferred" API version and the "storage version" for a given
group may not advance until after a release has been made that supports both the
new version and the previous version
Users must be able to upgrade to a new release of Kubernetes and then roll back
to a previous release, without converting anything to the new API version or
suffering breakages (unless they explicitly used features only available in the
newer version). This is particularly evident in the stored representation of
objects.
All of this is best illustrated by examples. Imagine a Kubernetes release,
version X, which introduces a new API group. A new Kubernetes release is made
every approximately 4 months (3 per year). The following table describes which
API versions are supported in a series of subsequent releases.
Consider a hypothetical REST resource named Widget, which was present in API v1
in the above timeline, and which needs to be deprecated. We document and
announce the
deprecation in sync with release X+1. The Widget resource still exists in API
version v1 (deprecated) but not in v2alpha1. The Widget resource continues to
exist and function in releases up to and including X+8. Only in release X+9,
when API v1 has aged out, does the Widget resource cease to exist, and the
behavior get removed.
Starting in Kubernetes v1.19, making an API request to a deprecated REST API endpoint:
Returns a Warning header (as defined in RFC7234, Section 5.5) in the API response.
Adds a "k8s.io/deprecated":"true" annotation to the audit event recorded for the request.
Sets an apiserver_requested_deprecated_apis gauge metric to 1 in the kube-apiserver
process. The metric has labels for group, version, resource, subresource that can be joined
to the apiserver_request_total metric, and a removed_release label that indicates the
Kubernetes release in which the API will no longer be served. The following Prometheus query
returns information about requests made to deprecated APIs which will be removed in v1.22:
As with whole REST resources, an individual field which was present in API v1
must exist and function until API v1 is removed. Unlike whole resources, the
v2 APIs may choose a different representation for the field, as long as it can
be round-tripped. For example a v1 field named "magnitude" which was
deprecated might be named "deprecatedMagnitude" in API v2. When v1 is
eventually removed, the deprecated field can be removed from v2.
Enumerated or constant values
As with whole REST resources and fields thereof, a constant value which was
supported in API v1 must exist and function until API v1 is removed.
Component config structures
Component configs are versioned and managed similar to REST resources.
Future work
Over time, Kubernetes will introduce more fine-grained API versions, at which
point these rules will be adjusted as needed.
Deprecating a flag or CLI
The Kubernetes system is comprised of several different programs cooperating.
Sometimes, a Kubernetes release might remove flags or CLI commands
(collectively "CLI elements") in these programs. The individual programs
naturally sort into two main groups - user-facing and admin-facing programs,
which vary slightly in their deprecation policies. Unless a flag is explicitly
prefixed or documented as "alpha" or "beta", it is considered GA.
CLI elements are effectively part of the API to the system, but since they are
not versioned in the same way as the REST API, the rules for deprecation are as
follows:
Rule #5a: CLI elements of user-facing components (e.g. kubectl) must function
after their announced deprecation for no less than:
GA: 12 months or 2 releases (whichever is longer)
Beta: 3 months or 1 release (whichever is longer)
Alpha: 0 releases
Rule #5b: CLI elements of admin-facing components (e.g. kubelet) must function
after their announced deprecation for no less than:
GA: 6 months or 1 release (whichever is longer)
Beta: 3 months or 1 release (whichever is longer)
Alpha: 0 releases
Rule #6: Deprecated CLI elements must emit warnings (optionally disable)
when used.
Deprecating a feature or behavior
Occasionally a Kubernetes release needs to deprecate some feature or behavior
of the system that is not controlled by the API or CLI. In this case, the
rules for deprecation are as follows:
Rule #7: Deprecated behaviors must function for no less than 1 year after their
announced deprecation.
This does not imply that all changes to the system are governed by this policy.
This applies only to significant, user-visible behaviors which impact the
correctness of applications running on Kubernetes or that impact the
administration of Kubernetes clusters, and which are being removed entirely.
An exception to the above rule is feature gates. Feature gates are key=value
pairs that allow for users to enable/disable experimental features.
Feature gates are intended to cover the development life cycle of a feature - they
are not intended to be long-term APIs. As such, they are expected to be deprecated
and removed after a feature becomes GA or is dropped.
As a feature moves through the stages, the associated feature gate evolves.
The feature life cycle matched to its corresponding feature gate is:
Alpha: the feature gate is disabled by default and can be enabled by the user.
Beta: the feature gate is enabled by default and can be disabled by the user.
GA: the feature gate is deprecated (see "Deprecation") and becomes
non-operational.
GA, deprecation window complete: the feature gate is removed and calls to it are
no longer accepted.
Deprecation
Features can be removed at any point in the life cycle prior to GA. When features are
removed prior to GA, their associated feature gates are also deprecated.
When an invocation tries to disable a non-operational feature gate, the call fails in order
to avoid unsupported scenarios that might otherwise run silently.
In some cases, removing pre-GA features requires considerable time. Feature gates can remain
operational until their associated feature is fully removed, at which point the feature gate
itself can be deprecated.
When removing a feature gate for a GA feature also requires considerable time, calls to
feature gates may remain operational if the feature gate has no effect on the feature,
and if the feature gate causes no errors.
Features intended to be disabled by users should include a mechanism for disabling the
feature in the associated feature gate.
Versioning for feature gates is different from the previously discussed components,
therefore the rules for deprecation are as follows:
Rule #8: Feature gates must be deprecated when the corresponding feature they control
transitions a lifecycle stage as follows. Feature gates must function for no less than:
Beta feature to GA: 6 months or 2 releases (whichever is longer)
Beta feature to EOL: 3 months or 1 release (whichever is longer)
Alpha feature to EOL: 0 releases
Rule #9: Deprecated feature gates must respond with a warning when used. When a feature gate
is deprecated it must be documented in both in the release notes and the corresponding CLI help.
Both warnings and documentation must indicate whether a feature gate is non-operational.
Deprecating a metric
Each component of the Kubernetes control-plane exposes metrics (usually the
/metrics endpoint), which are typically ingested by cluster administrators.
Not all metrics are the same: some metrics are commonly used as SLIs or used
to determine SLOs, these tend to have greater import. Other metrics are more
experimental in nature or are used primarily in the Kubernetes development
process.
Accordingly, metrics fall under two stability classes (ALPHA and STABLE);
this impacts removal of a metric during a Kubernetes release. These classes
are determined by the perceived importance of the metric. The rules for
deprecating and removing a metric are as follows:
Rule #9a: Metrics, for the corresponding stability class, must function for no less than:
STABLE: 4 releases or 12 months (whichever is longer)
ALPHA: 0 releases
Rule #9b: Metrics, after their announced deprecation, must function for no less than:
STABLE: 3 releases or 9 months (whichever is longer)
ALPHA: 0 releases
Deprecated metrics will have their description text prefixed with a deprecation notice
string '(Deprecated from x.y)' and a warning log will be emitted during metric
registration. Like their stable undeprecated counterparts, deprecated metrics will
be automatically registered to the metrics endpoint and therefore visible.
On a subsequent release (when the metric's deprecatedVersion is equal to
current_kubernetes_version - 3)), a deprecated metric will become a hidden metric.
Unlike their deprecated counterparts, hidden metrics will no longer be
automatically registered to the metrics endpoint (hence hidden). However, they
can be explicitly enabled through a command line flag on the binary
(--show-hidden-metrics-for-version=). This provides cluster admins an
escape hatch to properly migrate off of a deprecated metric, if they were not
able to react to the earlier deprecation warnings. Hidden metrics should be
deleted after one release.
Exceptions
No policy can cover every possible situation. This policy is a living
document, and will evolve over time. In practice, there will be situations
that do not fit neatly into this policy, or for which this policy becomes a
serious impediment. Such situations should be discussed with SIGs and project
leaders to find the best solutions for those specific cases, always bearing in
mind that Kubernetes is committed to being a stable system that, as much as
possible, never breaks users. Exceptions will always be announced in all
relevant release notes.
2.5 - Deprecated API Migration Guide
As the Kubernetes API evolves, APIs are periodically reorganized or upgraded.
When APIs evolve, the old API is deprecated and eventually removed.
This page contains information you need to know when migrating from
deprecated API versions to newer and more stable API versions.
Removed APIs by release
v1.26
The v1.26 release will stop serving the following deprecated API versions:
Flow control resources
The flowcontrol.apiserver.k8s.io/v1beta1 API version of FlowSchema and PriorityLevelConfiguration will no longer be served in v1.26.
Migrate manifests and API clients to use the flowcontrol.apiserver.k8s.io/v1beta2 API version, available since v1.23.
All existing persisted objects are accessible via the new API
No notable changes
HorizontalPodAutoscaler
The autoscaling/v2beta2 API version of HorizontalPodAutoscaler will no longer be served in v1.26.
Migrate manifests and API clients to use the autoscaling/v2 API version, available since v1.23.
All existing persisted objects are accessible via the new API
v1.25
The v1.25 release will stop serving the following deprecated API versions:
CronJob
The batch/v1beta1 API version of CronJob will no longer be served in v1.25.
Migrate manifests and API clients to use the batch/v1 API version, available since v1.21.
All existing persisted objects are accessible via the new API
No notable changes
EndpointSlice
The discovery.k8s.io/v1beta1 API version of EndpointSlice will no longer be served in v1.25.
Migrate manifests and API clients to use the discovery.k8s.io/v1 API version, available since v1.21.
All existing persisted objects are accessible via the new API
Notable changes in discovery.k8s.io/v1:
use per Endpoint nodeName field instead of deprecated topology["kubernetes.io/hostname"] field
use per Endpoint zone field instead of deprecated topology["topology.kubernetes.io/zone"] field
topology is replaced with the deprecatedTopology field which is not writable in v1
Event
The events.k8s.io/v1beta1 API version of Event will no longer be served in v1.25.
Migrate manifests and API clients to use the events.k8s.io/v1 API version, available since v1.19.
All existing persisted objects are accessible via the new API
Notable changes in events.k8s.io/v1:
type is limited to Normal and Warning
involvedObject is renamed to regarding
action, reason, reportingController, and reportingInstance are required when creating new events.k8s.io/v1 Events
use eventTime instead of the deprecated firstTimestamp field (which is renamed to deprecatedFirstTimestamp and not permitted in new events.k8s.io/v1 Events)
use series.lastObservedTime instead of the deprecated lastTimestamp field (which is renamed to deprecatedLastTimestamp and not permitted in new events.k8s.io/v1 Events)
use series.count instead of the deprecated count field (which is renamed to deprecatedCount and not permitted in new events.k8s.io/v1 Events)
use reportingController instead of the deprecated source.component field (which is renamed to deprecatedSource.component and not permitted in new events.k8s.io/v1 Events)
use reportingInstance instead of the deprecated source.host field (which is renamed to deprecatedSource.host and not permitted in new events.k8s.io/v1 Events)
HorizontalPodAutoscaler
The autoscaling/v2beta1 API version of HorizontalPodAutoscaler will no longer be served in v1.25.
Migrate manifests and API clients to use the autoscaling/v2 API version, available since v1.23.
All existing persisted objects are accessible via the new API
PodDisruptionBudget
The policy/v1beta1 API version of PodDisruptionBudget will no longer be served in v1.25.
Migrate manifests and API clients to use the policy/v1 API version, available since v1.21.
All existing persisted objects are accessible via the new API
Notable changes in policy/v1:
an empty spec.selector ({}) written to a policy/v1 PodDisruptionBudget selects all pods in the namespace (in policy/v1beta1 an empty spec.selector selected no pods). An unset spec.selector selects no pods in either API version.
PodSecurityPolicy
PodSecurityPolicy in the policy/v1beta1 API version will no longer be served in v1.25, and the PodSecurityPolicy admission controller will be removed.
PodSecurityPolicy replacements are still under discussion, but current use can be migrated to
3rd-party admission webhooks now.
RuntimeClass
RuntimeClass in the node.k8s.io/v1beta1 API version will no longer be served in v1.25.
Migrate manifests and API clients to use the node.k8s.io/v1 API version, available since v1.20.
All existing persisted objects are accessible via the new API
No notable changes
v1.22
The v1.22 release stopped serving the following deprecated API versions:
Webhook resources
The admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1 API version of MutatingWebhookConfiguration and ValidatingWebhookConfiguration is no longer served as of v1.22.
Migrate manifests and API clients to use the admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1 API version, available since v1.16.
All existing persisted objects are accessible via the new APIs
Notable changes:
webhooks[*].failurePolicy default changed from Ignore to Fail for v1
webhooks[*].matchPolicy default changed from Exact to Equivalent for v1
webhooks[*].timeoutSeconds default changed from 30s to 10s for v1
webhooks[*].sideEffects default value is removed, and the field made required, and only None and NoneOnDryRun are permitted for v1
webhooks[*].admissionReviewVersions default value is removed and the field made required for v1 (supported versions for AdmissionReview are v1 and v1beta1)
webhooks[*].name must be unique in the list for objects created via admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1
CustomResourceDefinition
The apiextensions.k8s.io/v1beta1 API version of CustomResourceDefinition is no longer served as of v1.22.
Migrate manifests and API clients to use the apiextensions.k8s.io/v1 API version, available since v1.16.
All existing persisted objects are accessible via the new API
Notable changes:
spec.scope is no longer defaulted to Namespaced and must be explicitly specified
spec.version is removed in v1; use spec.versions instead
spec.validation is removed in v1; use spec.versions[*].schema instead
spec.subresources is removed in v1; use spec.versions[*].subresources instead
spec.additionalPrinterColumns is removed in v1; use spec.versions[*].additionalPrinterColumns instead
spec.conversion.webhookClientConfig is moved to spec.conversion.webhook.clientConfig in v1
spec.conversion.conversionReviewVersions is moved to spec.conversion.webhook.conversionReviewVersions in v1
spec.versions[*].schema.openAPIV3Schema is now required when creating v1 CustomResourceDefinition objects, and must be a structural schema
spec.preserveUnknownFields: true is disallowed when creating v1 CustomResourceDefinition objects; it must be specified within schema definitions as x-kubernetes-preserve-unknown-fields: true
In additionalPrinterColumns items, the JSONPath field was renamed to jsonPath in v1 (fixes #66531)
APIService
The apiregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1 API version of APIService is no longer served as of v1.22.
Migrate manifests and API clients to use the apiregistration.k8s.io/v1 API version, available since v1.10.
All existing persisted objects are accessible via the new API
No notable changes
TokenReview
The authentication.k8s.io/v1beta1 API version of TokenReview is no longer served as of v1.22.
Migrate manifests and API clients to use the authentication.k8s.io/v1 API version, available since v1.6.
No notable changes
SubjectAccessReview resources
The authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1 API version of LocalSubjectAccessReview, SelfSubjectAccessReview, and SubjectAccessReview is no longer served as of v1.22.
Migrate manifests and API clients to use the authorization.k8s.io/v1 API version, available since v1.6.
Notable changes:
spec.group was renamed to spec.groups in v1 (fixes #32709)
CertificateSigningRequest
The certificates.k8s.io/v1beta1 API version of CertificateSigningRequest is no longer served as of v1.22.
Migrate manifests and API clients to use the certificates.k8s.io/v1 API version, available since v1.19.
All existing persisted objects are accessible via the new API
Notable changes in certificates.k8s.io/v1:
For API clients requesting certificates:
spec.signerName is now required (see known Kubernetes signers), and requests for kubernetes.io/legacy-unknown are not allowed to be created via the certificates.k8s.io/v1 API
spec.usages is now required, may not contain duplicate values, and must only contain known usages
For API clients approving or signing certificates:
status.conditions may not contain duplicate types
status.conditions[*].status is now required
status.certificate must be PEM-encoded, and contain only CERTIFICATE blocks
Lease
The coordination.k8s.io/v1beta1 API version of Lease is no longer served as of v1.22.
Migrate manifests and API clients to use the coordination.k8s.io/v1 API version, available since v1.14.
All existing persisted objects are accessible via the new API
No notable changes
Ingress
The extensions/v1beta1 and networking.k8s.io/v1beta1 API versions of Ingress is no longer served as of v1.22.
Migrate manifests and API clients to use the networking.k8s.io/v1 API version, available since v1.19.
All existing persisted objects are accessible via the new API
Notable changes:
spec.backend is renamed to spec.defaultBackend
The backend serviceName field is renamed to service.name
Numeric backend servicePort fields are renamed to service.port.number
String backend servicePort fields are renamed to service.port.name
pathType is now required for each specified path. Options are Prefix, Exact, and ImplementationSpecific. To match the undefined v1beta1 behavior, use ImplementationSpecific.
IngressClass
The networking.k8s.io/v1beta1 API version of IngressClass is no longer served as of v1.22.
Migrate manifests and API clients to use the networking.k8s.io/v1 API version, available since v1.19.
All existing persisted objects are accessible via the new API
No notable changes
RBAC resources
The rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1 API version of ClusterRole, ClusterRoleBinding, Role, and RoleBinding is no longer served as of v1.22.
Migrate manifests and API clients to use the rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 API version, available since v1.8.
All existing persisted objects are accessible via the new APIs
No notable changes
PriorityClass
The scheduling.k8s.io/v1beta1 API version of PriorityClass is no longer served as of v1.22.
Migrate manifests and API clients to use the scheduling.k8s.io/v1 API version, available since v1.14.
All existing persisted objects are accessible via the new API
No notable changes
Storage resources
The storage.k8s.io/v1beta1 API version of CSIDriver, CSINode, StorageClass, and VolumeAttachment is no longer served as of v1.22.
Migrate manifests and API clients to use the storage.k8s.io/v1 API version
CSIDriver is available in storage.k8s.io/v1 since v1.19.
CSINode is available in storage.k8s.io/v1 since v1.17
StorageClass is available in storage.k8s.io/v1 since v1.6
VolumeAttachment is available in storage.k8s.io/v1 v1.13
All existing persisted objects are accessible via the new APIs
No notable changes
v1.16
The v1.16 release stopped serving the following deprecated API versions:
NetworkPolicy
The extensions/v1beta1 API version of NetworkPolicy is no longer served as of v1.16.
Migrate manifests and API clients to use the networking.k8s.io/v1 API version, available since v1.8.
All existing persisted objects are accessible via the new API
DaemonSet
The extensions/v1beta1 and apps/v1beta2 API versions of DaemonSet are no longer served as of v1.16.
Migrate manifests and API clients to use the apps/v1 API version, available since v1.9.
All existing persisted objects are accessible via the new API
Notable changes:
spec.templateGeneration is removed
spec.selector is now required and immutable after creation; use the existing template labels as the selector for seamless upgrades
spec.updateStrategy.type now defaults to RollingUpdate (the default in extensions/v1beta1 was OnDelete)
Deployment
The extensions/v1beta1, apps/v1beta1, and apps/v1beta2 API versions of Deployment are no longer served as of v1.16.
Migrate manifests and API clients to use the apps/v1 API version, available since v1.9.
All existing persisted objects are accessible via the new API
Notable changes:
spec.rollbackTo is removed
spec.selector is now required and immutable after creation; use the existing template labels as the selector for seamless upgrades
spec.progressDeadlineSeconds now defaults to 600 seconds (the default in extensions/v1beta1 was no deadline)
spec.revisionHistoryLimit now defaults to 10 (the default in apps/v1beta1 was 2, the default in extensions/v1beta1 was to retain all)
maxSurge and maxUnavailable now default to 25% (the default in extensions/v1beta1 was 1)
StatefulSet
The apps/v1beta1 and apps/v1beta2 API versions of StatefulSet are no longer served as of v1.16.
Migrate manifests and API clients to use the apps/v1 API version, available since v1.9.
All existing persisted objects are accessible via the new API
Notable changes:
spec.selector is now required and immutable after creation; use the existing template labels as the selector for seamless upgrades
spec.updateStrategy.type now defaults to RollingUpdate (the default in apps/v1beta1 was OnDelete)
ReplicaSet
The extensions/v1beta1, apps/v1beta1, and apps/v1beta2 API versions of ReplicaSet are no longer served as of v1.16.
Migrate manifests and API clients to use the apps/v1 API version, available since v1.9.
All existing persisted objects are accessible via the new API
Notable changes:
spec.selector is now required and immutable after creation; use the existing template labels as the selector for seamless upgrades
PodSecurityPolicy
The extensions/v1beta1 API version of PodSecurityPolicy is no longer served as of v1.16.
Migrate manifests and API client to use the policy/v1beta1 API version, available since v1.10.
Note that the policy/v1beta1 API version of PodSecurityPolicy will be removed in v1.25.
What to do
Test with deprecated APIs disabled
You can test your clusters by starting an API server with specific API versions disabled
to simulate upcoming removals. Add the following flag to the API server startup arguments:
Note that this may use non-ideal default values. To learn more about a specific
resource, check the Kubernetes API reference.
2.6 - Kubernetes API health endpoints
The Kubernetes API server provides API endpoints to indicate the current status of the API server.
This page describes these API endpoints and explains how you can use them.
API endpoints for health
The Kubernetes API server provides 3 API endpoints (healthz, livez and readyz) to indicate the current status of the API server.
The healthz endpoint is deprecated (since Kubernetes v1.16), and you should use the more specific livez and readyz endpoints instead.
The livez endpoint can be used with the --livez-grace-periodflag to specify the startup duration.
For a graceful shutdown you can specify the --shutdown-delay-durationflag with the /readyz endpoint.
Machines that check the healthz/livez/readyz of the API server should rely on the HTTP status code.
A status code 200 indicates the API server is healthy/live/ready, depending on the called endpoint.
The more verbose options shown below are intended to be used by human operators to debug their cluster or understand the state of the API server.
The following examples will show how you can interact with the health API endpoints.
For all endpoints, you can use the verbose parameter to print out the checks and their status.
This can be useful for a human operator to debug the current status of the API server, it is not intended to be consumed by a machine:
curl -k https://localhost:6443/livez?verbose
or from a remote host with authentication:
kubectl get --raw='/readyz?verbose'
The output will look like this:
[+]ping ok
[+]log ok
[+]etcd ok
[+]poststarthook/start-kube-apiserver-admission-initializer ok
[+]poststarthook/generic-apiserver-start-informers ok
[+]poststarthook/start-apiextensions-informers ok
[+]poststarthook/start-apiextensions-controllers ok
[+]poststarthook/crd-informer-synced ok
[+]poststarthook/bootstrap-controller ok
[+]poststarthook/rbac/bootstrap-roles ok
[+]poststarthook/scheduling/bootstrap-system-priority-classes ok
[+]poststarthook/start-cluster-authentication-info-controller ok
[+]poststarthook/start-kube-aggregator-informers ok
[+]poststarthook/apiservice-registration-controller ok
[+]poststarthook/apiservice-status-available-controller ok
[+]poststarthook/kube-apiserver-autoregistration ok
[+]autoregister-completion ok
[+]poststarthook/apiservice-openapi-controller ok
healthz check passed
The Kubernetes API server also supports to exclude specific checks.
The query parameters can also be combined like in this example:
[+]ping ok
[+]log ok
[+]etcd excluded: ok
[+]poststarthook/start-kube-apiserver-admission-initializer ok
[+]poststarthook/generic-apiserver-start-informers ok
[+]poststarthook/start-apiextensions-informers ok
[+]poststarthook/start-apiextensions-controllers ok
[+]poststarthook/crd-informer-synced ok
[+]poststarthook/bootstrap-controller ok
[+]poststarthook/rbac/bootstrap-roles ok
[+]poststarthook/scheduling/bootstrap-system-priority-classes ok
[+]poststarthook/start-cluster-authentication-info-controller ok
[+]poststarthook/start-kube-aggregator-informers ok
[+]poststarthook/apiservice-registration-controller ok
[+]poststarthook/apiservice-status-available-controller ok
[+]poststarthook/kube-apiserver-autoregistration ok
[+]autoregister-completion ok
[+]poststarthook/apiservice-openapi-controller ok
[+]shutdown ok
healthz check passed
Individual health checks
FEATURE STATE:Kubernetes v1.23 [alpha]
Each individual health check exposes an HTTP endpoint and can be checked individually.
The schema for the individual health checks is /livez/<healthcheck-name> where livez and readyz and be used to indicate if you want to check the liveness or the readiness of the API server.
The <healthcheck-name> path can be discovered using the verbose flag from above and take the path between [+] and ok.
These individual health checks should not be consumed by machines but can be helpful for a human operator to debug a system:
All Kubernetes clusters have two categories of users: service accounts managed
by Kubernetes, and normal users.
It is assumed that a cluster-independent service manages normal users in the following ways:
an administrator distributing private keys
a user store like Keystone or Google Accounts
a file with a list of usernames and passwords
In this regard, Kubernetes does not have objects which represent normal user
accounts. Normal users cannot be added to a cluster through an API call.
Even though a normal user cannot be added via an API call, any user that
presents a valid certificate signed by the cluster's certificate authority
(CA) is considered authenticated. In this configuration, Kubernetes determines
the username from the common name field in the 'subject' of the cert (e.g.,
"/CN=bob"). From there, the role based access control (RBAC) sub-system would
determine whether the user is authorized to perform a specific operation on a
resource. For more details, refer to the normal users topic in
certificate request
for more details about this.
In contrast, service accounts are users managed by the Kubernetes API. They are
bound to specific namespaces, and created automatically by the API server or
manually through API calls. Service accounts are tied to a set of credentials
stored as Secrets, which are mounted into pods allowing in-cluster processes
to talk to the Kubernetes API.
API requests are tied to either a normal user or a service account, or are treated
as anonymous requests. This means every process inside or outside the cluster, from
a human user typing kubectl on a workstation, to kubelets on nodes, to members
of the control plane, must authenticate when making requests to the API server,
or be treated as an anonymous user.
Authentication strategies
Kubernetes uses client certificates, bearer tokens, or an authenticating proxy to
authenticate API requests through authentication plugins. As HTTP requests are
made to the API server, plugins attempt to associate the following attributes
with the request:
Username: a string which identifies the end user. Common values might be kube-admin or jane@example.com.
UID: a string which identifies the end user and attempts to be more consistent and unique than username.
Groups: a set of strings, each of which indicates the user's membership in a named logical collection of users. Common values might be system:masters or devops-team.
Extra fields: a map of strings to list of strings which holds additional information authorizers may find useful.
All values are opaque to the authentication system and only hold significance
when interpreted by an authorizer.
You can enable multiple authentication methods at once. You should usually use at least two methods:
service account tokens for service accounts
at least one other method for user authentication.
When multiple authenticator modules are enabled, the first module
to successfully authenticate the request short-circuits evaluation.
The API server does not guarantee the order authenticators run in.
The system:authenticated group is included in the list of groups for all authenticated users.
Integrations with other authentication protocols (LDAP, SAML, Kerberos, alternate x509 schemes, etc)
can be accomplished using an authenticating proxy or the
authentication webhook.
X509 Client Certs
Client certificate authentication is enabled by passing the --client-ca-file=SOMEFILE
option to API server. The referenced file must contain one or more certificate authorities
to use to validate client certificates presented to the API server. If a client certificate
is presented and verified, the common name of the subject is used as the user name for the
request. As of Kubernetes 1.4, client certificates can also indicate a user's group memberships
using the certificate's organization fields. To include multiple group memberships for a user,
include multiple organization fields in the certificate.
For example, using the openssl command line tool to generate a certificate signing request:
The API server reads bearer tokens from a file when given the --token-auth-file=SOMEFILE option on the command line. Currently, tokens last indefinitely, and the token list cannot be
changed without restarting the API server.
The token file is a csv file with a minimum of 3 columns: token, user name, user uid,
followed by optional group names.
Note:
If you have more than one group the column must be double quoted e.g.
token,user,uid,"group1,group2,group3"
Putting a Bearer Token in a Request
When using bearer token authentication from an http client, the API
server expects an Authorization header with a value of Bearer <token>. The bearer token must be a character sequence that can be
put in an HTTP header value using no more than the encoding and
quoting facilities of HTTP. For example: if the bearer token is
31ada4fd-adec-460c-809a-9e56ceb75269 then it would appear in an HTTP
header as shown below.
To allow for streamlined bootstrapping for new clusters, Kubernetes includes a
dynamically-managed Bearer token type called a Bootstrap Token. These tokens
are stored as Secrets in the kube-system namespace, where they can be
dynamically managed and created. Controller Manager contains a TokenCleaner
controller that deletes bootstrap tokens as they expire.
The tokens are of the form [a-z0-9]{6}.[a-z0-9]{16}. The first component is a
Token ID and the second component is the Token Secret. You specify the token
in an HTTP header as follows:
Authorization: Bearer 781292.db7bc3a58fc5f07e
You must enable the Bootstrap Token Authenticator with the
--enable-bootstrap-token-auth flag on the API Server. You must enable
the TokenCleaner controller via the --controllers flag on the Controller
Manager. This is done with something like --controllers=*,tokencleaner.
kubeadm will do this for you if you are using it to bootstrap a cluster.
The authenticator authenticates as system:bootstrap:<Token ID>. It is
included in the system:bootstrappers group. The naming and groups are
intentionally limited to discourage users from using these tokens past
bootstrapping. The user names and group can be used (and are used by kubeadm)
to craft the appropriate authorization policies to support bootstrapping a
cluster.
Please see Bootstrap Tokens for in depth
documentation on the Bootstrap Token authenticator and controllers along with
how to manage these tokens with kubeadm.
Service Account Tokens
A service account is an automatically enabled authenticator that uses signed
bearer tokens to verify requests. The plugin takes two optional flags:
--service-account-key-file A file containing a PEM encoded key for signing bearer tokens.
If unspecified, the API server's TLS private key will be used.
--service-account-lookup If enabled, tokens which are deleted from the API will be revoked.
Service accounts are usually created automatically by the API server and
associated with pods running in the cluster through the ServiceAccountAdmission Controller. Bearer tokens are
mounted into pods at well-known locations, and allow in-cluster processes to
talk to the API server. Accounts may be explicitly associated with pods using the
serviceAccountName field of a PodSpec.
Note:serviceAccountName is usually omitted because this is done automatically.
apiVersion:apps/v1# this apiVersion is relevant as of Kubernetes 1.9kind:Deploymentmetadata:name:nginx-deploymentnamespace:defaultspec:replicas:3template:metadata:# ...spec:serviceAccountName:bob-the-botcontainers:- name:nginximage:nginx:1.14.2
Service account bearer tokens are perfectly valid to use outside the cluster and
can be used to create identities for long standing jobs that wish to talk to the
Kubernetes API. To manually create a service account, use the kubectl create serviceaccount (NAME) command. This creates a service account in the current
namespace and an associated secret.
The created secret holds the public CA of the API server and a signed JSON Web
Token (JWT).
kubectl get secret jenkins-token-1yvwg -o yaml
apiVersion:v1data:ca.crt:(APISERVER'S CA BASE64 ENCODED)namespace:ZGVmYXVsdA==token:(BEARER TOKEN BASE64 ENCODED)kind:Secretmetadata:# ...type:kubernetes.io/service-account-token
Note: Values are base64 encoded because secrets are always base64 encoded.
The signed JWT can be used as a bearer token to authenticate as the given service
account. See above for how the token is included
in a request. Normally these secrets are mounted into pods for in-cluster access to
the API server, but can be used from outside the cluster as well.
Service accounts authenticate with the username system:serviceaccount:(NAMESPACE):(SERVICEACCOUNT),
and are assigned to the groups system:serviceaccounts and system:serviceaccounts:(NAMESPACE).
WARNING: Because service account tokens are stored in secrets, any user with
read access to those secrets can authenticate as the service account. Be cautious
when granting permissions to service accounts and read capabilities for secrets.
OpenID Connect Tokens
OpenID Connect is a flavor of OAuth2 supported by
some OAuth2 providers, notably Azure Active Directory, Salesforce, and Google.
The protocol's main extension of OAuth2 is an additional field returned with
the access token called an ID Token.
This token is a JSON Web Token (JWT) with well known fields, such as a user's
email, signed by the server.
To identify the user, the authenticator uses the id_token (not the access_token)
from the OAuth2 token response
as a bearer token. See above for how the token
is included in a request.
sequenceDiagram
participant user as User
participant idp as Identity Provider
participant kube as Kubectl
participant api as API Server
user ->> idp: 1. Login to IdP
activate idp
idp -->> user: 2. Provide access_token, id_token, and refresh_token
deactivate idp
activate user
user ->> kube: 3. Call Kubectl with --token being the id_token OR add tokens to .kube/config
deactivate user
activate kube
kube ->> api: 4. Authorization: Bearer...
deactivate kube
activate api
api ->> api: 5. Is JWT signature valid?
api ->> api: 6. Has the JWT expired? (iat+exp)
api ->> api: 7. User authorized?
api -->> kube: 8. Authorized: Perform action and return result
deactivate api
activate kube
kube --x user: 9. Return result
deactivate kube
Login to your identity provider
Your identity provider will provide you with an access_token, id_token and a refresh_token
When using kubectl, use your id_token with the --token flag or add it directly to your kubeconfig
kubectl sends your id_token in a header called Authorization to the API server
The API server will make sure the JWT signature is valid by checking against the certificate named in the configuration
Check to make sure the id_token hasn't expired
Make sure the user is authorized
Once authorized the API server returns a response to kubectl
kubectl provides feedback to the user
Since all of the data needed to validate who you are is in the id_token, Kubernetes doesn't need to
"phone home" to the identity provider. In a model where every request is stateless this provides a very scalable solution for authentication. It does offer a few challenges:
Kubernetes has no "web interface" to trigger the authentication process. There is no browser or interface to collect credentials which is why you need to authenticate to your identity provider first.
The id_token can't be revoked, it's like a certificate so it should be short-lived (only a few minutes) so it can be very annoying to have to get a new token every few minutes.
To authenticate to the Kubernetes dashboard, you must use the kubectl proxy command or a reverse proxy that injects the id_token.
Configuring the API Server
To enable the plugin, configure the following flags on the API server:
Parameter
Description
Example
Required
--oidc-issuer-url
URL of the provider which allows the API server to discover public signing keys. Only URLs which use the https:// scheme are accepted. This is typically the provider's discovery URL without a path, for example "https://accounts.google.com" or "https://login.salesforce.com". This URL should point to the level below .well-known/openid-configuration
If the discovery URL is https://accounts.google.com/.well-known/openid-configuration, the value should be https://accounts.google.com
Yes
--oidc-client-id
A client id that all tokens must be issued for.
kubernetes
Yes
--oidc-username-claim
JWT claim to use as the user name. By default sub, which is expected to be a unique identifier of the end user. Admins can choose other claims, such as email or name, depending on their provider. However, claims other than email will be prefixed with the issuer URL to prevent naming clashes with other plugins.
sub
No
--oidc-username-prefix
Prefix prepended to username claims to prevent clashes with existing names (such as system: users). For example, the value oidc: will create usernames like oidc:jane.doe. If this flag isn't provided and --oidc-username-claim is a value other than email the prefix defaults to ( Issuer URL )# where ( Issuer URL ) is the value of --oidc-issuer-url. The value - can be used to disable all prefixing.
oidc:
No
--oidc-groups-claim
JWT claim to use as the user's group. If the claim is present it must be an array of strings.
groups
No
--oidc-groups-prefix
Prefix prepended to group claims to prevent clashes with existing names (such as system: groups). For example, the value oidc: will create group names like oidc:engineering and oidc:infra.
oidc:
No
--oidc-required-claim
A key=value pair that describes a required claim in the ID Token. If set, the claim is verified to be present in the ID Token with a matching value. Repeat this flag to specify multiple claims.
claim=value
No
--oidc-ca-file
The path to the certificate for the CA that signed your identity provider's web certificate. Defaults to the host's root CAs.
/etc/kubernetes/ssl/kc-ca.pem
No
Importantly, the API server is not an OAuth2 client, rather it can only be
configured to trust a single issuer. This allows the use of public providers,
such as Google, without trusting credentials issued to third parties. Admins who
wish to utilize multiple OAuth clients should explore providers which support the
azp (authorized party) claim, a mechanism for allowing one client to issue
tokens on behalf of another.
Kubernetes does not provide an OpenID Connect Identity Provider.
You can use an existing public OpenID Connect Identity Provider (such as Google, or
others).
Or, you can run your own Identity Provider, such as dex,
Keycloak,
CloudFoundry UAA, or
Tremolo Security's OpenUnison.
For an identity provider to work with Kubernetes it must:
Have a CA signed certificate (even if the CA is not a commercial CA or is self signed)
A note about requirement #3 above, requiring a CA signed certificate. If you deploy your own identity provider (as opposed to one of the cloud providers like Google or Microsoft) you MUST have your identity provider's web server certificate signed by a certificate with the CA flag set to TRUE, even if it is self signed. This is due to GoLang's TLS client implementation being very strict to the standards around certificate validation. If you don't have a CA handy, you can use this script from the Dex team to create a simple CA and a signed certificate and key pair.
Or you can use this similar script that generates SHA256 certs with a longer life and larger key size.
The first option is to use the kubectl oidc authenticator, which sets the id_token as a bearer token for all requests and refreshes the token once it expires. After you've logged into your provider, use kubectl to add your id_token, refresh_token, client_id, and client_secret to configure the plugin.
Providers that don't return an id_token as part of their refresh token response aren't supported by this plugin and should use "Option 2" below.
kubectl config set-credentials USER_NAME \
--auth-provider=oidc \
--auth-provider-arg=idp-issuer-url=( issuer url )\
--auth-provider-arg=client-id=( your client id )\
--auth-provider-arg=client-secret=( your client secret )\
--auth-provider-arg=refresh-token=( your refresh token )\
--auth-provider-arg=idp-certificate-authority=( path to your ca certificate )\
--auth-provider-arg=id-token=( your id_token )
As an example, running the below command after authenticating to your identity provider:
Once your id_token expires, kubectl will attempt to refresh your id_token using your refresh_token and client_secret storing the new values for the refresh_token and id_token in your .kube/config.
Option 2 - Use the --token Option
The kubectl command lets you pass in a token using the --token option. Copy and paste the id_token into this option:
kubectl --token=eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJodHRwczovL21sYi50cmVtb2xvLmxhbjo4MDQzL2F1dGgvaWRwL29pZGMiLCJhdWQiOiJrdWJlcm5ldGVzIiwiZXhwIjoxNDc0NTk2NjY5LCJqdGkiOiI2RDUzNXoxUEpFNjJOR3QxaWVyYm9RIiwiaWF0IjoxNDc0NTk2MzY5LCJuYmYiOjE0NzQ1OTYyNDksInN1YiI6Im13aW5kdSIsInVzZXJfcm9sZSI6WyJ1c2VycyIsIm5ldy1uYW1lc3BhY2Utdmlld2VyIl0sImVtYWlsIjoibXdpbmR1QG5vbW9yZWplZGkuY29tIn0.f2As579n9VNoaKzoF-dOQGmXkFKf1FMyNV0-va_B63jn-_n9LGSCca_6IVMP8pO-Zb4KvRqGyTP0r3HkHxYy5c81AnIh8ijarruczl-TK_yF5akjSTHFZD-0gRzlevBDiH8Q79NAr-ky0P4iIXS8lY9Vnjch5MF74Zx0c3alKJHJUnnpjIACByfF2SCaYzbWFMUNat-K1PaUk5-ujMBG7yYnr95xD-63n8CO8teGUAAEMx6zRjzfhnhbzX-ajwZLGwGUBT4WqjMs70-6a7_8gZmLZb2az1cZynkFRj2BaCkVT3A2RrjeEwZEtGXlMqKJ1_I2ulrOVsYx01_yD35-rw get nodes
Webhook Token Authentication
Webhook authentication is a hook for verifying bearer tokens.
--authentication-token-webhook-config-file a configuration file describing how to access the remote webhook service.
--authentication-token-webhook-cache-ttl how long to cache authentication decisions. Defaults to two minutes.
--authentication-token-webhook-version determines whether to use authentication.k8s.io/v1beta1 or authentication.k8s.io/v1TokenReview objects to send/receive information from the webhook. Defaults to v1beta1.
The configuration file uses the kubeconfig
file format. Within the file, clusters refers to the remote service and
users refers to the API server webhook. An example would be:
# Kubernetes API versionapiVersion:v1# kind of the API objectkind:Config# clusters refers to the remote service.clusters:- name:name-of-remote-authn-servicecluster:certificate-authority:/path/to/ca.pem # CA for verifying the remote service.server:https://authn.example.com/authenticate# URL of remote service to query. 'https' recommended for production.# users refers to the API server's webhook configuration.users:- name:name-of-api-serveruser:client-certificate:/path/to/cert.pem# cert for the webhook plugin to useclient-key:/path/to/key.pem # key matching the cert# kubeconfig files require a context. Provide one for the API server.current-context:webhookcontexts:- context:cluster:name-of-remote-authn-serviceuser:name-of-api-servername:webhook
When a client attempts to authenticate with the API server using a bearer token as discussed above,
the authentication webhook POSTs a JSON-serialized TokenReview object containing the token to the remote service.
Note that webhook API objects are subject to the same versioning compatibility rules as other Kubernetes API objects.
Implementers should check the apiVersion field of the request to ensure correct deserialization,
and must respond with a TokenReview object of the same version as the request.
Note: The Kubernetes API server defaults to sending authentication.k8s.io/v1beta1 token reviews for backwards compatibility.
To opt into receiving authentication.k8s.io/v1 token reviews, the API server must be started with --authentication-token-webhook-version=v1.
{"apiVersion": "authentication.k8s.io/v1","kind": "TokenReview","spec": {# Opaque bearer token sent to the API server"token": "014fbff9a07c...",# Optional list of the audience identifiers for the server the token was presented to.# Audience-aware token authenticators (for example, OIDC token authenticators) # should verify the token was intended for at least one of the audiences in this list,# and return the intersection of this list and the valid audiences for the token in the response status.# This ensures the token is valid to authenticate to the server it was presented to.# If no audiences are provided, the token should be validated to authenticate to the Kubernetes API server."audiences": ["https://myserver.example.com","https://myserver.internal.example.com"]}}
{"apiVersion": "authentication.k8s.io/v1beta1","kind": "TokenReview","spec": {# Opaque bearer token sent to the API server"token": "014fbff9a07c...",# Optional list of the audience identifiers for the server the token was presented to.# Audience-aware token authenticators (for example, OIDC token authenticators) # should verify the token was intended for at least one of the audiences in this list,# and return the intersection of this list and the valid audiences for the token in the response status.# This ensures the token is valid to authenticate to the server it was presented to.# If no audiences are provided, the token should be validated to authenticate to the Kubernetes API server."audiences": ["https://myserver.example.com","https://myserver.internal.example.com"]}}
The remote service is expected to fill the status field of the request to indicate the success of the login.
The response body's spec field is ignored and may be omitted.
The remote service must return a response using the same TokenReview API version that it received.
A successful validation of the bearer token would return:
{"apiVersion": "authentication.k8s.io/v1","kind": "TokenReview","status": {"authenticated": true,"user": {# Required"username": "janedoe@example.com",# Optional"uid": "42",# Optional group memberships"groups": ["developers","qa"],# Optional additional information provided by the authenticator.# This should not contain confidential data, as it can be recorded in logs# or API objects, and is made available to admission webhooks."extra": {"extrafield1": ["extravalue1","extravalue2"]}},# Optional list audience-aware token authenticators can return,# containing the audiences from the `spec.audiences` list for which the provided token was valid.# If this is omitted, the token is considered to be valid to authenticate to the Kubernetes API server."audiences": ["https://myserver.example.com"]}}
{"apiVersion": "authentication.k8s.io/v1beta1","kind": "TokenReview","status": {"authenticated": true,"user": {# Required"username": "janedoe@example.com",# Optional"uid": "42",# Optional group memberships"groups": ["developers","qa"],# Optional additional information provided by the authenticator.# This should not contain confidential data, as it can be recorded in logs# or API objects, and is made available to admission webhooks."extra": {"extrafield1": ["extravalue1","extravalue2"]}},# Optional list audience-aware token authenticators can return,# containing the audiences from the `spec.audiences` list for which the provided token was valid.# If this is omitted, the token is considered to be valid to authenticate to the Kubernetes API server."audiences": ["https://myserver.example.com"]}}
{"apiVersion": "authentication.k8s.io/v1","kind": "TokenReview","status": {"authenticated": false,# Optionally include details about why authentication failed.# If no error is provided, the API will return a generic Unauthorized message.# The error field is ignored when authenticated=true."error": "Credentials are expired"}}
{"apiVersion": "authentication.k8s.io/v1beta1","kind": "TokenReview","status": {"authenticated": false,# Optionally include details about why authentication failed.# If no error is provided, the API will return a generic Unauthorized message.# The error field is ignored when authenticated=true."error": "Credentials are expired"}}
Authenticating Proxy
The API server can be configured to identify users from request header values, such as X-Remote-User.
It is designed for use in combination with an authenticating proxy, which sets the request header value.
--requestheader-username-headers Required, case-insensitive. Header names to check, in order, for the user identity. The first header containing a value is used as the username.
--requestheader-group-headers 1.6+. Optional, case-insensitive. "X-Remote-Group" is suggested. Header names to check, in order, for the user's groups. All values in all specified headers are used as group names.
--requestheader-extra-headers-prefix 1.6+. Optional, case-insensitive. "X-Remote-Extra-" is suggested. Header prefixes to look for to determine extra information about the user (typically used by the configured authorization plugin). Any headers beginning with any of the specified prefixes have the prefix removed. The remainder of the header name is lowercased and percent-decoded and becomes the extra key, and the header value is the extra value.
Note: Prior to 1.11.3 (and 1.10.7, 1.9.11), the extra key could only contain characters which were legal in HTTP header labels.
In order to prevent header spoofing, the authenticating proxy is required to present a valid client
certificate to the API server for validation against the specified CA before the request headers are
checked. WARNING: do not reuse a CA that is used in a different context unless you understand
the risks and the mechanisms to protect the CA's usage.
--requestheader-client-ca-file Required. PEM-encoded certificate bundle. A valid client certificate must be presented and validated against the certificate authorities in the specified file before the request headers are checked for user names.
--requestheader-allowed-names Optional. List of Common Name values (CNs). If set, a valid client certificate with a CN in the specified list must be presented before the request headers are checked for user names. If empty, any CN is allowed.
Anonymous requests
When enabled, requests that are not rejected by other configured authentication methods are
treated as anonymous requests, and given a username of system:anonymous and a group of
system:unauthenticated.
For example, on a server with token authentication configured, and anonymous access enabled,
a request providing an invalid bearer token would receive a 401 Unauthorized error.
A request providing no bearer token would be treated as an anonymous request.
In 1.5.1-1.5.x, anonymous access is disabled by default, and can be enabled by
passing the --anonymous-auth=true option to the API server.
In 1.6+, anonymous access is enabled by default if an authorization mode other than AlwaysAllow
is used, and can be disabled by passing the --anonymous-auth=false option to the API server.
Starting in 1.6, the ABAC and RBAC authorizers require explicit authorization of the
system:anonymous user or the system:unauthenticated group, so legacy policy rules
that grant access to the * user or * group do not include anonymous users.
User impersonation
A user can act as another user through impersonation headers. These let requests
manually override the user info a request authenticates as. For example, an admin
could use this feature to debug an authorization policy by temporarily
impersonating another user and seeing if a request was denied.
Impersonation requests first authenticate as the requesting user, then switch
to the impersonated user info.
A user makes an API call with their credentials and impersonation headers.
API server authenticates the user.
API server ensures the authenticated users have impersonation privileges.
Request user info is replaced with impersonation values.
Request is evaluated, authorization acts on impersonated user info.
The following HTTP headers can be used to performing an impersonation request:
Impersonate-User: The username to act as.
Impersonate-Group: A group name to act as. Can be provided multiple times to set multiple groups. Optional. Requires "Impersonate-User".
Impersonate-Extra-( extra name ): A dynamic header used to associate extra fields with the user. Optional. Requires "Impersonate-User". In order to be preserved consistently, ( extra name ) must be lower-case, and any characters which aren't legal in HTTP header labels MUST be utf8 and percent-encoded.
Impersonate-Uid: A unique identifier that represents the user being impersonated. Optional. Requires "Impersonate-User". Kubernetes does not impose any format requirements on this string.
Note: Prior to 1.11.3 (and 1.10.7, 1.9.11), ( extra name ) could only contain characters which were legal in HTTP header labels.
Note:Impersonate-Uid is only available in versions 1.22.0 and higher.
An example of the impersonation headers used when impersonating a user with groups:
Note:kubectl cannot impersonate extra fields or UIDs.
To impersonate a user, group, user identifier (UID) or extra fields, the impersonating user must
have the ability to perform the "impersonate" verb on the kind of attribute
being impersonated ("user", "group", "uid", etc.). For clusters that enable the RBAC
authorization plugin, the following ClusterRole encompasses the rules needed to
set user and group impersonation headers:
For impersonation, extra fields and impersonated UIDs are both under the "authentication.k8s.io" apiGroup.
Extra fields are evaluated as sub-resources of the resource "userextras". To
allow a user to use impersonation headers for the extra field "scopes" and
for UIDs, a user should be granted the following role:
apiVersion:rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1kind:ClusterRolemetadata:name:scopes-and-uid-impersonatorrules:# Can set "Impersonate-Extra-scopes" header and the "Impersonate-Uid" header.- apiGroups:["authentication.k8s.io"]resources:["userextras/scopes","uids"]verbs:["impersonate"]
The values of impersonation headers can also be restricted by limiting the set
of resourceNames a resource can take.
apiVersion:rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1kind:ClusterRolemetadata:name:limited-impersonatorrules:# Can impersonate the user "jane.doe@example.com"- apiGroups:[""]resources:["users"]verbs:["impersonate"]resourceNames:["jane.doe@example.com"]# Can impersonate the groups "developers" and "admins"- apiGroups:[""]resources:["groups"]verbs:["impersonate"]resourceNames:["developers","admins"]# Can impersonate the extras field "scopes" with the values "view" and "development"- apiGroups:["authentication.k8s.io"]resources:["userextras/scopes"]verbs:["impersonate"]resourceNames:["view","development"]# Can impersonate the uid "06f6ce97-e2c5-4ab8-7ba5-7654dd08d52b"- apiGroups:["authentication.k8s.io"]resources:["uids"]verbs:["impersonate"]resourceNames:["06f6ce97-e2c5-4ab8-7ba5-7654dd08d52b"]
client-go credential plugins
FEATURE STATE:Kubernetes v1.22 [stable]
k8s.io/client-go and tools using it such as kubectl and kubelet are able to execute an
external command to receive user credentials.
This feature is intended for client side integrations with authentication protocols not natively
supported by k8s.io/client-go (LDAP, Kerberos, OAuth2, SAML, etc.). The plugin implements the
protocol specific logic, then returns opaque credentials to use. Almost all credential plugin
use cases require a server side component with support for the webhook token authenticator
to interpret the credential format produced by the client plugin.
Example use case
In a hypothetical use case, an organization would run an external service that exchanges LDAP credentials
for user specific, signed tokens. The service would also be capable of responding to webhook token
authenticator requests to validate the tokens. Users would be required
to install a credential plugin on their workstation.
To authenticate against the API:
The user issues a kubectl command.
Credential plugin prompts the user for LDAP credentials, exchanges credentials with external service for a token.
Credential plugin returns token to client-go, which uses it as a bearer token against the API server.
apiVersion:v1kind:Configusers:- name:my-useruser:exec:# Command to execute. Required.command:"example-client-go-exec-plugin"# API version to use when decoding the ExecCredentials resource. Required.## The API version returned by the plugin MUST match the version listed here.## To integrate with tools that support multiple versions (such as client.authentication.k8s.io/v1alpha1),# set an environment variable, pass an argument to the tool that indicates which version the exec plugin expects,# or read the version from the ExecCredential object in the KUBERNETES_EXEC_INFO environment variable.apiVersion:"client.authentication.k8s.io/v1"# Environment variables to set when executing the plugin. Optional.env:- name:"FOO"value:"bar"# Arguments to pass when executing the plugin. Optional.args:- "arg1"- "arg2"# Text shown to the user when the executable doesn't seem to be present. Optional.installHint:| example-client-go-exec-plugin is required to authenticate
to the current cluster. It can be installed:
On macOS: brew install example-client-go-exec-plugin
On Ubuntu: apt-get install example-client-go-exec-plugin
On Fedora: dnf install example-client-go-exec-plugin
...# Whether or not to provide cluster information, which could potentially contain# very large CA data, to this exec plugin as a part of the KUBERNETES_EXEC_INFO# environment variable.provideClusterInfo:true# The contract between the exec plugin and the standard input I/O stream. If the# contract cannot be satisfied, this plugin will not be run and an error will be# returned. Valid values are "Never" (this exec plugin never uses standard input),# "IfAvailable" (this exec plugin wants to use standard input if it is available),# or "Always" (this exec plugin requires standard input to function). Required.interactiveMode:Neverclusters:- name:my-clustercluster:server:"https://172.17.4.100:6443"certificate-authority:"/etc/kubernetes/ca.pem"extensions:- name:client.authentication.k8s.io/exec# reserved extension name for per cluster exec configextension:arbitrary:configthis:can be provided via the KUBERNETES_EXEC_INFO environment variable upon setting provideClusterInfoyou:["can","put","anything","here"]contexts:- name:my-clustercontext:cluster:my-clusteruser:my-usercurrent-context:my-cluster
apiVersion:v1kind:Configusers:- name:my-useruser:exec:# Command to execute. Required.command:"example-client-go-exec-plugin"# API version to use when decoding the ExecCredentials resource. Required.## The API version returned by the plugin MUST match the version listed here.## To integrate with tools that support multiple versions (such as client.authentication.k8s.io/v1alpha1),# set an environment variable, pass an argument to the tool that indicates which version the exec plugin expects,# or read the version from the ExecCredential object in the KUBERNETES_EXEC_INFO environment variable.apiVersion:"client.authentication.k8s.io/v1beta1"# Environment variables to set when executing the plugin. Optional.env:- name:"FOO"value:"bar"# Arguments to pass when executing the plugin. Optional.args:- "arg1"- "arg2"# Text shown to the user when the executable doesn't seem to be present. Optional.installHint:| example-client-go-exec-plugin is required to authenticate
to the current cluster. It can be installed:
On macOS: brew install example-client-go-exec-plugin
On Ubuntu: apt-get install example-client-go-exec-plugin
On Fedora: dnf install example-client-go-exec-plugin
...# Whether or not to provide cluster information, which could potentially contain# very large CA data, to this exec plugin as a part of the KUBERNETES_EXEC_INFO# environment variable.provideClusterInfo:true# The contract between the exec plugin and the standard input I/O stream. If the# contract cannot be satisfied, this plugin will not be run and an error will be# returned. Valid values are "Never" (this exec plugin never uses standard input),# "IfAvailable" (this exec plugin wants to use standard input if it is available),# or "Always" (this exec plugin requires standard input to function). Optional.# Defaults to "IfAvailable".interactiveMode:Neverclusters:- name:my-clustercluster:server:"https://172.17.4.100:6443"certificate-authority:"/etc/kubernetes/ca.pem"extensions:- name:client.authentication.k8s.io/exec# reserved extension name for per cluster exec configextension:arbitrary:configthis:can be provided via the KUBERNETES_EXEC_INFO environment variable upon setting provideClusterInfoyou:["can","put","anything","here"]contexts:- name:my-clustercontext:cluster:my-clusteruser:my-usercurrent-context:my-cluster
Relative command paths are interpreted as relative to the directory of the config file. If
KUBECONFIG is set to /home/jane/kubeconfig and the exec command is ./bin/example-client-go-exec-plugin,
the binary /home/jane/bin/example-client-go-exec-plugin is executed.
- name:my-useruser:exec:# Path relative to the directory of the kubeconfigcommand:"./bin/example-client-go-exec-plugin"apiVersion:"client.authentication.k8s.io/v1"interactiveMode:Never
Input and output formats
The executed command prints an ExecCredential object to stdout. k8s.io/client-go
authenticates against the Kubernetes API using the returned credentials in the status.
The executed command is passed an ExecCredential object as input via the KUBERNETES_EXEC_INFO
environment variable. This input contains helpful information like the expected API version
of the returned ExecCredential object and whether or not the plugin can use stdin to interact
with the user.
When run from an interactive session (i.e., a terminal), stdin can be exposed directly
to the plugin. Plugins should use the spec.interactive field of the input
ExecCredential object from the KUBERNETES_EXEC_INFO environment variable in order to
determine if stdin has been provided. A plugin's stdin requirements (i.e., whether
stdin is optional, strictly required, or never used in order for the plugin
to run successfully) is declared via the user.exec.interactiveMode field in the
kubeconfig (see table
below for valid values). The user.exec.interactiveMode field is optional in client.authentication.k8s.io/v1beta1
and required in client.authentication.k8s.io/v1.
interactiveMode values
interactiveMode Value
Meaning
Never
This exec plugin never needs to use standard input, and therefore the exec plugin will be run regardless of whether standard input is available for user input.
IfAvailable
This exec plugin would like to use standard input if it is available, but can still operate if standard input is not available. Therefore, the exec plugin will be run regardless of whether stdin is available for user input. If standard input is available for user input, then it will be provided to this exec plugin.
Always
This exec plugin requires standard input in order to run, and therefore the exec plugin will only be run if standard input is available for user input. If standard input is not available for user input, then the exec plugin will not be run and an error will be returned by the exec plugin runner.
To use bearer token credentials, the plugin returns a token in the status of the
ExecCredential
Alternatively, a PEM-encoded client certificate and key can be returned to use TLS client auth.
If the plugin returns a different certificate and key on a subsequent call, k8s.io/client-go
will close existing connections with the server to force a new TLS handshake.
If specified, clientKeyData and clientCertificateData must both must be present.
clientCertificateData may contain additional intermediate certificates to send to the server.
Optionally, the response can include the expiry of the credential formatted as a
RFC 3339 timestamp.
Presence or absence of an expiry has the following impact:
If an expiry is included, the bearer token and TLS credentials are cached until
the expiry time is reached, or if the server responds with a 401 HTTP status code,
or when the process exits.
If an expiry is omitted, the bearer token and TLS credentials are cached until
the server responds with a 401 HTTP status code or until the process exits.
To enable the exec plugin to obtain cluster-specific information, set provideClusterInfo on the user.exec
field in the kubeconfig.
The plugin will then be supplied this cluster-specific information in the KUBERNETES_EXEC_INFO environment variable.
Information from this environment variable can be used to perform cluster-specific
credential acquisition logic.
The following ExecCredential manifest describes a cluster information sample.
Bootstrap tokens are a simple bearer token that is meant to be used when
creating new clusters or joining new nodes to an existing cluster. It was built
to support kubeadm, but can be used in other contexts
for users that wish to start clusters without kubeadm. It is also built to
work, via RBAC policy, with the
Kubelet TLS Bootstrapping system.
Bootstrap Tokens Overview
Bootstrap Tokens are defined with a specific type
(bootstrap.kubernetes.io/token) of secrets that lives in the kube-system
namespace. These Secrets are then read by the Bootstrap Authenticator in the
API Server. Expired tokens are removed with the TokenCleaner controller in the
Controller Manager. The tokens are also used to create a signature for a
specific ConfigMap used in a "discovery" process through a BootstrapSigner
controller.
Token Format
Bootstrap Tokens take the form of abcdef.0123456789abcdef. More formally,
they must match the regular expression [a-z0-9]{6}\.[a-z0-9]{16}.
The first part of the token is the "Token ID" and is considered public
information. It is used when referring to a token without leaking the secret
part used for authentication. The second part is the "Token Secret" and should
only be shared with trusted parties.
Enabling Bootstrap Token Authentication
The Bootstrap Token authenticator can be enabled using the following flag on the
API server:
--enable-bootstrap-token-auth
When enabled, bootstrapping tokens can be used as bearer token credentials to
authenticate requests against the API server.
Authorization: Bearer 07401b.f395accd246ae52d
Tokens authenticate as the username system:bootstrap:<token id> and are members
of the group system:bootstrappers. Additional groups may be specified in the
token's Secret.
Expired tokens can be deleted automatically by enabling the tokencleaner
controller on the controller manager.
--controllers=*,tokencleaner
Bootstrap Token Secret Format
Each valid token is backed by a secret in the kube-system namespace. You can
find the full design doc
here.
Here is what the secret looks like.
apiVersion:v1kind:Secretmetadata:# Name MUST be of form "bootstrap-token-<token id>"name:bootstrap-token-07401bnamespace:kube-system# Type MUST be 'bootstrap.kubernetes.io/token'type:bootstrap.kubernetes.io/tokenstringData:# Human readable description. Optional.description:"The default bootstrap token generated by 'kubeadm init'."# Token ID and secret. Required.token-id:07401btoken-secret:f395accd246ae52d# Expiration. Optional.expiration:2017-03-10T03:22:11Z# Allowed usages.usage-bootstrap-authentication:"true"usage-bootstrap-signing:"true"# Extra groups to authenticate the token as. Must start with "system:bootstrappers:"auth-extra-groups:system:bootstrappers:worker,system:bootstrappers:ingress
The type of the secret must be bootstrap.kubernetes.io/token and the name must
be bootstrap-token-<token id>. It must also exist in the kube-system
namespace.
The usage-bootstrap-* members indicate what this secret is intended to be used
for. A value must be set to true to be enabled.
usage-bootstrap-authentication indicates that the token can be used to
authenticate to the API server as a bearer token.
usage-bootstrap-signing indicates that the token may be used to sign the
cluster-info ConfigMap as described below.
The expiration field controls the expiry of the token. Expired tokens are
rejected when used for authentication and ignored during ConfigMap signing.
The expiry value is encoded as an absolute UTC time using RFC3339. Enable the
tokencleaner controller to automatically delete expired tokens.
Token Management with kubeadm
You can use the kubeadm tool to manage tokens on a running cluster. See the
kubeadm token docs for details.
ConfigMap Signing
In addition to authentication, the tokens can be used to sign a ConfigMap. This
is used early in a cluster bootstrap process before the client trusts the API
server. The signed ConfigMap can be authenticated by the shared token.
Enable ConfigMap signing by enabling the bootstrapsigner controller on the
Controller Manager.
--controllers=*,bootstrapsigner
The ConfigMap that is signed is cluster-info in the kube-public namespace.
The typical flow is that a client reads this ConfigMap while unauthenticated and
ignoring TLS errors. It then validates the payload of the ConfigMap by looking
at a signature embedded in the ConfigMap.
The kubeconfig member of the ConfigMap is a config file with only the cluster
information filled out. The key thing being communicated here is the
certificate-authority-data. This may be expanded in the future.
The signature is a JWS signature using the "detached" mode. To validate the
signature, the user should encode the kubeconfig payload according to JWS
rules (base64 encoded while discarding any trailing =). That encoded payload
is then used to form a whole JWS by inserting it between the 2 dots. You can
verify the JWS using the HS256 scheme (HMAC-SHA256) with the full token (e.g.
07401b.f395accd246ae52d) as the shared secret. Users must verify that HS256
is used.
Warning: Any party with a bootstrapping token can create a valid signature for that
token. When using ConfigMap signing it's discouraged to share the same token with
many clients, since a compromised client can potentially man-in-the middle another
client relying on the signature to bootstrap TLS trust.
The Certificates API enables automation of
X.509 credential provisioning by providing
a programmatic interface for clients of the Kubernetes API to request and obtain
X.509 certificates from a Certificate Authority (CA).
A CertificateSigningRequest (CSR) resource is used to request that a certificate be signed
by a denoted signer, after which the request may be approved or denied before
finally being signed.
Request signing process
The CertificateSigningRequest resource type allows a client to ask for an X.509 certificate
be issued, based on a signing request.
The CertificateSigningRequest object includes a PEM-encoded PKCS#10 signing request in
the spec.request field. The CertificateSigningRequest denotes the signer (the
recipient that the request is being made to) using the spec.signerName field.
Note that spec.signerName is a required key after API version certificates.k8s.io/v1.
In Kubernetes v1.22 and later, clients may optionally set the spec.expirationSeconds
field to request a particular lifetime for the issued certificate. The minimum valid
value for this field is 600, i.e. ten minutes.
Once created, a CertificateSigningRequest must be approved before it can be signed.
Depending on the signer selected, a CertificateSigningRequest may be automatically approved
by a controller.
Otherwise, a CertificateSigningRequest must be manually approved either via the REST API (or client-go)
or by running kubectl certificate approve. Likewise, a CertificateSigningRequest may also be denied,
which tells the configured signer that it must not sign the request.
For certificates that have been approved, the next step is signing. The relevant signing controller
first validates that the signing conditions are met and then creates a certificate.
The signing controller then updates the CertificateSigningRequest, storing the new certificate into
the status.certificate field of the existing CertificateSigningRequest object. The
status.certificate field is either empty or contains a X.509 certificate, encoded in PEM format.
The CertificateSigningRequest status.certificate field is empty until the signer does this.
Once the status.certificate field has been populated, the request has been completed and clients can now
fetch the signed certificate PEM data from the CertificateSigningRequest resource.
The signers can instead deny certificate signing if the approval conditions are not met.
In order to reduce the number of old CertificateSigningRequest resources left in a cluster, a garbage collection
controller runs periodically. The garbage collection removes CertificateSigningRequests that have not changed
state for some duration:
Approved requests: automatically deleted after 1 hour
Denied requests: automatically deleted after 1 hour
Failed requests: automatically deleted after 1 hour
Pending requests: automatically deleted after 24 hours
All requests: automatically deleted after the issued certificate has expired
Signers
Custom signerNames can also be specified. All signers should provide information about how they work so that clients can predict what will happen to their CSRs.
This includes:
Trust distribution: how trust (CA bundles) are distributed.
Permitted subjects: any restrictions on and behavior when a disallowed subject is requested.
Permitted x509 extensions: including IP subjectAltNames, DNS subjectAltNames, Email subjectAltNames, URI subjectAltNames etc, and behavior when a disallowed extension is requested.
Permitted key usages / extended key usages: any restrictions on and behavior when usages different than the signer-determined usages are specified in the CSR.
Expiration/certificate lifetime: whether it is fixed by the signer, configurable by the admin, determined by the CSR spec.expirationSeconds field, etc
and the behavior when the signer-determined expiration is different from the CSR spec.expirationSeconds field.
CA bit allowed/disallowed: and behavior if a CSR contains a request a for a CA certificate when the signer does not permit it.
Commonly, the status.certificate field contains a single PEM-encoded X.509
certificate once the CSR is approved and the certificate is issued. Some
signers store multiple certificates into the status.certificate field. In
that case, the documentation for the signer should specify the meaning of
additional certificates; for example, this might be the certificate plus
intermediates to be presented during TLS handshakes.
The PKCS#10 signing request format does not have a standard mechanism to specify a
certificate expiration or lifetime. The expiration or lifetime therefore has to be set
through the spec.expirationSeconds field of the CSR object. The built-in signers
use the ClusterSigningDuration configuration option, which defaults to 1 year,
(the --cluster-signing-duration command-line flag of the kube-controller-manager)
as the default when no spec.expirationSeconds is specified. When spec.expirationSeconds
is specified, the minimum of spec.expirationSeconds and ClusterSigningDuration is
used.
Note: The spec.expirationSeconds field was added in Kubernetes v1.22. Earlier versions of Kubernetes do not honor this field.
Kubernetes API servers prior to v1.22 will silently drop this field when the object is created.
Kubernetes signers
Kubernetes provides built-in signers that each have a well-known signerName:
kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client: signs certificates that will be honored as client certificates by the API server.
Never auto-approved by kube-controller-manager.
Trust distribution: signed certificates must be honored as client certificates by the API server. The CA bundle is not distributed by any other means.
Permitted subjects - no subject restrictions, but approvers and signers may choose not to approve or sign.
Certain subjects like cluster-admin level users or groups vary between distributions and installations,
but deserve additional scrutiny before approval and signing.
The CertificateSubjectRestriction admission plugin is enabled by default to restrict system:masters,
but it is often not the only cluster-admin subject in a cluster.
Permitted x509 extensions - honors subjectAltName and key usage extensions and discards other extensions.
Permitted key usages - must include ["client auth"]. Must not include key usages beyond ["digital signature", "key encipherment", "client auth"].
Expiration/certificate lifetime - for the kube-controller-manager implementation of this signer, set to the minimum
of the --cluster-signing-duration option or, if specified, the spec.expirationSeconds field of the CSR object.
CA bit allowed/disallowed - not allowed.
kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client-kubelet: signs client certificates that will be honored as client certificates by the
API server.
May be auto-approved by kube-controller-manager.
Trust distribution: signed certificates must be honored as client certificates by the API server. The CA bundle
is not distributed by any other means.
Permitted subjects - organizations are exactly ["system:nodes"], common name starts with "system:node:".
Permitted x509 extensions - honors key usage extensions, forbids subjectAltName extensions and drops other extensions.
Expiration/certificate lifetime - for the kube-controller-manager implementation of this signer, set to the minimum
of the --cluster-signing-duration option or, if specified, the spec.expirationSeconds field of the CSR object.
CA bit allowed/disallowed - not allowed.
kubernetes.io/kubelet-serving: signs serving certificates that are honored as a valid kubelet serving certificate
by the API server, but has no other guarantees.
Never auto-approved by kube-controller-manager.
Trust distribution: signed certificates must be honored by the API server as valid to terminate connections to a kubelet.
The CA bundle is not distributed by any other means.
Permitted subjects - organizations are exactly ["system:nodes"], common name starts with "system:node:".
Permitted x509 extensions - honors key usage and DNSName/IPAddress subjectAltName extensions, forbids EmailAddress and
URI subjectAltName extensions, drops other extensions. At least one DNS or IP subjectAltName must be present.
Expiration/certificate lifetime - for the kube-controller-manager implementation of this signer, set to the minimum
of the --cluster-signing-duration option or, if specified, the spec.expirationSeconds field of the CSR object.
CA bit allowed/disallowed - not allowed.
kubernetes.io/legacy-unknown: has no guarantees for trust at all. Some third-party distributions of Kubernetes
may honor client certificates signed by it. The stable CertificateSigningRequest API (version certificates.k8s.io/v1 and later)
does not allow to set the signerName as kubernetes.io/legacy-unknown.
Never auto-approved by kube-controller-manager.
Trust distribution: None. There is no standard trust or distribution for this signer in a Kubernetes cluster.
Permitted subjects - any
Permitted x509 extensions - honors subjectAltName and key usage extensions and discards other extensions.
Permitted key usages - any
Expiration/certificate lifetime - for the kube-controller-manager implementation of this signer, set to the minimum
of the --cluster-signing-duration option or, if specified, the spec.expirationSeconds field of the CSR object.
CA bit allowed/disallowed - not allowed.
Note: Failures for all of these are only reported in kube-controller-manager logs.
Note: The spec.expirationSeconds field was added in Kubernetes v1.22. Earlier versions of Kubernetes do not honor this field.
Kubernetes API servers prior to v1.22 will silently drop this field when the object is created.
Distribution of trust happens out of band for these signers. Any trust outside of those described above are strictly
coincidental. For instance, some distributions may honor kubernetes.io/legacy-unknown as client certificates for the
kube-apiserver, but this is not a standard.
None of these usages are related to ServiceAccount token secrets .data[ca.crt] in any way. That CA bundle is only
guaranteed to verify a connection to the API server using the default service (kubernetes.default.svc).
Authorization
To allow creating a CertificateSigningRequest and retrieving any CertificateSigningRequest:
apiVersion:rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1kind:ClusterRolemetadata:name:csr-approverrules:- apiGroups:- certificates.k8s.ioresources:- certificatesigningrequestsverbs:- get- list- watch- apiGroups:- certificates.k8s.ioresources:- certificatesigningrequests/approvalverbs:- update- apiGroups:- certificates.k8s.ioresources:- signersresourceNames:- example.com/my-signer-name# example.com/* can be used to authorize for all signers in the 'example.com' domainverbs:- approve
apiVersion:rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1kind:ClusterRolemetadata:name:csr-signerrules:- apiGroups:- certificates.k8s.ioresources:- certificatesigningrequestsverbs:- get- list- watch- apiGroups:- certificates.k8s.ioresources:- certificatesigningrequests/statusverbs:- update- apiGroups:- certificates.k8s.ioresources:- signersresourceNames:- example.com/my-signer-name# example.com/* can be used to authorize for all signers in the 'example.com' domainverbs:- sign
Normal user
A few steps are required in order to get a normal user to be able to
authenticate and invoke an API. First, this user must have a certificate issued
by the Kubernetes cluster, and then present that certificate to the Kubernetes API.
Create private key
The following scripts show how to generate PKI private key and CSR. It is
important to set CN and O attribute of the CSR. CN is the name of the user and
O is the group that this user will belong to. You can refer to
RBAC for standard groups.
The kube-controller-manager ships with a built-in approver for certificates with
a signerName of kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client-kubelet that delegates various
permissions on CSRs for node credentials to authorization.
The kube-controller-manager POSTs SubjectAccessReview resources to the API server
in order to check authorization for certificate approval.
Approval or rejection using kubectl
A Kubernetes administrator (with appropriate permissions) can manually approve
(or deny) CertificateSigningRequests by using the kubectl certificate approve and kubectl certificate deny commands.
Users of the REST API can approve CSRs by submitting an UPDATE request to the approval
subresource of the CSR to be approved. For example, you could write an
operator that watches for a particular
kind of CSR and then sends an UPDATE to approve them.
When you make an approval or rejection request, set either the Approved or Denied
status condition based on the state you determine:
For Approved CSRs:
apiVersion:certificates.k8s.io/v1kind:CertificateSigningRequest...status:conditions:- lastUpdateTime:"2020-02-08T11:37:35Z"lastTransitionTime:"2020-02-08T11:37:35Z"message:Approved by my custom approver controllerreason:ApprovedByMyPolicy# You can set this to any stringtype:Approved
For Denied CSRs:
apiVersion:certificates.k8s.io/v1kind:CertificateSigningRequest...status:conditions:- lastUpdateTime:"2020-02-08T11:37:35Z"lastTransitionTime:"2020-02-08T11:37:35Z"message:Denied by my custom approver controllerreason:DeniedByMyPolicy# You can set this to any stringtype:Denied
It's usual to set status.conditions.reason to a machine-friendly reason
code using TitleCase; this is a convention but you can set it to anything
you like. If you want to add a note for human consumption, use the
status.conditions.message field.
Signing
Control plane signer
The Kubernetes control plane implements each of the
Kubernetes signers,
as part of the kube-controller-manager.
Note: Prior to Kubernetes v1.18, the kube-controller-manager would sign any CSRs that
were marked as approved.
Note: The spec.expirationSeconds field was added in Kubernetes v1.22. Earlier versions of Kubernetes do not honor this field.
Kubernetes API servers prior to v1.22 will silently drop this field when the object is created.
API-based signers
Users of the REST API can sign CSRs by submitting an UPDATE request to the status
subresource of the CSR to be signed.
As part of this request, the status.certificate field should be set to contain the
signed certificate. This field contains one or more PEM-encoded certificates.
All PEM blocks must have the "CERTIFICATE" label, contain no headers,
and the encoded data must be a BER-encoded ASN.1 Certificate structure
as described in section 4 of RFC5280.
Non-PEM content may appear before or after the CERTIFICATE PEM blocks and is unvalidated,
to allow for explanatory text as described in section 5.2 of RFC7468.
When encoded in JSON or YAML, this field is base-64 encoded.
A CertificateSigningRequest containing the example certificate above would look like this:
View the source code for the kube-controller-manager built in signer
View the source code for the kube-controller-manager built in approver
For details of X.509 itself, refer to RFC 5280 section 3.1
For information on the syntax of PKCS#10 certificate signing requests, refer to RFC 2986
3.4 - Using Admission Controllers
This page provides an overview of Admission Controllers.
What are they?
An admission controller is a piece of code that intercepts requests to the
Kubernetes API server prior to persistence of the object, but after the request
is authenticated and authorized. The controllers consist of the
list below, are compiled into the
kube-apiserver binary, and may only be configured by the cluster
administrator. In that list, there are two special controllers:
MutatingAdmissionWebhook and ValidatingAdmissionWebhook. These execute the
mutating and validating (respectively)
admission control webhooks
which are configured in the API.
Admission controllers may be "validating", "mutating", or both. Mutating
controllers may modify related objects to the requests they admit; validating controllers may not.
Admission controllers limit requests to create, delete, modify objects or connect to proxy. They do not limit requests to read objects.
The admission control process proceeds in two phases. In the first phase,
mutating admission controllers are run. In the second phase, validating
admission controllers are run. Note again that some of the controllers are
both.
If any of the controllers in either phase reject the request, the entire
request is rejected immediately and an error is returned to the end-user.
Finally, in addition to sometimes mutating the object in question, admission
controllers may sometimes have side effects, that is, mutate related
resources as part of request processing. Incrementing quota usage is the
canonical example of why this is necessary. Any such side-effect needs a
corresponding reclamation or reconciliation process, as a given admission
controller does not know for sure that a given request will pass all of the
other admission controllers.
Why do I need them?
Many advanced features in Kubernetes require an admission controller to be enabled in order
to properly support the feature. As a result, a Kubernetes API server that is not properly
configured with the right set of admission controllers is an incomplete server and will not
support all the features you expect.
How do I turn on an admission controller?
The Kubernetes API server flag enable-admission-plugins takes a comma-delimited list of admission control plugins to invoke prior to modifying objects in the cluster.
For example, the following command line enables the NamespaceLifecycle and the LimitRanger
admission control plugins:
Note: Depending on the way your Kubernetes cluster is deployed and how the API server is
started, you may need to apply the settings in different ways. For example, you may
have to modify the systemd unit file if the API server is deployed as a systemd
service, you may modify the manifest file for the API server if Kubernetes is deployed
in a self-hosted way.
How do I turn off an admission controller?
The Kubernetes API server flag disable-admission-plugins takes a comma-delimited list of admission control plugins to be disabled, even if they are in the list of plugins enabled by default.
This admission controller allows all pods into the cluster. It is deprecated because its behavior is the same as if there were no admission controller at all.
AlwaysDeny
FEATURE STATE:Kubernetes v1.13 [deprecated]
Rejects all requests. AlwaysDeny is DEPRECATED as it has no real meaning.
AlwaysPullImages
This admission controller modifies every new Pod to force the image pull policy to Always. This is useful in a
multitenant cluster so that users can be assured that their private images can only be used by those
who have the credentials to pull them. Without this admission controller, once an image has been pulled to a
node, any pod from any user can use it by knowing the image's name (assuming the Pod is
scheduled onto the right node), without any authorization check against the image. When this admission controller
is enabled, images are always pulled prior to starting containers, which means valid credentials are
required.
CertificateApproval
This admission controller observes requests to 'approve' CertificateSigningRequest resources and performs additional
authorization checks to ensure the approving user has permission to approve certificate requests with the
spec.signerName requested on the CertificateSigningRequest resource.
See Certificate Signing Requests for more
information on the permissions required to perform different actions on CertificateSigningRequest resources.
CertificateSigning
This admission controller observes updates to the status.certificate field of CertificateSigningRequest resources
and performs an additional authorization checks to ensure the signing user has permission to sign certificate
requests with the spec.signerName requested on the CertificateSigningRequest resource.
See Certificate Signing Requests for more
information on the permissions required to perform different actions on CertificateSigningRequest resources.
CertificateSubjectRestrictions
This admission controller observes creation of CertificateSigningRequest resources that have a spec.signerName
of kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client. It rejects any request that specifies a 'group' (or 'organization attribute')
of system:masters.
DefaultIngressClass
This admission controller observes creation of Ingress objects that do not request any specific
ingress class and automatically adds a default ingress class to them. This way, users that do not
request any special ingress class do not need to care about them at all and they will get the
default one.
This admission controller does not do anything when no default ingress class is configured. When more than one ingress
class is marked as default, it rejects any creation of Ingress with an error and an administrator
must revisit their IngressClass objects and mark only one as default (with the annotation
"ingressclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class"). This admission controller ignores any Ingress
updates; it acts only on creation.
See the ingress documentation for more about ingress
classes and how to mark one as default.
DefaultStorageClass
This admission controller observes creation of PersistentVolumeClaim objects that do not request any specific storage class
and automatically adds a default storage class to them.
This way, users that do not request any special storage class do not need to care about them at all and they
will get the default one.
This admission controller does not do anything when no default storage class is configured. When more than one storage
class is marked as default, it rejects any creation of PersistentVolumeClaim with an error and an administrator
must revisit their StorageClass objects and mark only one as default.
This admission controller ignores any PersistentVolumeClaim updates; it acts only on creation.
See persistent volume documentation about persistent volume claims and
storage classes and how to mark a storage class as default.
DefaultTolerationSeconds
This admission controller sets the default forgiveness toleration for pods to tolerate
the taints notready:NoExecute and unreachable:NoExecute based on the k8s-apiserver input parameters
default-not-ready-toleration-seconds and default-unreachable-toleration-seconds if the pods don't already
have toleration for taints node.kubernetes.io/not-ready:NoExecute or
node.kubernetes.io/unreachable:NoExecute.
The default value for default-not-ready-toleration-seconds and default-unreachable-toleration-seconds is 5 minutes.
DenyEscalatingExec
FEATURE STATE:Kubernetes v1.13 [deprecated]
This admission controller will deny exec and attach commands to pods that run with escalated privileges that
allow host access. This includes pods that run as privileged, have access to the host IPC namespace, and
have access to the host PID namespace.
The DenyEscalatingExec admission plugin is deprecated.
Use of a policy-based admission plugin (like PodSecurityPolicy or a custom admission plugin)
which can be targeted at specific users or Namespaces and also protects against creation of overly privileged Pods
is recommended instead.
DenyExecOnPrivileged
FEATURE STATE:Kubernetes v1.13 [deprecated]
This admission controller will intercept all requests to exec a command in a pod if that pod has a privileged container.
This functionality has been merged into DenyEscalatingExec.
The DenyExecOnPrivileged admission plugin is deprecated.
Use of a policy-based admission plugin (like PodSecurityPolicy or a custom admission plugin)
which can be targeted at specific users or Namespaces and also protects against creation of overly privileged Pods
is recommended instead.
DenyServiceExternalIPs
This admission controller rejects all net-new usage of the Service field externalIPs. This
feature is very powerful (allows network traffic interception) and not well
controlled by policy. When enabled, users of the cluster may not create new
Services which use externalIPs and may not add new values to externalIPs on
existing Service objects. Existing uses of externalIPs are not affected,
and users may remove values from externalIPs on existing Service objects.
Most users do not need this feature at all, and cluster admins should consider disabling it.
Clusters that do need to use this feature should consider using some custom policy to manage usage
of it.
EventRateLimit
FEATURE STATE:Kubernetes v1.13 [alpha]
This admission controller mitigates the problem where the API server gets flooded by
event requests. The cluster admin can specify event rate limits by:
Enabling the EventRateLimit admission controller;
Referencing an EventRateLimit configuration file from the file provided to the API
server's command line flag --admission-control-config-file:
# Deprecated in v1.17 in favor of apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1apiVersion:apiserver.k8s.io/v1alpha1kind:AdmissionConfigurationplugins:- name:EventRateLimitpath:eventconfig.yaml...
There are four types of limits that can be specified in the configuration:
Server: All event requests received by the API server share a single bucket.
Namespace: Each namespace has a dedicated bucket.
User: Each user is allocated a bucket.
SourceAndObject: A bucket is assigned by each combination of source and
involved object of the event.
Below is a sample eventconfig.yaml for such a configuration:
This plug-in facilitates creation of dedicated nodes with extended resources.
If operators want to create dedicated nodes with extended resources (like GPUs, FPGAs etc.), they are expected to
taint the node with the extended resource
name as the key. This admission controller, if enabled, automatically
adds tolerations for such taints to pods requesting extended resources, so users don't have to manually
add these tolerations.
ImagePolicyWebhook
The ImagePolicyWebhook admission controller allows a backend webhook to make admission decisions.
Configuration File Format
ImagePolicyWebhook uses a configuration file to set options for the behavior of the backend.
This file may be json or yaml and has the following format:
imagePolicy:kubeConfigFile:/path/to/kubeconfig/for/backend# time in s to cache approvalallowTTL:50# time in s to cache denialdenyTTL:50# time in ms to wait between retriesretryBackoff:500# determines behavior if the webhook backend failsdefaultAllow:true
Reference the ImagePolicyWebhook configuration file from the file provided to the API server's command line flag --admission-control-config-file:
# Deprecated in v1.17 in favor of apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1apiVersion:apiserver.k8s.io/v1alpha1kind:AdmissionConfigurationplugins:- name:ImagePolicyWebhookpath:imagepolicyconfig.yaml...
Alternatively, you can embed the configuration directly in the file:
# Deprecated in v1.17 in favor of apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1apiVersion:apiserver.k8s.io/v1alpha1kind:AdmissionConfigurationplugins:- name:ImagePolicyWebhookconfiguration:imagePolicy:kubeConfigFile:<path-to-kubeconfig-file>allowTTL:50denyTTL:50retryBackoff:500defaultAllow:true
The ImagePolicyWebhook config file must reference a
kubeconfig
formatted file which sets up the connection to the backend.
It is required that the backend communicate over TLS.
The kubeconfig file's cluster field must point to the remote service, and the user field must contain the returned authorizer.
# clusters refers to the remote service.clusters:- name:name-of-remote-imagepolicy-servicecluster:certificate-authority:/path/to/ca.pem # CA for verifying the remote service.server:https://images.example.com/policy# URL of remote service to query. Must use 'https'.# users refers to the API server's webhook configuration.users:- name:name-of-api-serveruser:client-certificate:/path/to/cert.pem# cert for the webhook admission controller to useclient-key:/path/to/key.pem # key matching the cert
For additional HTTP configuration, refer to the
kubeconfig documentation.
Request Payloads
When faced with an admission decision, the API Server POSTs a JSON serialized imagepolicy.k8s.io/v1alpha1ImageReview object describing the action. This object contains fields describing the containers being admitted, as well as any pod annotations that match *.image-policy.k8s.io/*.
Note that webhook API objects are subject to the same versioning compatibility rules as other Kubernetes API objects. Implementers should be aware of looser compatibility promises for alpha objects and check the "apiVersion" field of the request to ensure correct deserialization. Additionally, the API Server must enable the imagepolicy.k8s.io/v1alpha1 API extensions group (--runtime-config=imagepolicy.k8s.io/v1alpha1=true).
The remote service is expected to fill the ImageReviewStatus field of the request and respond to either allow or disallow access. The response body's "spec" field is ignored and may be omitted. A permissive response would return:
For further documentation refer to the imagepolicy.v1alpha1 API objects and plugin/pkg/admission/imagepolicy/admission.go.
Extending with Annotations
All annotations on a Pod that match *.image-policy.k8s.io/* are sent to the webhook. Sending annotations allows users who are aware of the image policy backend to send extra information to it, and for different backends implementations to accept different information.
Examples of information you might put here are:
request to "break glass" to override a policy, in case of emergency.
a ticket number from a ticket system that documents the break-glass request
provide a hint to the policy server as to the imageID of the image being provided, to save it a lookup
In any case, the annotations are provided by the user and are not validated by Kubernetes in any way. In the future, if an annotation is determined to be widely useful, it may be promoted to a named field of ImageReviewSpec.
LimitPodHardAntiAffinityTopology
This admission controller denies any pod that defines AntiAffinity topology key other than
kubernetes.io/hostname in requiredDuringSchedulingRequiredDuringExecution.
LimitRanger
This admission controller will observe the incoming request and ensure that it does not violate any of the constraints
enumerated in the LimitRange object in a Namespace. If you are using LimitRange objects in
your Kubernetes deployment, you MUST use this admission controller to enforce those constraints. LimitRanger can also
be used to apply default resource requests to Pods that don't specify any; currently, the default LimitRanger
applies a 0.1 CPU requirement to all Pods in the default namespace.
This admission controller calls any mutating webhooks which match the request. Matching
webhooks are called in serial; each one may modify the object if it desires.
This admission controller (as implied by the name) only runs in the mutating phase.
If a webhook called by this has side effects (for example, decrementing quota) it
must have a reconciliation system, as it is not guaranteed that subsequent
webhooks or validating admission controllers will permit the request to finish.
If you disable the MutatingAdmissionWebhook, you must also disable the
MutatingWebhookConfiguration object in the admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1
group/version via the --runtime-config flag (both are on by default in
versions >= 1.9).
Use caution when authoring and installing mutating webhooks
Users may be confused when the objects they try to create are different from
what they get back.
Built in control loops may break when the objects they try to create are
different when read back.
Setting originally unset fields is less likely to cause problems than
overwriting fields set in the original request. Avoid doing the latter.
Future changes to control loops for built-in resources or third-party resources
may break webhooks that work well today. Even when the webhook installation API
is finalized, not all possible webhook behaviors will be guaranteed to be supported
indefinitely.
NamespaceAutoProvision
This admission controller examines all incoming requests on namespaced resources and checks
if the referenced namespace does exist.
It creates a namespace if it cannot be found.
This admission controller is useful in deployments that do not want to restrict creation of
a namespace prior to its usage.
NamespaceExists
This admission controller checks all requests on namespaced resources other than Namespace itself.
If the namespace referenced from a request doesn't exist, the request is rejected.
NamespaceLifecycle
This admission controller enforces that a Namespace that is undergoing termination cannot have new objects created in it,
and ensures that requests in a non-existent Namespace are rejected. This admission controller also prevents deletion of
three system reserved namespaces default, kube-system, kube-public.
A Namespace deletion kicks off a sequence of operations that remove all objects (pods, services, etc.) in that
namespace. In order to enforce integrity of that process, we strongly recommend running this admission controller.
NodeRestriction
This admission controller limits the Node and Pod objects a kubelet can modify. In order to be limited by this admission controller,
kubelets must use credentials in the system:nodes group, with a username in the form system:node:<nodeName>.
Such kubelets will only be allowed to modify their own Node API object, and only modify Pod API objects that are bound to their node.
In Kubernetes 1.11+, kubelets are not allowed to update or remove taints from their Node API object.
In Kubernetes 1.13+, the NodeRestriction admission plugin prevents kubelets from deleting their Node API object,
and enforces kubelet modification of labels under the kubernetes.io/ or k8s.io/ prefixes as follows:
Prevents kubelets from adding/removing/updating labels with a node-restriction.kubernetes.io/ prefix.
This label prefix is reserved for administrators to label their Node objects for workload isolation purposes,
and kubelets will not be allowed to modify labels with that prefix.
Allows kubelets to add/remove/update these labels and label prefixes:
Use of any other labels under the kubernetes.io or k8s.io prefixes by kubelets is reserved, and may be disallowed or allowed by the NodeRestriction admission plugin in the future.
Future versions may add additional restrictions to ensure kubelets have the minimal set of permissions required to operate correctly.
OwnerReferencesPermissionEnforcement
This admission controller protects the access to the metadata.ownerReferences of an object
so that only users with "delete" permission to the object can change it.
This admission controller also protects the access to metadata.ownerReferences[x].blockOwnerDeletion
of an object, so that only users with "update" permission to the finalizers
subresource of the referenced owner can change it.
PersistentVolumeClaimResize
This admission controller implements additional validations for checking incoming PersistentVolumeClaim resize requests.
Note: Support for volume resizing is available as a beta feature. As a cluster administrator,
you must ensure that the feature gate ExpandPersistentVolumes is set
to true to enable resizing.
After enabling the ExpandPersistentVolumes feature gate, enabling the PersistentVolumeClaimResize admission
controller is recommended, too. This admission controller prevents resizing of all claims by default unless a claim's StorageClass
explicitly enables resizing by setting allowVolumeExpansion to true.
For example: all PersistentVolumeClaims created from the following StorageClass support volume expansion:
This admission controller automatically attaches region or zone labels to PersistentVolumes
as defined by the cloud provider (for example, GCE or AWS).
It helps ensure the Pods and the PersistentVolumes mounted are in the same
region and/or zone.
If the admission controller doesn't support automatic labelling your PersistentVolumes, you
may need to add the labels manually to prevent pods from mounting volumes from
a different zone. PersistentVolumeLabel is DEPRECATED and labeling persistent volumes has been taken over by
the cloud-controller-manager.
Starting from 1.11, this admission controller is disabled by default.
PodNodeSelector
FEATURE STATE:Kubernetes v1.5 [alpha]
This admission controller defaults and limits what node selectors may be used within a namespace by reading a namespace annotation and a global configuration.
Configuration File Format
PodNodeSelector uses a configuration file to set options for the behavior of the backend.
Note that the configuration file format will move to a versioned file in a future release.
This file may be json or yaml and has the following format:
# Deprecated in v1.17 in favor of apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1apiVersion:apiserver.k8s.io/v1alpha1kind:AdmissionConfigurationplugins:- name:PodNodeSelectorpath:podnodeselector.yaml...
Configuration Annotation Format
PodNodeSelector uses the annotation key scheduler.alpha.kubernetes.io/node-selector to assign node selectors to namespaces.
This admission controller has the following behavior:
If the Namespace has an annotation with a key scheduler.alpha.kubernetes.io/node-selector, use its value as the
node selector.
If the namespace lacks such an annotation, use the clusterDefaultNodeSelector defined in the PodNodeSelector
plugin configuration file as the node selector.
Evaluate the pod's node selector against the namespace node selector for conflicts. Conflicts result in rejection.
Evaluate the pod's node selector against the namespace-specific allowed selector defined the plugin configuration file.
Conflicts result in rejection.
Note: PodNodeSelector allows forcing pods to run on specifically labeled nodes. Also see the PodTolerationRestriction
admission plugin, which allows preventing pods from running on specifically tainted nodes.
PodSecurity
FEATURE STATE:Kubernetes v1.23 [beta]
This is the replacement for the deprecated PodSecurityPolicy admission controller
defined in the next section. This admission controller acts on creation and modification of the pod and
determines if it should be admitted based on the requested security context and the
Pod Security Standards.
This admission controller acts on creation and modification of the pod and determines if it should be admitted
based on the requested security context and the available Pod Security Policies.
The PodTolerationRestriction admission controller verifies any conflict between tolerations of a pod and the tolerations of its namespace.
It rejects the pod request if there is a conflict.
It then merges the tolerations annotated on the namespace into the tolerations of the pod.
The resulting tolerations are checked against a list of allowed tolerations annotated to the namespace.
If the check succeeds, the pod request is admitted otherwise it is rejected.
If the namespace of the pod does not have any associated default tolerations or allowed
tolerations annotated, the cluster-level default tolerations or cluster-level list of allowed tolerations are used
instead if they are specified.
Tolerations to a namespace are assigned via the scheduler.alpha.kubernetes.io/defaultTolerations annotation key.
The list of allowed tolerations can be added via the scheduler.alpha.kubernetes.io/tolerationsWhitelist annotation key.
The priority admission controller uses the priorityClassName field and populates the integer value of the priority. If the priority class is not found, the Pod is rejected.
ResourceQuota
This admission controller will observe the incoming request and ensure that it does not violate any of the constraints
enumerated in the ResourceQuota object in a Namespace. If you are using ResourceQuota
objects in your Kubernetes deployment, you MUST use this admission controller to enforce quota constraints.
If you enable the PodOverheadfeature gate, and define a RuntimeClass with Pod overhead configured, this admission controller checks incoming
Pods. When enabled, this admission controller rejects any Pod create requests that have the overhead already set.
For Pods that have a RuntimeClass is configured and selected in their .spec, this admission controller sets .spec.overhead in the Pod based on the value defined in the corresponding RuntimeClass.
Note: The .spec.overhead field for Pod and the .overhead field for RuntimeClass are both in beta. If you do not enable the PodOverhead feature gate, all Pods are treated as if .spec.overhead is unset.
This admission controller implements automation for
serviceAccounts.
We strongly recommend using this admission controller if you intend to make use of Kubernetes ServiceAccount objects.
StorageObjectInUseProtection
The StorageObjectInUseProtection plugin adds the kubernetes.io/pvc-protection or kubernetes.io/pv-protection
finalizers to newly created Persistent Volume Claims (PVCs) or Persistent Volumes (PV).
In case a user deletes a PVC or PV the PVC or PV is not removed until the finalizer is removed
from the PVC or PV by PVC or PV Protection Controller.
Refer to the
Storage Object in Use Protection
for more detailed information.
TaintNodesByCondition
FEATURE STATE:Kubernetes v1.17 [stable]
This admission controller taints newly created Nodes as NotReady and NoSchedule. That tainting avoids a race condition that could cause Pods to be scheduled on new Nodes before their taints were updated to accurately reflect their reported conditions.
ValidatingAdmissionWebhook
This admission controller calls any validating webhooks which match the request. Matching
webhooks are called in parallel; if any of them rejects the request, the request
fails. This admission controller only runs in the validation phase; the webhooks it calls may not
mutate the object, as opposed to the webhooks called by the MutatingAdmissionWebhook admission controller.
If a webhook called by this has side effects (for example, decrementing quota) it
must have a reconciliation system, as it is not guaranteed that subsequent
webhooks or other validating admission controllers will permit the request to finish.
If you disable the ValidatingAdmissionWebhook, you must also disable the
ValidatingWebhookConfiguration object in the admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1
group/version via the --runtime-config flag (both are on by default in
versions 1.9 and later).
Is there a recommended set of admission controllers to use?
Yes. The recommended admission controllers are enabled by default (shown here), so you do not need to explicitly specify them. You can enable additional admission controllers beyond the default set using the --enable-admission-plugins flag (order doesn't matter).
Note:--admission-control was deprecated in 1.10 and replaced with --enable-admission-plugins.
3.5 - Dynamic Admission Control
In addition to compiled-in admission plugins,
admission plugins can be developed as extensions and run as webhooks configured at runtime.
This page describes how to build, configure, use, and monitor admission webhooks.
What are admission webhooks?
Admission webhooks are HTTP callbacks that receive admission requests and do
something with them. You can define two types of admission webhooks,
validating admission webhook
and
mutating admission webhook.
Mutating admission webhooks are invoked first, and can modify objects sent to the API server to enforce custom defaults.
After all object modifications are complete, and after the incoming object is validated by the API server,
validating admission webhooks are invoked and can reject requests to enforce custom policies.
Note: Admission webhooks that need to guarantee they see the final state of the object in order to enforce policy
should use a validating admission webhook, since objects can be modified after being seen by mutating webhooks.
Experimenting with admission webhooks
Admission webhooks are essentially part of the cluster control-plane. You should
write and deploy them with great caution. Please read the user
guides for
instructions if you intend to write/deploy production-grade admission webhooks.
In the following, we describe how to quickly experiment with admission webhooks.
Prerequisites
Ensure that the Kubernetes cluster is at least as new as v1.16 (to use admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1),
or v1.9 (to use admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1).
Ensure that MutatingAdmissionWebhook and ValidatingAdmissionWebhook
admission controllers are enabled.
Here
is a recommended set of admission controllers to enable in general.
Ensure that the admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1 or admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1 API is enabled.
Write an admission webhook server
Please refer to the implementation of the admission webhook
server
that is validated in a Kubernetes e2e test. The webhook handles the
AdmissionReview request sent by the apiservers, and sends back its decision
as an AdmissionReview object in the same version it received.
See the webhook request section for details on the data sent to webhooks.
See the webhook response section for the data expected from webhooks.
The example admission webhook server leaves the ClientAuth field
empty,
which defaults to NoClientCert. This means that the webhook server does not
authenticate the identity of the clients, supposedly apiservers. If you need
mutual TLS or other ways to authenticate the clients, see
how to authenticate apiservers.
Deploy the admission webhook service
The webhook server in the e2e test is deployed in the Kubernetes cluster, via
the deployment API.
The test also creates a service
as the front-end of the webhook server. See
code.
You may also deploy your webhooks outside of the cluster. You will need to update
your webhook configurations accordingly.
The following is an example ValidatingWebhookConfiguration, a mutating webhook configuration is similar.
See the webhook configuration section for details about each config field.
apiVersion:admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1kind:ValidatingWebhookConfigurationmetadata:name:"pod-policy.example.com"webhooks:- name:"pod-policy.example.com"rules:- apiGroups:[""]apiVersions:["v1"]operations:["CREATE"]resources:["pods"]scope:"Namespaced"clientConfig:service:namespace:"example-namespace"name:"example-service"caBundle:"Ci0tLS0tQk...<`caBundle` is a PEM encoded CA bundle which will be used to validate the webhook's server certificate.>...tLS0K"admissionReviewVersions:["v1","v1beta1"]sideEffects:NonetimeoutSeconds:5
# Deprecated in v1.16 in favor of admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1apiVersion:admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1kind:ValidatingWebhookConfigurationmetadata:name:"pod-policy.example.com"webhooks:- name:"pod-policy.example.com"rules:- apiGroups:[""]apiVersions:["v1"]operations:["CREATE"]resources:["pods"]scope:"Namespaced"clientConfig:service:namespace:"example-namespace"name:"example-service"caBundle:"Ci0tLS0tQk...<`caBundle` is a PEM encoded CA bundle which will be used to validate the webhook's server certificate>...tLS0K"admissionReviewVersions:["v1beta1"]timeoutSeconds:5
The scope field specifies if only cluster-scoped resources ("Cluster") or namespace-scoped
resources ("Namespaced") will match this rule. "∗" means that there are no scope restrictions.
Note: When using clientConfig.service, the server cert must be valid for
<svc_name>.<svc_namespace>.svc.
Note: Default timeout for a webhook call is 10 seconds for webhooks registered created using admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1,
and 30 seconds for webhooks created using admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1. Starting in kubernetes 1.14 you
can set the timeout and it is encouraged to use a small timeout for webhooks.
If the webhook call times out, the request is handled according to the webhook's
failure policy.
When an apiserver receives a request that matches one of the rules, the
apiserver sends an admissionReview request to webhook as specified in the
clientConfig.
After you create the webhook configuration, the system will take a few seconds
to honor the new configuration.
Authenticate apiservers
If your admission webhooks require authentication, you can configure the
apiservers to use basic auth, bearer token, or a cert to authenticate itself to
the webhooks. There are three steps to complete the configuration.
When starting the apiserver, specify the location of the admission control
configuration file via the --admission-control-config-file flag.
In the admission control configuration file, specify where the
MutatingAdmissionWebhook controller and ValidatingAdmissionWebhook controller
should read the credentials. The credentials are stored in kubeConfig files
(yes, the same schema that's used by kubectl), so the field name is
kubeConfigFile. Here is an example admission control configuration file:
# Deprecated in v1.17 in favor of apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1apiVersion:apiserver.k8s.io/v1alpha1kind:AdmissionConfigurationplugins:- name:ValidatingAdmissionWebhookconfiguration:# Deprecated in v1.17 in favor of apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1, kind=WebhookAdmissionConfigurationapiVersion:apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1alpha1kind:WebhookAdmissionkubeConfigFile:"<path-to-kubeconfig-file>"- name:MutatingAdmissionWebhookconfiguration:# Deprecated in v1.17 in favor of apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1, kind=WebhookAdmissionConfigurationapiVersion:apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1alpha1kind:WebhookAdmissionkubeConfigFile:"<path-to-kubeconfig-file>"
apiVersion:v1kind:Configusers:# name should be set to the DNS name of the service or the host (including port) of the URL the webhook is configured to speak to.# If a non-443 port is used for services, it must be included in the name when configuring 1.16+ API servers.## For a webhook configured to speak to a service on the default port (443), specify the DNS name of the service:# - name: webhook1.ns1.svc# user: ...## For a webhook configured to speak to a service on non-default port (e.g. 8443), specify the DNS name and port of the service in 1.16+:# - name: webhook1.ns1.svc:8443# user: ...# and optionally create a second stanza using only the DNS name of the service for compatibility with 1.15 API servers:# - name: webhook1.ns1.svc# user: ...## For webhooks configured to speak to a URL, match the host (and port) specified in the webhook's URL. Examples:# A webhook with `url: https://www.example.com`:# - name: www.example.com# user: ...## A webhook with `url: https://www.example.com:443`:# - name: www.example.com:443# user: ...## A webhook with `url: https://www.example.com:8443`:# - name: www.example.com:8443# user: ...#- name:'webhook1.ns1.svc'user:client-certificate-data:"<pem encoded certificate>"client-key-data:"<pem encoded key>"# The `name` supports using * to wildcard-match prefixing segments.- name:'*.webhook-company.org'user:password:"<password>"username:"<name>"# '*' is the default match.- name:'*'user:token:"<token>"
Of course you need to set up the webhook server to handle these authentications.
Webhook request and response
Request
Webhooks are sent as POST requests, with Content-Type: application/json,
with an AdmissionReview API object in the admission.k8s.io API group
serialized to JSON as the body.
Webhooks can specify what versions of AdmissionReview objects they accept
with the admissionReviewVersions field in their configuration:
admissionReviewVersions is a required field when creating
admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1 webhook configurations.
Webhooks are required to support at least one AdmissionReview
version understood by the current and previous API server.
# Deprecated in v1.16 in favor of admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1apiVersion:admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1kind:ValidatingWebhookConfiguration...webhooks:- name:my-webhook.example.comadmissionReviewVersions:["v1beta1"]...
If no admissionReviewVersions are specified, the default when creating
admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1 webhook configurations is v1beta1.
API servers send the first AdmissionReview version in the admissionReviewVersions list they support.
If none of the versions in the list are supported by the API server, the configuration will not be allowed to be created.
If an API server encounters a webhook configuration that was previously created and does not support any of the AdmissionReview
versions the API server knows how to send, attempts to call to the webhook will fail and be subject to the failure policy.
This example shows the data contained in an AdmissionReview object
for a request to update the scale subresource of an apps/v1Deployment:
{"apiVersion": "admission.k8s.io/v1","kind": "AdmissionReview","request": {# Random uid uniquely identifying this admission call"uid": "705ab4f5-6393-11e8-b7cc-42010a800002",# Fully-qualified group/version/kind of the incoming object"kind": {"group":"autoscaling","version":"v1","kind":"Scale"},# Fully-qualified group/version/kind of the resource being modified"resource": {"group":"apps","version":"v1","resource":"deployments"},# subresource, if the request is to a subresource"subResource": "scale",# Fully-qualified group/version/kind of the incoming object in the original request to the API server.# This only differs from `kind` if the webhook specified `matchPolicy: Equivalent` and the# original request to the API server was converted to a version the webhook registered for."requestKind": {"group":"autoscaling","version":"v1","kind":"Scale"},# Fully-qualified group/version/kind of the resource being modified in the original request to the API server.# This only differs from `resource` if the webhook specified `matchPolicy: Equivalent` and the# original request to the API server was converted to a version the webhook registered for."requestResource": {"group":"apps","version":"v1","resource":"deployments"},# subresource, if the request is to a subresource# This only differs from `subResource` if the webhook specified `matchPolicy: Equivalent` and the# original request to the API server was converted to a version the webhook registered for."requestSubResource": "scale",# Name of the resource being modified"name": "my-deployment",# Namespace of the resource being modified, if the resource is namespaced (or is a Namespace object)"namespace": "my-namespace",# operation can be CREATE, UPDATE, DELETE, or CONNECT"operation": "UPDATE","userInfo": {# Username of the authenticated user making the request to the API server"username": "admin",# UID of the authenticated user making the request to the API server"uid": "014fbff9a07c",# Group memberships of the authenticated user making the request to the API server"groups": ["system:authenticated","my-admin-group"],# Arbitrary extra info associated with the user making the request to the API server.# This is populated by the API server authentication layer and should be included# if any SubjectAccessReview checks are performed by the webhook."extra": {"some-key":["some-value1","some-value2"]}},# object is the new object being admitted.# It is null for DELETE operations."object": {"apiVersion":"autoscaling/v1","kind":"Scale",...},# oldObject is the existing object.# It is null for CREATE and CONNECT operations."oldObject": {"apiVersion":"autoscaling/v1","kind":"Scale",...},# options contains the options for the operation being admitted, like meta.k8s.io/v1 CreateOptions, UpdateOptions, or DeleteOptions.# It is null for CONNECT operations."options": {"apiVersion":"meta.k8s.io/v1","kind":"UpdateOptions",...},# dryRun indicates the API request is running in dry run mode and will not be persisted.# Webhooks with side effects should avoid actuating those side effects when dryRun is true.# See http://k8s.io/docs/reference/using-api/api-concepts/#make-a-dry-run-request for more details."dryRun": false}}
{# Deprecated in v1.16 in favor of admission.k8s.io/v1"apiVersion": "admission.k8s.io/v1beta1","kind": "AdmissionReview","request": {# Random uid uniquely identifying this admission call"uid": "705ab4f5-6393-11e8-b7cc-42010a800002",# Fully-qualified group/version/kind of the incoming object"kind": {"group":"autoscaling","version":"v1","kind":"Scale"},# Fully-qualified group/version/kind of the resource being modified"resource": {"group":"apps","version":"v1","resource":"deployments"},# subresource, if the request is to a subresource"subResource": "scale",# Fully-qualified group/version/kind of the incoming object in the original request to the API server.# This only differs from `kind` if the webhook specified `matchPolicy: Equivalent` and the# original request to the API server was converted to a version the webhook registered for.# Only sent by v1.15+ API servers."requestKind": {"group":"autoscaling","version":"v1","kind":"Scale"},# Fully-qualified group/version/kind of the resource being modified in the original request to the API server.# This only differs from `resource` if the webhook specified `matchPolicy: Equivalent` and the# original request to the API server was converted to a version the webhook registered for.# Only sent by v1.15+ API servers."requestResource": {"group":"apps","version":"v1","resource":"deployments"},# subresource, if the request is to a subresource# This only differs from `subResource` if the webhook specified `matchPolicy: Equivalent` and the# original request to the API server was converted to a version the webhook registered for.# Only sent by v1.15+ API servers."requestSubResource": "scale",# Name of the resource being modified"name": "my-deployment",# Namespace of the resource being modified, if the resource is namespaced (or is a Namespace object)"namespace": "my-namespace",# operation can be CREATE, UPDATE, DELETE, or CONNECT"operation": "UPDATE","userInfo": {# Username of the authenticated user making the request to the API server"username": "admin",# UID of the authenticated user making the request to the API server"uid": "014fbff9a07c",# Group memberships of the authenticated user making the request to the API server"groups": ["system:authenticated","my-admin-group"],# Arbitrary extra info associated with the user making the request to the API server.# This is populated by the API server authentication layer and should be included# if any SubjectAccessReview checks are performed by the webhook."extra": {"some-key":["some-value1","some-value2"]}},# object is the new object being admitted.# It is null for DELETE operations."object": {"apiVersion":"autoscaling/v1","kind":"Scale",...},# oldObject is the existing object.# It is null for CREATE and CONNECT operations (and for DELETE operations in API servers prior to v1.15.0)"oldObject": {"apiVersion":"autoscaling/v1","kind":"Scale",...},# options contains the options for the operation being admitted, like meta.k8s.io/v1 CreateOptions, UpdateOptions, or DeleteOptions.# It is null for CONNECT operations.# Only sent by v1.15+ API servers."options": {"apiVersion":"meta.k8s.io/v1","kind":"UpdateOptions",...},# dryRun indicates the API request is running in dry run mode and will not be persisted.# Webhooks with side effects should avoid actuating those side effects when dryRun is true.# See http://k8s.io/docs/reference/using-api/api-concepts/#make-a-dry-run-request for more details."dryRun": false}}
Response
Webhooks respond with a 200 HTTP status code, Content-Type: application/json,
and a body containing an AdmissionReview object (in the same version they were sent),
with the response stanza populated, serialized to JSON.
At a minimum, the response stanza must contain the following fields:
uid, copied from the request.uid sent to the webhook
allowed, either set to true or false
Example of a minimal response from a webhook to allow a request:
When rejecting a request, the webhook can customize the http code and message returned to the user using the status field.
The specified status object is returned to the user.
See the API documentation for details about the status type.
Example of a response to forbid a request, customizing the HTTP status code and message presented to the user:
{
"apiVersion": "admission.k8s.io/v1",
"kind": "AdmissionReview",
"response": {
"uid": "<value from request.uid>",
"allowed": false,
"status": {
"code": 403,
"message": "You cannot do this because it is Tuesday and your name starts with A"
}
}
}
{
"apiVersion": "admission.k8s.io/v1beta1",
"kind": "AdmissionReview",
"response": {
"uid": "<value from request.uid>",
"allowed": false,
"status": {
"code": 403,
"message": "You cannot do this because it is Tuesday and your name starts with A"
}
}
}
When allowing a request, a mutating admission webhook may optionally modify the incoming object as well.
This is done using the patch and patchType fields in the response.
The only currently supported patchType is JSONPatch.
See JSON patch documentation for more details.
For patchType: JSONPatch, the patch field contains a base64-encoded array of JSON patch operations.
As an example, a single patch operation that would set spec.replicas would be [{"op": "add", "path": "/spec/replicas", "value": 3}]
Base64-encoded, this would be W3sib3AiOiAiYWRkIiwgInBhdGgiOiAiL3NwZWMvcmVwbGljYXMiLCAidmFsdWUiOiAzfV0=
Starting in v1.19, admission webhooks can optionally return warning messages that are returned to the requesting client
in HTTP Warning headers with a warning code of 299. Warnings can be sent with allowed or rejected admission responses.
If you're implementing a webhook that returns a warning:
Don't include a "Warning:" prefix in the message
Use warning messages to describe problems the client making the API request should correct or be aware of
Limit warnings to 120 characters if possible
Caution: Individual warning messages over 256 characters may be truncated by the API server before being returned to clients.
If more than 4096 characters of warning messages are added (from all sources), additional warning messages are ignored.
{
"apiVersion": "admission.k8s.io/v1",
"kind": "AdmissionReview",
"response": {
"uid": "<value from request.uid>",
"allowed": true,
"warnings": [
"duplicate envvar entries specified with name MY_ENV",
"memory request less than 4MB specified for container mycontainer, which will not start successfully"
]
}
}
{
"apiVersion": "admission.k8s.io/v1beta1",
"kind": "AdmissionReview",
"response": {
"uid": "<value from request.uid>",
"allowed": true,
"warnings": [
"duplicate envvar entries specified with name MY_ENV",
"memory request less than 4MB specified for container mycontainer, which will not start successfully"
]
}
}
Webhook configuration
To register admission webhooks, create MutatingWebhookConfiguration or ValidatingWebhookConfiguration API objects.
The name of a MutatingWebhookConfiguration or a ValidatingWebhookConfiguration object must be a valid
DNS subdomain name.
Each configuration can contain one or more webhooks.
If multiple webhooks are specified in a single configuration, each should be given a unique name.
This is required in admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1, but strongly recommended when using admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1,
in order to make resulting audit logs and metrics easier to match up to active configurations.
Each webhook defines the following things.
Matching requests: rules
Each webhook must specify a list of rules used to determine if a request to the API server should be sent to the webhook.
Each rule specifies one or more operations, apiGroups, apiVersions, and resources, and a resource scope:
operations lists one or more operations to match. Can be "CREATE", "UPDATE", "DELETE", "CONNECT", or "*" to match all.
apiGroups lists one or more API groups to match. "" is the core API group. "*" matches all API groups.
apiVersions lists one or more API versions to match. "*" matches all API versions.
resources lists one or more resources to match.
"*" matches all resources, but not subresources.
"*/*" matches all resources and subresources.
"pods/*" matches all subresources of pods.
"*/status" matches all status subresources.
scope specifies a scope to match. Valid values are "Cluster", "Namespaced", and "*". Subresources match the scope of their parent resource. Supported in v1.14+. Default is "*", matching pre-1.14 behavior.
"Cluster" means that only cluster-scoped resources will match this rule (Namespace API objects are cluster-scoped).
"Namespaced" means that only namespaced resources will match this rule.
"*" means that there are no scope restrictions.
If an incoming request matches one of the specified operations, groups, versions, resources, and scope for any of a webhook's rules, the request is sent to the webhook.
Here are other examples of rules that could be used to specify which resources should be intercepted.
Match CREATE or UPDATE requests to apps/v1 and apps/v1beta1deployments and replicasets:
# Deprecated in v1.16 in favor of admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1apiVersion:admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1kind:ValidatingWebhookConfiguration...webhooks:- name:my-webhook.example.comrules:- operations:["CREATE","UPDATE"]apiGroups:["apps"]apiVersions:["v1","v1beta1"]resources:["deployments","replicasets"]scope:"Namespaced"...
Match create requests for all resources (but not subresources) in all API groups and versions:
# Deprecated in v1.16 in favor of admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1apiVersion:admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1kind:ValidatingWebhookConfiguration...webhooks:- name:my-webhook.example.comrules:- operations:["CREATE"]apiGroups:["*"]apiVersions:["*"]resources:["*"]scope:"*"...
Match update requests for all status subresources in all API groups and versions:
# Deprecated in v1.16 in favor of admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1apiVersion:admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1kind:ValidatingWebhookConfiguration...webhooks:- name:my-webhook.example.comrules:- operations:["UPDATE"]apiGroups:["*"]apiVersions:["*"]resources:["*/status"]scope:"*"...
Matching requests: objectSelector
In v1.15+, webhooks may optionally limit which requests are intercepted based on the labels of the
objects they would be sent, by specifying an objectSelector. If specified, the objectSelector
is evaluated against both the object and oldObject that would be sent to the webhook,
and is considered to match if either object matches the selector.
A null object (oldObject in the case of create, or newObject in the case of delete),
or an object that cannot have labels (like a DeploymentRollback or a PodProxyOptions object)
is not considered to match.
Use the object selector only if the webhook is opt-in, because end users may skip the admission webhook by setting the labels.
This example shows a mutating webhook that would match a CREATE of any resource with the label foo: bar:
# Deprecated in v1.16 in favor of admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1apiVersion:admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1kind:MutatingWebhookConfiguration...webhooks:- name:my-webhook.example.comobjectSelector:matchLabels:foo:barrules:- operations:["CREATE"]apiGroups:["*"]apiVersions:["*"]resources:["*"]scope:"*"...
Webhooks may optionally limit which requests for namespaced resources are intercepted,
based on the labels of the containing namespace, by specifying a namespaceSelector.
The namespaceSelector decides whether to run the webhook on a request for a namespaced resource
(or a Namespace object), based on whether the namespace's labels match the selector.
If the object itself is a namespace, the matching is performed on object.metadata.labels.
If the object is a cluster scoped resource other than a Namespace, namespaceSelector has no effect.
This example shows a mutating webhook that matches a CREATE of any namespaced resource inside a namespace
that does not have a "runlevel" label of "0" or "1":
# Deprecated in v1.16 in favor of admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1apiVersion:admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1kind:MutatingWebhookConfiguration...webhooks:- name:my-webhook.example.comnamespaceSelector:matchExpressions:- key:runleveloperator:NotInvalues:["0","1"]rules:- operations:["CREATE"]apiGroups:["*"]apiVersions:["*"]resources:["*"]scope:"Namespaced"...
This example shows a validating webhook that matches a CREATE of any namespaced resource inside a namespace
that is associated with the "environment" of "prod" or "staging":
# Deprecated in v1.16 in favor of admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1apiVersion:admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1kind:ValidatingWebhookConfiguration...webhooks:- name:my-webhook.example.comnamespaceSelector:matchExpressions:- key:environmentoperator:Invalues:["prod","staging"]rules:- operations:["CREATE"]apiGroups:["*"]apiVersions:["*"]resources:["*"]scope:"Namespaced"...
API servers can make objects available via multiple API groups or versions.
For example, the Kubernetes API server may allow creating and modifying Deployment objects
via extensions/v1beta1, apps/v1beta1, apps/v1beta2, and apps/v1 APIs.
For example, if a webhook only specified a rule for some API groups/versions (like apiGroups:["apps"], apiVersions:["v1","v1beta1"]),
and a request was made to modify the resource via another API group/version (like extensions/v1beta1),
the request would not be sent to the webhook.
In v1.15+, matchPolicy lets a webhook define how its rules are used to match incoming requests.
Allowed values are Exact or Equivalent.
Exact means a request should be intercepted only if it exactly matches a specified rule.
Equivalent means a request should be intercepted if modifies a resource listed in rules, even via another API group or version.
In the example given above, the webhook that only registered for apps/v1 could use matchPolicy:
matchPolicy: Exact would mean the extensions/v1beta1 request would not be sent to the webhook
matchPolicy: Equivalent means the extensions/v1beta1 request would be sent to the webhook (with the objects converted to a version the webhook had specified: apps/v1)
Specifying Equivalent is recommended, and ensures that webhooks continue to intercept the
resources they expect when upgrades enable new versions of the resource in the API server.
When a resource stops being served by the API server, it is no longer considered equivalent to other versions of that resource that are still served.
For example, extensions/v1beta1 deployments were first deprecated and then removed (in Kubernetes v1.16).
Since that removal, a webhook with a apiGroups:["extensions"], apiVersions:["v1beta1"], resources:["deployments"] rule
does not intercept deployments created via apps/v1 APIs. For that reason, webhooks should prefer registering
for stable versions of resources.
This example shows a validating webhook that intercepts modifications to deployments (no matter the API group or version),
and is always sent an apps/v1Deployment object:
Admission webhooks created using admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1 default to Equivalent.
# Deprecated in v1.16 in favor of admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1apiVersion:admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1kind:ValidatingWebhookConfiguration...webhooks:- name:my-webhook.example.commatchPolicy:Equivalentrules:- operations:["CREATE","UPDATE","DELETE"]apiGroups:["apps"]apiVersions:["v1"]resources:["deployments"]scope:"Namespaced"...
Admission webhooks created using admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1 default to Exact.
Contacting the webhook
Once the API server has determined a request should be sent to a webhook,
it needs to know how to contact the webhook. This is specified in the clientConfig
stanza of the webhook configuration.
Webhooks can either be called via a URL or a service reference,
and can optionally include a custom CA bundle to use to verify the TLS connection.
URL
url gives the location of the webhook, in standard URL form
(scheme://host:port/path).
The host should not refer to a service running in the cluster; use
a service reference by specifying the service field instead.
The host might be resolved via external DNS in some apiservers
(e.g., kube-apiserver cannot resolve in-cluster DNS as that would
be a layering violation). host may also be an IP address.
Please note that using localhost or 127.0.0.1 as a host is
risky unless you take great care to run this webhook on all hosts
which run an apiserver which might need to make calls to this
webhook. Such installations are likely to be non-portable or not readily
run in a new cluster.
The scheme must be "https"; the URL must begin with "https://".
Attempting to use a user or basic auth (for example "user:password@") is not allowed.
Fragments ("#...") and query parameters ("?...") are also not allowed.
Here is an example of a mutating webhook configured to call a URL
(and expects the TLS certificate to be verified using system trust roots, so does not specify a caBundle):
# Deprecated in v1.16 in favor of admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1apiVersion:admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1kind:MutatingWebhookConfiguration...webhooks:- name:my-webhook.example.comclientConfig:url:"https://my-webhook.example.com:9443/my-webhook-path"...
Service reference
The service stanza inside clientConfig is a reference to the service for this webhook.
If the webhook is running within the cluster, then you should use service instead of url.
The service namespace and name are required. The port is optional and defaults to 443.
The path is optional and defaults to "/".
Here is an example of a mutating webhook configured to call a service on port "1234"
at the subpath "/my-path", and to verify the TLS connection against the ServerName
my-service-name.my-service-namespace.svc using a custom CA bundle:
apiVersion:admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1kind:MutatingWebhookConfiguration...webhooks:- name:my-webhook.example.comclientConfig:caBundle:"Ci0tLS0tQk...<base64-encoded PEM bundle containing the CA that signed the webhook's serving certificate>...tLS0K"service:namespace:my-service-namespacename:my-service-namepath:/my-pathport:1234...
# Deprecated in v1.16 in favor of admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1apiVersion:admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1kind:MutatingWebhookConfiguration...webhooks:- name:my-webhook.example.comclientConfig:caBundle:"Ci0tLS0tQk...<`caBundle` is a PEM encoded CA bundle which will be used to validate the webhook's server certificate>...tLS0K"service:namespace:my-service-namespacename:my-service-namepath:/my-pathport:1234...
Side effects
Webhooks typically operate only on the content of the AdmissionReview sent to them.
Some webhooks, however, make out-of-band changes as part of processing admission requests.
Webhooks that make out-of-band changes ("side effects") must also have a reconciliation mechanism
(like a controller) that periodically determines the actual state of the world, and adjusts
the out-of-band data modified by the admission webhook to reflect reality.
This is because a call to an admission webhook does not guarantee the admitted object will be persisted as is, or at all.
Later webhooks can modify the content of the object, a conflict could be encountered while writing to storage,
or the server could power off before persisting the object.
Additionally, webhooks with side effects must skip those side-effects when dryRun: true admission requests are handled.
A webhook must explicitly indicate that it will not have side-effects when run with dryRun,
or the dry-run request will not be sent to the webhook and the API request will fail instead.
Webhooks indicate whether they have side effects using the sideEffects field in the webhook configuration:
Unknown: no information is known about the side effects of calling the webhook.
If a request with dryRun: true would trigger a call to this webhook, the request will instead fail, and the webhook will not be called.
None: calling the webhook will have no side effects.
Some: calling the webhook will possibly have side effects.
If a request with the dry-run attribute would trigger a call to this webhook, the request will instead fail, and the webhook will not be called.
NoneOnDryRun: calling the webhook will possibly have side effects,
but if a request with dryRun: true is sent to the webhook, the webhook will suppress the side effects (the webhook is dryRun-aware).
Allowed values:
In admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1, sideEffects may be set to Unknown, None, Some, or NoneOnDryRun, and defaults to Unknown.
In admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1, sideEffects must be set to None or NoneOnDryRun.
Here is an example of a validating webhook indicating it has no side effects on dryRun: true requests:
# Deprecated in v1.16 in favor of admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1apiVersion:admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1kind:ValidatingWebhookConfiguration...webhooks:- name:my-webhook.example.comsideEffects:NoneOnDryRun...
Timeouts
Because webhooks add to API request latency, they should evaluate as quickly as possible.
timeoutSeconds allows configuring how long the API server should wait for a webhook to respond
before treating the call as a failure.
If the timeout expires before the webhook responds, the webhook call will be ignored or
the API call will be rejected based on the failure policy.
The timeout value must be between 1 and 30 seconds.
Here is an example of a validating webhook with a custom timeout of 2 seconds:
Admission webhooks created using admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1 default timeouts to 10 seconds.
# Deprecated in v1.16 in favor of admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1apiVersion:admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1kind:ValidatingWebhookConfiguration...webhooks:- name:my-webhook.example.comtimeoutSeconds:2...
Admission webhooks created using admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1 default timeouts to 30 seconds.
Reinvocation policy
A single ordering of mutating admissions plugins (including webhooks) does not work for all cases
(see https://issue.k8s.io/64333 as an example). A mutating webhook can add a new sub-structure
to the object (like adding a container to a pod), and other mutating plugins which have already
run may have opinions on those new structures (like setting an imagePullPolicy on all containers).
In v1.15+, to allow mutating admission plugins to observe changes made by other plugins,
built-in mutating admission plugins are re-run if a mutating webhook modifies an object,
and mutating webhooks can specify a reinvocationPolicy to control whether they are reinvoked as well.
reinvocationPolicy may be set to Never or IfNeeded. It defaults to Never.
Never: the webhook must not be called more than once in a single admission evaluation
IfNeeded: the webhook may be called again as part of the admission evaluation if the object
being admitted is modified by other admission plugins after the initial webhook call.
The important elements to note are:
The number of additional invocations is not guaranteed to be exactly one.
If additional invocations result in further modifications to the object, webhooks are not guaranteed to be invoked again.
Webhooks that use this option may be reordered to minimize the number of additional invocations.
To validate an object after all mutations are guaranteed complete, use a validating admission webhook instead (recommended for webhooks with side-effects).
Here is an example of a mutating webhook opting into being re-invoked if later admission plugins modify the object:
# Deprecated in v1.16 in favor of admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1apiVersion:admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1kind:MutatingWebhookConfiguration...webhooks:- name:my-webhook.example.comreinvocationPolicy:IfNeeded...
Mutating webhooks must be idempotent, able to successfully process an object they have already admitted
and potentially modified. This is true for all mutating admission webhooks, since any change they can make
in an object could already exist in the user-provided object, but it is essential for webhooks that opt into reinvocation.
Failure policy
failurePolicy defines how unrecognized errors and timeout errors from the admission webhook
are handled. Allowed values are Ignore or Fail.
Ignore means that an error calling the webhook is ignored and the API request is allowed to continue.
Fail means that an error calling the webhook causes the admission to fail and the API request to be rejected.
Here is a mutating webhook configured to reject an API request if errors are encountered calling the admission webhook:
Admission webhooks created using admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1 default failurePolicy to Fail.
# Deprecated in v1.16 in favor of admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1apiVersion:admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1kind:MutatingWebhookConfiguration...webhooks:- name:my-webhook.example.comfailurePolicy:Fail...
Admission webhooks created using admissionregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1 default failurePolicy to Ignore.
Monitoring admission webhooks
The API server provides ways to monitor admission webhook behaviors. These
monitoring mechanisms help cluster admins to answer questions like:
Which mutating webhook mutated the object in a API request?
What change did the mutating webhook applied to the object?
Which webhooks are frequently rejecting API requests? What's the reason for a
rejection?
Mutating webhook auditing annotations
Sometimes it's useful to know which mutating webhook mutated the object in a API request, and what change did the
webhook apply.
In v1.16+, kube-apiserver performs auditing on each mutating webhook
invocation. Each invocation generates an auditing annotation
capturing if a request object is mutated by the invocation, and optionally generates an annotation capturing the applied
patch from the webhook admission response. The annotations are set in the audit event for given request on given stage of
its execution, which is then pre-processed according to a certain policy and written to a backend.
The audit level of a event determines which annotations get recorded:
At Metadata audit level or higher, an annotation with key
mutation.webhook.admission.k8s.io/round_{round idx}_index_{order idx} gets logged with JSON payload indicating
a webhook gets invoked for given request and whether it mutated the object or not.
For example, the following annotation gets recorded for a webhook being reinvoked. The webhook is ordered the third in the
mutating webhook chain, and didn't mutated the request object during the invocation.
# the audit event recorded{"kind": "Event","apiVersion": "audit.k8s.io/v1","annotations": {"mutation.webhook.admission.k8s.io/round_1_index_2": "{\"configuration\":\"my-mutating-webhook-configuration.example.com\",\"webhook\":\"my-webhook.example.com\",\"mutated\": false}"# other annotations...}# other fields...}
# the annotation value deserialized{"configuration": "my-mutating-webhook-configuration.example.com","webhook": "my-webhook.example.com","mutated": false}
The following annotation gets recorded for a webhook being invoked in the first round. The webhook is ordered the first in
the mutating webhook chain, and mutated the request object during the invocation.
# the audit event recorded{"kind": "Event","apiVersion": "audit.k8s.io/v1","annotations": {"mutation.webhook.admission.k8s.io/round_0_index_0": "{\"configuration\":\"my-mutating-webhook-configuration.example.com\",\"webhook\":\"my-webhook-always-mutate.example.com\",\"mutated\": true}"# other annotations...}# other fields...}
# the annotation value deserialized{"configuration": "my-mutating-webhook-configuration.example.com","webhook": "my-webhook-always-mutate.example.com","mutated": true}
At Request audit level or higher, an annotation with key
patch.webhook.admission.k8s.io/round_{round idx}_index_{order idx} gets logged with JSON payload indicating
a webhook gets invoked for given request and what patch gets applied to the request object.
For example, the following annotation gets recorded for a webhook being reinvoked. The webhook is ordered the fourth in the
mutating webhook chain, and responded with a JSON patch which got applied to the request object.
# the audit event recorded{"kind": "Event","apiVersion": "audit.k8s.io/v1","annotations": {"patch.webhook.admission.k8s.io/round_1_index_3": "{\"configuration\":\"my-other-mutating-webhook-configuration.example.com\",\"webhook\":\"my-webhook-always-mutate.example.com\",\"patch\":[{\"op\":\"add\",\"path\":\"/data/mutation-stage\",\"value\":\"yes\"}],\"patchType\":\"JSONPatch\"}"# other annotations...}# other fields...}
# the annotation value deserialized{"configuration": "my-other-mutating-webhook-configuration.example.com","webhook": "my-webhook-always-mutate.example.com","patchType": "JSONPatch","patch": [{"op": "add","path": "/data/mutation-stage","value": "yes"}]}
Admission webhook metrics
Kube-apiserver exposes Prometheus metrics from the /metrics endpoint, which can be used for monitoring and
diagnosing API server status. The following metrics record status related to admission webhooks.
API server admission webhook rejection count
Sometimes it's useful to know which admission webhooks are frequently rejecting API requests, and the
reason for a rejection.
In v1.16+, kube-apiserver exposes a Prometheus counter metric recording admission webhook rejections. The
metrics are labelled to identify the causes of webhook rejection(s):
name: the name of the webhook that rejected a request.
operation: the operation type of the request, can be one of CREATE,
UPDATE, DELETE and CONNECT.
type: the admission webhook type, can be one of admit and validating.
error_type: identifies if an error occurred during the webhook invocation
that caused the rejection. Its value can be one of:
calling_webhook_error: unrecognized errors or timeout errors from the admission webhook happened and the
webhook's Failure policy is set to Fail.
no_error: no error occurred. The webhook rejected the request with allowed: false in the admission
response. The metrics label rejection_code records the .status.code set in the admission response.
apiserver_internal_error: an API server internal error happened.
rejection_code: the HTTP status code set in the admission response when a
webhook rejected a request.
Example of the rejection count metrics:
# HELP apiserver_admission_webhook_rejection_count [ALPHA] Admission webhook rejection count, identified by name and broken out for each admission type (validating or admit) and operation. Additional labels specify an error type (calling_webhook_error or apiserver_internal_error if an error occurred; no_error otherwise) and optionally a non-zero rejection code if the webhook rejects the request with an HTTP status code (honored by the apiserver when the code is greater or equal to 400). Codes greater than 600 are truncated to 600, to keep the metrics cardinality bounded.
# TYPE apiserver_admission_webhook_rejection_count counter
apiserver_admission_webhook_rejection_count{error_type="calling_webhook_error",name="always-timeout-webhook.example.com",operation="CREATE",rejection_code="0",type="validating"} 1
apiserver_admission_webhook_rejection_count{error_type="calling_webhook_error",name="invalid-admission-response-webhook.example.com",operation="CREATE",rejection_code="0",type="validating"} 1
apiserver_admission_webhook_rejection_count{error_type="no_error",name="deny-unwanted-configmap-data.example.com",operation="CREATE",rejection_code="400",type="validating"} 13
Best practices and warnings
Idempotence
An idempotent mutating admission webhook is able to successfully process an object it has already admitted
and potentially modified. The admission can be applied multiple times without changing the result beyond
the initial application.
Example of idempotent mutating admission webhooks:
For a CREATE pod request, set the field .spec.securityContext.runAsNonRoot of the
pod to true, to enforce security best practices.
For a CREATE pod request, if the field .spec.containers[].resources.limits
of a container is not set, set default resource limits.
For a CREATE pod request, inject a sidecar container with name foo-sidecar if no container with the name foo-sidecar already exists.
In the cases above, the webhook can be safely reinvoked, or admit an object that already has the fields set.
Example of non-idempotent mutating admission webhooks:
For a CREATE pod request, inject a sidecar container with name foo-sidecar
suffixed with the current timestamp (e.g. foo-sidecar-19700101-000000).
For a CREATE/UPDATE pod request, reject if the pod has label "env" set,
otherwise add an "env": "prod" label to the pod.
For a CREATE pod request, blindly append a sidecar container named
foo-sidecar without looking to see if there is already a foo-sidecar
container in the pod.
In the first case above, reinvoking the webhook can result in the same sidecar being injected multiple times to a pod, each time
with a different container name. Similarly the webhook can inject duplicated containers if the sidecar already exists in
a user-provided pod.
In the second case above, reinvoking the webhook will result in the webhook failing on its own output.
In the third case above, reinvoking the webhook will result in duplicated containers in the pod spec, which makes
the request invalid and rejected by the API server.
Intercepting all versions of an object
It is recommended that admission webhooks should always intercept all versions of an object by setting .webhooks[].matchPolicy
to Equivalent. It is also recommended that admission webhooks should prefer registering for stable versions of resources.
Failure to intercept all versions of an object can result in admission policies not being enforced for requests in certain
versions. See Matching requests: matchPolicy for examples.
Availability
It is recommended that admission webhooks should evaluate as quickly as possible (typically in milliseconds), since they add to API request latency.
It is encouraged to use a small timeout for webhooks. See Timeouts for more detail.
It is recommended that admission webhooks should leverage some format of load-balancing, to provide high availability and
performance benefits. If a webhook is running within the cluster, you can run multiple webhook backends behind a service
to leverage the load-balancing that service supports.
Guaranteeing the final state of the object is seen
Admission webhooks that need to guarantee they see the final state of the object in order to enforce policy
should use a validating admission webhook, since objects can be modified after being seen by mutating webhooks.
For example, a mutating admission webhook is configured to inject a sidecar container with name "foo-sidecar" on every
CREATE pod request. If the sidecar must be present, a validating admisson webhook should also be configured to intercept CREATE pod requests, and validate
that a container with name "foo-sidecar" with the expected configuration exists in the to-be-created object.
Avoiding deadlocks in self-hosted webhooks
A webhook running inside the cluster might cause deadlocks for its own deployment if it is configured
to intercept resources required to start its own pods.
For example, a mutating admission webhook is configured to admit CREATE pod requests only if a certain label is set in the
pod (e.g. "env": "prod"). The webhook server runs in a deployment which doesn't set the "env" label.
When a node that runs the webhook server pods
becomes unhealthy, the webhook deployment will try to reschedule the pods to another node. However the requests will
get rejected by the existing webhook server since the "env" label is unset, and the migration cannot happen.
It is recommended to exclude the namespace where your webhook is running with a namespaceSelector.
Side effects
It is recommended that admission webhooks should avoid side effects if possible, which means the webhooks operate only on the
content of the AdmissionReview sent to them, and do not make out-of-band changes. The .webhooks[].sideEffects field should
be set to None if a webhook doesn't have any side effect.
If side effects are required during the admission evaluation, they must be suppressed when processing an
AdmissionReview object with dryRun set to true, and the .webhooks[].sideEffects field should be
set to NoneOnDryRun. See Side effects for more detail.
Avoiding operating on the kube-system namespace
The kube-system namespace contains objects created by the Kubernetes system,
e.g. service accounts for the control plane components, pods like kube-dns.
Accidentally mutating or rejecting requests in the kube-system namespace may
cause the control plane components to stop functioning or introduce unknown behavior.
If your admission webhooks don't intend to modify the behavior of the Kubernetes control
plane, exclude the kube-system namespace from being intercepted using a
namespaceSelector.
Support for authorization and user accounts is planned but incomplete. Sometimes
incomplete features are referred to in order to better describe service accounts.
User accounts versus service accounts
Kubernetes distinguishes between the concept of a user account and a service account
for a number of reasons:
User accounts are for humans. Service accounts are for processes, which run
in pods.
User accounts are intended to be global. Names must be unique across all
namespaces of a cluster. Service accounts are namespaced.
Typically, a cluster's user accounts might be synced from a corporate
database, where new user account creation requires special privileges and is
tied to complex business processes. Service account creation is intended to be
more lightweight, allowing cluster users to create service accounts for
specific tasks by following the principle of least privilege.
Auditing considerations for humans and service accounts may differ.
A config bundle for a complex system may include definition of various service
accounts for components of that system. Because service accounts can be created
without many constraints and have namespaced names, such config is portable.
Service account automation
Three separate components cooperate to implement the automation around service accounts:
A ServiceAccount admission controller
A Token controller
A ServiceAccount controller
ServiceAccount Admission Controller
The modification of pods is implemented via a plugin
called an Admission Controller.
It is part of the API server.
It acts synchronously to modify pods as they are created or updated. When this plugin is active
(and it is by default on most distributions), then it does the following when a pod is created or modified:
If the pod does not have a ServiceAccount set, it sets the ServiceAccount to default.
It ensures that the ServiceAccount referenced by the pod exists, and otherwise rejects it.
It adds a volume to the pod which contains a token for API access if neither the ServiceAccount automountServiceAccountToken nor the Pod's automountServiceAccountToken is set to false.
It adds a volumeSource to each container of the pod mounted at /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount, if the previous step has created a volume for ServiceAccount token.
If the pod does not contain any imagePullSecrets, then imagePullSecrets of the ServiceAccount are added to the pod.
Bound Service Account Token Volume
FEATURE STATE:Kubernetes v1.22 [stable]
The ServiceAccount admission controller will add the following projected volume instead of a Secret-based volume for the non-expiring service account token created by Token Controller.
A ServiceAccountToken acquired from kube-apiserver via TokenRequest API. It will expire after 1 hour by default or when the pod is deleted. It is bound to the pod and has kube-apiserver as the audience.
A ConfigMap containing a CA bundle used for verifying connections to the kube-apiserver. This feature depends on the RootCAConfigMap feature gate, which publishes a "kube-root-ca.crt" ConfigMap to every namespace. RootCAConfigMap feature gate is graduated to GA in 1.21 and default to true. (This flag will be removed from --feature-gate arg in 1.22)
A DownwardAPI that references the namespace of the pod.
TokenController runs as part of kube-controller-manager. It acts asynchronously. It:
watches ServiceAccount creation and creates a corresponding
ServiceAccount token Secret to allow API access.
watches ServiceAccount deletion and deletes all corresponding ServiceAccount
token Secrets.
watches ServiceAccount token Secret addition, and ensures the referenced
ServiceAccount exists, and adds a token to the Secret if needed.
watches Secret deletion and removes a reference from the corresponding
ServiceAccount if needed.
You must pass a service account private key file to the token controller in
the kube-controller-manager using the --service-account-private-key-file
flag. The private key is used to sign generated service account tokens.
Similarly, you must pass the corresponding public key to the kube-apiserver
using the --service-account-key-file flag. The public key will be used to
verify the tokens during authentication.
To create additional API tokens
A controller loop ensures a Secret with an API token exists for each
ServiceAccount. To create additional API tokens for a ServiceAccount, create a
Secret of type kubernetes.io/service-account-token with an annotation
referencing the ServiceAccount, and the controller will update it with a
generated token:
Below is a sample configuration for such a Secret:
To delete/invalidate a ServiceAccount token Secret
kubectl delete secret mysecretname
ServiceAccount controller
A ServiceAccount controller manages the ServiceAccounts inside namespaces, and
ensures a ServiceAccount named "default" exists in every active namespace.
3.7 - Authorization Overview
Learn more about Kubernetes authorization, including details about creating
policies using the supported authorization modules.
In Kubernetes, you must be authenticated (logged in) before your request can be
authorized (granted permission to access). For information about authentication,
see Controlling Access to the Kubernetes API.
Kubernetes expects attributes that are common to REST API requests. This means
that Kubernetes authorization works with existing organization-wide or
cloud-provider-wide access control systems which may handle other APIs besides
the Kubernetes API.
Determine Whether a Request is Allowed or Denied
Kubernetes authorizes API requests using the API server. It evaluates all of the
request attributes against all policies and allows or denies the request. All
parts of an API request must be allowed by some policy in order to proceed. This
means that permissions are denied by default.
(Although Kubernetes uses the API server, access controls and policies that
depend on specific fields of specific kinds of objects are handled by Admission
Controllers.)
When multiple authorization modules are configured, each is checked in sequence.
If any authorizer approves or denies a request, that decision is immediately
returned and no other authorizer is consulted. If all modules have no opinion on
the request, then the request is denied. A deny returns an HTTP status code 403.
Review Your Request Attributes
Kubernetes reviews only the following API request attributes:
user - The user string provided during authentication.
group - The list of group names to which the authenticated user belongs.
extra - A map of arbitrary string keys to string values, provided by the authentication layer.
API - Indicates whether the request is for an API resource.
Request path - Path to miscellaneous non-resource endpoints like /api or /healthz.
API request verb - API verbs like get, list, create, update, patch, watch, delete, and deletecollection are used for resource requests. To determine the request verb for a resource API endpoint, see Determine the request verb.
HTTP request verb - Lowercased HTTP methods like get, post, put, and delete are used for non-resource requests.
Resource - The ID or name of the resource that is being accessed (for resource requests only) -- For resource requests using get, update, patch, and delete verbs, you must provide the resource name.
Subresource - The subresource that is being accessed (for resource requests only).
Namespace - The namespace of the object that is being accessed (for namespaced resource requests only).
API group - The API Group being accessed (for resource requests only). An empty string designates the coreAPI group.
Determine the Request Verb
Non-resource requests
Requests to endpoints other than /api/v1/... or /apis/<group>/<version>/...
are considered "non-resource requests", and use the lower-cased HTTP method of the request as the verb.
For example, a GET request to endpoints like /api or /healthz would use get as the verb.
Resource requests
To determine the request verb for a resource API endpoint, review the HTTP verb
used and whether or not the request acts on an individual resource or a
collection of resources:
HTTP verb
request verb
POST
create
GET, HEAD
get (for individual resources), list (for collections, including full object content), watch (for watching an individual resource or collection of resources)
impersonate verb on users, groups, and serviceaccounts in the core API group, and the userextras in the authentication.k8s.io API group.
Authorization Modes
The Kubernetes API server may authorize a request using one of several authorization modes:
Node - A special-purpose authorization mode that grants permissions to kubelets based on the pods they are scheduled to run. To learn more about using the Node authorization mode, see Node Authorization.
ABAC - Attribute-based access control (ABAC) defines an access control paradigm whereby access rights are granted to users through the use of policies which combine attributes together. The policies can use any type of attributes (user attributes, resource attributes, object, environment attributes, etc). To learn more about using the ABAC mode, see ABAC Mode.
RBAC - Role-based access control (RBAC) is a method of regulating access to computer or network resources based on the roles of individual users within an enterprise. In this context, access is the ability of an individual user to perform a specific task, such as view, create, or modify a file. To learn more about using the RBAC mode, see RBAC Mode
When specified RBAC (Role-Based Access Control) uses the rbac.authorization.k8s.io API group to drive authorization decisions, allowing admins to dynamically configure permission policies through the Kubernetes API.
To enable RBAC, start the apiserver with --authorization-mode=RBAC.
Webhook - A WebHook is an HTTP callback: an HTTP POST that occurs when something happens; a simple event-notification via HTTP POST. A web application implementing WebHooks will POST a message to a URL when certain things happen. To learn more about using the Webhook mode, see Webhook Mode.
Checking API Access
kubectl provides the auth can-i subcommand for quickly querying the API authorization layer.
The command uses the SelfSubjectAccessReview API to determine if the current user can perform
a given action, and works regardless of the authorization mode used.
kubectl auth can-i create deployments --namespace dev
SelfSubjectAccessReview is part of the authorization.k8s.io API group, which
exposes the API server authorization to external services. Other resources in
this group include:
SubjectAccessReview - Access review for any user, not only the current one. Useful for delegating authorization decisions to the API server. For example, the kubelet and extension API servers use this to determine user access to their own APIs.
LocalSubjectAccessReview - Like SubjectAccessReview but restricted to a specific namespace.
SelfSubjectRulesReview - A review which returns the set of actions a user can perform within a namespace. Useful for users to quickly summarize their own access, or for UIs to hide/show actions.
These APIs can be queried by creating normal Kubernetes resources, where the response "status"
field of the returned object is the result of the query.
You must include a flag in your policy to indicate which authorization module
your policies include:
The following flags can be used:
--authorization-mode=ABAC Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) mode allows you to configure policies using local files.
--authorization-mode=RBAC Role-based access control (RBAC) mode allows you to create and store policies using the Kubernetes API.
--authorization-mode=Webhook WebHook is an HTTP callback mode that allows you to manage authorization using a remote REST endpoint.
--authorization-mode=Node Node authorization is a special-purpose authorization mode that specifically authorizes API requests made by kubelets.
--authorization-mode=AlwaysDeny This flag blocks all requests. Use this flag only for testing.
--authorization-mode=AlwaysAllow This flag allows all requests. Use this flag only if you do not require authorization for your API requests.
You can choose more than one authorization module. Modules are checked in order
so an earlier module has higher priority to allow or deny a request.
Privilege escalation via workload creation or edits
Users who can create/edit pods in a namespace, either directly or through a controller
such as an operator, could escalate their privileges in that namespace.
Caution: System administrators, use care when granting access to create or edit workloads.
Details of how these can be misused are documented in escalation paths
Escalation paths
Mounting arbitrary secrets in that namespace
Can be used to access secrets meant for other workloads
Can be used to obtain a more privileged service account's service account token
Using arbitrary Service Accounts in that namespace
Can perform Kubernetes API actions as another workload (impersonation)
Can perform any privileged actions that Service Account has
Mounting configmaps meant for other workloads in that namespace
Can be used to obtain information meant for other workloads, such as DB host names.
Mounting volumes meant for other workloads in that namespace
Can be used to obtain information meant for other workloads, and change it.
Caution: System administrators should be cautious when deploying CRDs that
change the above areas. These may open privilege escalations paths.
This should be considered when deciding on your RBAC controls.
Role-based access control (RBAC) is a method of regulating access to computer or
network resources based on the roles of individual users within your organization.
RBAC authorization uses the rbac.authorization.k8s.ioAPI group to drive authorization
decisions, allowing you to dynamically configure policies through the Kubernetes API.
To enable RBAC, start the API server
with the --authorization-mode flag set to a comma-separated list that includes RBAC;
for example:
The RBAC API declares four kinds of Kubernetes object: Role, ClusterRole,
RoleBinding and ClusterRoleBinding. You can
describe objects,
or amend them, using tools such as kubectl, just like any other Kubernetes object.
Caution: These objects, by design, impose access restrictions. If you are making changes
to a cluster as you learn, see
privilege escalation prevention and bootstrapping
to understand how those restrictions can prevent you making some changes.
Role and ClusterRole
An RBAC Role or ClusterRole contains rules that represent a set of permissions.
Permissions are purely additive (there are no "deny" rules).
A Role always sets permissions within a particular namespace;
when you create a Role, you have to specify the namespace it belongs in.
ClusterRole, by contrast, is a non-namespaced resource. The resources have different names (Role
and ClusterRole) because a Kubernetes object always has to be either namespaced or not namespaced;
it can't be both.
ClusterRoles have several uses. You can use a ClusterRole to:
define permissions on namespaced resources and be granted within individual namespace(s)
define permissions on namespaced resources and be granted across all namespaces
define permissions on cluster-scoped resources
If you want to define a role within a namespace, use a Role; if you want to define
a role cluster-wide, use a ClusterRole.
Role example
Here's an example Role in the "default" namespace that can be used to grant read access to
pods:
apiVersion:rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1kind:Rolemetadata:namespace:defaultname:pod-readerrules:- apiGroups:[""]# "" indicates the core API groupresources:["pods"]verbs:["get","watch","list"]
ClusterRole example
A ClusterRole can be used to grant the same permissions as a Role.
Because ClusterRoles are cluster-scoped, you can also use them to grant access to:
namespaced resources (like Pods), across all namespaces
For example: you can use a ClusterRole to allow a particular user to run
kubectl get pods --all-namespaces
Here is an example of a ClusterRole that can be used to grant read access to
secrets in any particular namespace,
or across all namespaces (depending on how it is bound):
apiVersion:rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1kind:ClusterRolemetadata:# "namespace" omitted since ClusterRoles are not namespacedname:secret-readerrules:- apiGroups:[""]## at the HTTP level, the name of the resource for accessing Secret# objects is "secrets"resources:["secrets"]verbs:["get","watch","list"]
The name of a Role or a ClusterRole object must be a valid
path segment name.
RoleBinding and ClusterRoleBinding
A role binding grants the permissions defined in a role to a user or set of users.
It holds a list of subjects (users, groups, or service accounts), and a reference to the
role being granted.
A RoleBinding grants permissions within a specific namespace whereas a ClusterRoleBinding
grants that access cluster-wide.
A RoleBinding may reference any Role in the same namespace. Alternatively, a RoleBinding
can reference a ClusterRole and bind that ClusterRole to the namespace of the RoleBinding.
If you want to bind a ClusterRole to all the namespaces in your cluster, you use a
ClusterRoleBinding.
The name of a RoleBinding or ClusterRoleBinding object must be a valid
path segment name.
RoleBinding examples
Here is an example of a RoleBinding that grants the "pod-reader" Role to the user "jane"
within the "default" namespace.
This allows "jane" to read pods in the "default" namespace.
apiVersion:rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1# This role binding allows "jane" to read pods in the "default" namespace.# You need to already have a Role named "pod-reader" in that namespace.kind:RoleBindingmetadata:name:read-podsnamespace:defaultsubjects:# You can specify more than one "subject"- kind:Username:jane# "name" is case sensitiveapiGroup:rbac.authorization.k8s.ioroleRef:# "roleRef" specifies the binding to a Role / ClusterRolekind:Role#this must be Role or ClusterRolename:pod-reader# this must match the name of the Role or ClusterRole you wish to bind toapiGroup:rbac.authorization.k8s.io
A RoleBinding can also reference a ClusterRole to grant the permissions defined in that
ClusterRole to resources inside the RoleBinding's namespace. This kind of reference
lets you define a set of common roles across your cluster, then reuse them within
multiple namespaces.
For instance, even though the following RoleBinding refers to a ClusterRole,
"dave" (the subject, case sensitive) will only be able to read Secrets in the "development"
namespace, because the RoleBinding's namespace (in its metadata) is "development".
apiVersion:rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1# This role binding allows "dave" to read secrets in the "development" namespace.# You need to already have a ClusterRole named "secret-reader".kind:RoleBindingmetadata:name:read-secrets## The namespace of the RoleBinding determines where the permissions are granted.# This only grants permissions within the "development" namespace.namespace:developmentsubjects:- kind:Username:dave# Name is case sensitiveapiGroup:rbac.authorization.k8s.ioroleRef:kind:ClusterRolename:secret-readerapiGroup:rbac.authorization.k8s.io
ClusterRoleBinding example
To grant permissions across a whole cluster, you can use a ClusterRoleBinding.
The following ClusterRoleBinding allows any user in the group "manager" to read
secrets in any namespace.
apiVersion:rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1# This cluster role binding allows anyone in the "manager" group to read secrets in any namespace.kind:ClusterRoleBindingmetadata:name:read-secrets-globalsubjects:- kind:Groupname:manager# Name is case sensitiveapiGroup:rbac.authorization.k8s.ioroleRef:kind:ClusterRolename:secret-readerapiGroup:rbac.authorization.k8s.io
After you create a binding, you cannot change the Role or ClusterRole that it refers to.
If you try to change a binding's roleRef, you get a validation error. If you do want
to change the roleRef for a binding, you need to remove the binding object and create
a replacement.
There are two reasons for this restriction:
Making roleRef immutable allows granting someone update permission on an existing binding
object, so that they can manage the list of subjects, without being able to change
the role that is granted to those subjects.
A binding to a different role is a fundamentally different binding.
Requiring a binding to be deleted/recreated in order to change the roleRef
ensures the full list of subjects in the binding is intended to be granted
the new role (as opposed to enabling or accidentally modifying only the roleRef
without verifying all of the existing subjects should be given the new role's
permissions).
The kubectl auth reconcile command-line utility creates or updates a manifest file containing RBAC objects,
and handles deleting and recreating binding objects if required to change the role they refer to.
See command usage and examples for more information.
Referring to resources
In the Kubernetes API, most resources are represented and accessed using a string representation of
their object name, such as pods for a Pod. RBAC refers to resources using exactly the same
name that appears in the URL for the relevant API endpoint.
Some Kubernetes APIs involve a
subresource, such as the logs for a Pod. A request for a Pod's logs looks like:
GET /api/v1/namespaces/{namespace}/pods/{name}/log
In this case, pods is the namespaced resource for Pod resources, and log is a
subresource of pods. To represent this in an RBAC role, use a slash (/) to
delimit the resource and subresource. To allow a subject to read pods and
also access the log subresource for each of those Pods, you write:
You can also refer to resources by name for certain requests through the resourceNames list.
When specified, requests can be restricted to individual instances of a resource.
Here is an example that restricts its subject to only get or update a
ConfigMap named my-configmap:
apiVersion:rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1kind:Rolemetadata:namespace:defaultname:configmap-updaterrules:- apiGroups:[""]## at the HTTP level, the name of the resource for accessing ConfigMap# objects is "configmaps"resources:["configmaps"]resourceNames:["my-configmap"]verbs:["update","get"]
Note: You cannot restrict create or deletecollection requests by their resource name.
For create, this limitation is because the name of the new object may not be known at authorization time.
If you restrict list or watch by resourceName, clients must include a metadata.name field selector in their list or watch request that matches the specified resourceName in order to be authorized.
For example, kubectl get configmaps --field-selector=metadata.name=my-configmap
Aggregated ClusterRoles
You can aggregate several ClusterRoles into one combined ClusterRole.
A controller, running as part of the cluster control plane, watches for ClusterRole
objects with an aggregationRule set. The aggregationRule defines a label
selector that the controller
uses to match other ClusterRole objects that should be combined into the rules
field of this one.
Here is an example aggregated ClusterRole:
apiVersion:rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1kind:ClusterRolemetadata:name:monitoringaggregationRule:clusterRoleSelectors:- matchLabels:rbac.example.com/aggregate-to-monitoring:"true"rules:[]# The control plane automatically fills in the rules
If you create a new ClusterRole that matches the label selector of an existing aggregated ClusterRole,
that change triggers adding the new rules into the aggregated ClusterRole.
Here is an example that adds rules to the "monitoring" ClusterRole, by creating another
ClusterRole labeled rbac.example.com/aggregate-to-monitoring: true.
apiVersion:rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1kind:ClusterRolemetadata:name:monitoring-endpointslabels:rbac.example.com/aggregate-to-monitoring:"true"# When you create the "monitoring-endpoints" ClusterRole,# the rules below will be added to the "monitoring" ClusterRole.rules:- apiGroups:[""]resources:["services","endpoints","pods"]verbs:["get","list","watch"]
The default user-facing roles use ClusterRole aggregation. This lets you,
as a cluster administrator, include rules for custom resources, such as those served by
CustomResourceDefinitions
or aggregated API servers, to extend the default roles.
For example: the following ClusterRoles let the "admin" and "edit" default roles manage the custom resource
named CronTab, whereas the "view" role can perform only read actions on CronTab resources.
You can assume that CronTab objects are named "crontabs" in URLs as seen by the API server.
apiVersion:rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1kind:ClusterRolemetadata:name:aggregate-cron-tabs-editlabels:# Add these permissions to the "admin" and "edit" default roles.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/aggregate-to-admin:"true"rbac.authorization.k8s.io/aggregate-to-edit:"true"rules:- apiGroups:["stable.example.com"]resources:["crontabs"]verbs:["get","list","watch","create","update","patch","delete"]---kind:ClusterRoleapiVersion:rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1metadata:name:aggregate-cron-tabs-viewlabels:# Add these permissions to the "view" default role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/aggregate-to-view:"true"rules:- apiGroups:["stable.example.com"]resources:["crontabs"]verbs:["get","list","watch"]
Role examples
The following examples are excerpts from Role or ClusterRole objects, showing only
the rules section.
Allow reading "pods" resources in the core
API Group:
rules:- apiGroups:[""]## at the HTTP level, the name of the resource for accessing Pod# objects is "pods"resources:["pods"]verbs:["get","list","watch"]
Allow reading/writing Deployments (at the HTTP level: objects with "deployments"
in the resource part of their URL) in both the "extensions" and "apps" API groups:
rules:- apiGroups:["extensions","apps"]## at the HTTP level, the name of the resource for accessing Deployment# objects is "deployments"resources:["deployments"]verbs:["get","list","watch","create","update","patch","delete"]
Allow reading Pods in the core API group, as well as reading or writing Job
resources in the "batch" or "extensions" API groups:
rules:- apiGroups:[""]## at the HTTP level, the name of the resource for accessing Pod# objects is "pods"resources:["pods"]verbs:["get","list","watch"]- apiGroups:["batch","extensions"]## at the HTTP level, the name of the resource for accessing Job# objects is "jobs"resources:["jobs"]verbs:["get","list","watch","create","update","patch","delete"]
Allow reading a ConfigMap named "my-config" (must be bound with a
RoleBinding to limit to a single ConfigMap in a single namespace):
rules:- apiGroups:[""]## at the HTTP level, the name of the resource for accessing ConfigMap# objects is "configmaps"resources:["configmaps"]resourceNames:["my-config"]verbs:["get"]
Allow reading the resource "nodes" in the core group (because a
Node is cluster-scoped, this must be in a ClusterRole bound with a
ClusterRoleBinding to be effective):
rules:- apiGroups:[""]## at the HTTP level, the name of the resource for accessing Node# objects is "nodes"resources:["nodes"]verbs:["get","list","watch"]
Allow GET and POST requests to the non-resource endpoint /healthz and
all subpaths (must be in a ClusterRole bound with a ClusterRoleBinding
to be effective):
rules:- nonResourceURLs:["/healthz","/healthz/*"]# '*' in a nonResourceURL is a suffix glob matchverbs:["get","post"]
Referring to subjects
A RoleBinding or ClusterRoleBinding binds a role to subjects.
Subjects can be groups, users or
ServiceAccounts.
Kubernetes represents usernames as strings.
These can be: plain names, such as "alice"; email-style names, like "bob@example.com";
or numeric user IDs represented as a string. It is up to you as a cluster administrator
to configure the authentication modules
so that authentication produces usernames in the format you want.
Caution: The prefix system: is reserved for Kubernetes system use, so you should ensure
that you don't have users or groups with names that start with system: by
accident.
Other than this special prefix, the RBAC authorization system does not require any format
for usernames.
In Kubernetes, Authenticator modules provide group information.
Groups, like users, are represented as strings, and that string has no format requirements,
other than that the prefix system: is reserved.
ServiceAccounts have names prefixed
with system:serviceaccount:, and belong to groups that have names prefixed with system:serviceaccounts:.
Note:
system:serviceaccount: (singular) is the prefix for service account usernames.
system:serviceaccounts: (plural) is the prefix for service account groups.
RoleBinding examples
The following examples are RoleBinding excerpts that only
show the subjects section.
API servers create a set of default ClusterRole and ClusterRoleBinding objects.
Many of these are system: prefixed, which indicates that the resource is directly
managed by the cluster control plane.
All of the default ClusterRoles and ClusterRoleBindings are labeled with kubernetes.io/bootstrapping=rbac-defaults.
Caution: Take care when modifying ClusterRoles and ClusterRoleBindings with names
that have a system: prefix.
Modifications to these resources can result in non-functional clusters.
Auto-reconciliation
At each start-up, the API server updates default cluster roles with any missing permissions,
and updates default cluster role bindings with any missing subjects.
This allows the cluster to repair accidental modifications, and helps to keep roles and role bindings
up-to-date as permissions and subjects change in new Kubernetes releases.
To opt out of this reconciliation, set the rbac.authorization.kubernetes.io/autoupdate
annotation on a default cluster role or rolebinding to false.
Be aware that missing default permissions and subjects can result in non-functional clusters.
Auto-reconciliation is enabled by default if the RBAC authorizer is active.
API discovery roles
Default role bindings authorize unauthenticated and authenticated users to read API information that is deemed safe to be publicly accessible (including CustomResourceDefinitions). To disable anonymous unauthenticated access, add --anonymous-auth=false to the API server configuration.
To view the configuration of these roles via kubectl run:
kubectl get clusterroles system:discovery -o yaml
Note: If you edit that ClusterRole, your changes will be overwritten on API server restart
via auto-reconciliation. To avoid that overwriting,
either do not manually edit the role, or disable auto-reconciliation.
Kubernetes RBAC API discovery roles
Default ClusterRole
Default ClusterRoleBinding
Description
system:basic-user
system:authenticated group
Allows a user read-only access to basic information about themselves. Prior to v1.14, this role was also bound to system:unauthenticated by default.
system:discovery
system:authenticated group
Allows read-only access to API discovery endpoints needed to discover and negotiate an API level. Prior to v1.14, this role was also bound to system:unauthenticated by default.
system:public-info-viewer
system:authenticated and system:unauthenticated groups
Allows read-only access to non-sensitive information about the cluster. Introduced in Kubernetes v1.14.
User-facing roles
Some of the default ClusterRoles are not system: prefixed. These are intended to be user-facing roles.
They include super-user roles (cluster-admin), roles intended to be granted cluster-wide
using ClusterRoleBindings, and roles intended to be granted within particular
namespaces using RoleBindings (admin, edit, view).
User-facing ClusterRoles use ClusterRole aggregation to allow admins to include
rules for custom resources on these ClusterRoles. To add rules to the admin, edit, or view roles, create
a ClusterRole with one or more of the following labels:
Allows super-user access to perform any action on any resource.
When used in a ClusterRoleBinding, it gives full control over every resource in the cluster and in all namespaces.
When used in a RoleBinding, it gives full control over every resource in the role binding's namespace, including the namespace itself.
admin
None
Allows admin access, intended to be granted within a namespace using a RoleBinding.
If used in a RoleBinding, allows read/write access to most resources in a namespace,
including the ability to create roles and role bindings within the namespace.
This role does not allow write access to resource quota or to the namespace itself.
This role also does not allow write access to Endpoints in clusters created
using Kubernetes v1.22+. More information is available in the
"Write Access for Endpoints" section.
edit
None
Allows read/write access to most objects in a namespace.
This role does not allow viewing or modifying roles or role bindings.
However, this role allows accessing Secrets and running Pods as any ServiceAccount in
the namespace, so it can be used to gain the API access levels of any ServiceAccount in
the namespace. This role also does not allow write access to Endpoints in
clusters created using Kubernetes v1.22+. More information is available in the
"Write Access for Endpoints" section.
view
None
Allows read-only access to see most objects in a namespace.
It does not allow viewing roles or role bindings.
This role does not allow viewing Secrets, since reading
the contents of Secrets enables access to ServiceAccount credentials
in the namespace, which would allow API access as any ServiceAccount
in the namespace (a form of privilege escalation).
Core component roles
Default ClusterRole
Default ClusterRoleBinding
Description
system:kube-scheduler
system:kube-scheduler user
Allows access to the resources required by the scheduler component.
system:volume-scheduler
system:kube-scheduler user
Allows access to the volume resources required by the kube-scheduler component.
system:kube-controller-manager
system:kube-controller-manager user
Allows access to the resources required by the controller manager component.
The permissions required by individual controllers are detailed in the controller roles.
system:node
None
Allows access to resources required by the kubelet, including read access to all secrets, and write access to all pod status objects.
You should use the Node authorizer and NodeRestriction admission plugin instead of the system:node role, and allow granting API access to kubelets based on the Pods scheduled to run on them.
The system:node role only exists for compatibility with Kubernetes clusters upgraded from versions prior to v1.8.
system:node-proxier
system:kube-proxy user
Allows access to the resources required by the kube-proxy component.
Other component roles
Default ClusterRole
Default ClusterRoleBinding
Description
system:auth-delegator
None
Allows delegated authentication and authorization checks.
This is commonly used by add-on API servers for unified authentication and authorization.
Allows read access to control-plane monitoring endpoints (i.e. kube-apiserver liveness and readiness endpoints (/healthz, /livez, /readyz), the individual health-check endpoints (/healthz/*, /livez/*, /readyz/*), and /metrics). Note that individual health check endpoints and the metric endpoint may expose sensitive information.
Roles for built-in controllers
The Kubernetes controller manager runs
controllers that are built in to the Kubernetes
control plane.
When invoked with --use-service-account-credentials, kube-controller-manager starts each controller
using a separate service account.
Corresponding roles exist for each built-in controller, prefixed with system:controller:.
If the controller manager is not started with --use-service-account-credentials, it runs all control loops
using its own credential, which must be granted all the relevant roles.
These roles include:
The RBAC API prevents users from escalating privileges by editing roles or role bindings.
Because this is enforced at the API level, it applies even when the RBAC authorizer is not in use.
Restrictions on role creation or update
You can only create/update a role if at least one of the following things is true:
You already have all the permissions contained in the role, at the same scope as the object being modified
(cluster-wide for a ClusterRole, within the same namespace or cluster-wide for a Role).
You are granted explicit permission to perform the escalate verb on the roles or clusterroles resource in the rbac.authorization.k8s.io API group.
For example, if user-1 does not have the ability to list Secrets cluster-wide, they cannot create a ClusterRole
containing that permission. To allow a user to create/update roles:
Grant them a role that allows them to create/update Role or ClusterRole objects, as desired.
Grant them permission to include specific permissions in the roles they create/update:
implicitly, by giving them those permissions (if they attempt to create or modify a Role or ClusterRole with permissions they themselves have not been granted, the API request will be forbidden)
or explicitly allow specifying any permission in a Role or ClusterRole by giving them permission to perform the escalate verb on roles or clusterroles resources in the rbac.authorization.k8s.io API group
Restrictions on role binding creation or update
You can only create/update a role binding if you already have all the permissions contained in the referenced role
(at the same scope as the role binding) or if you have been authorized to perform the bind verb on the referenced role.
For example, if user-1 does not have the ability to list Secrets cluster-wide, they cannot create a ClusterRoleBinding
to a role that grants that permission. To allow a user to create/update role bindings:
Grant them a role that allows them to create/update RoleBinding or ClusterRoleBinding objects, as desired.
Grant them permissions needed to bind a particular role:
implicitly, by giving them the permissions contained in the role.
explicitly, by giving them permission to perform the bind verb on the particular Role (or ClusterRole).
For example, this ClusterRole and RoleBinding would allow user-1 to grant other users the admin, edit, and view roles in the namespace user-1-namespace:
apiVersion:rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1kind:ClusterRolemetadata:name:role-grantorrules:- apiGroups:["rbac.authorization.k8s.io"]resources:["rolebindings"]verbs:["create"]- apiGroups:["rbac.authorization.k8s.io"]resources:["clusterroles"]verbs:["bind"]# omit resourceNames to allow binding any ClusterRoleresourceNames:["admin","edit","view"]---apiVersion:rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1kind:RoleBindingmetadata:name:role-grantor-bindingnamespace:user-1-namespaceroleRef:apiGroup:rbac.authorization.k8s.iokind:ClusterRolename:role-grantorsubjects:- apiGroup:rbac.authorization.k8s.iokind:Username:user-1
When bootstrapping the first roles and role bindings, it is necessary for the initial user to grant permissions they do not yet have.
To bootstrap initial roles and role bindings:
Use a credential with the "system:masters" group, which is bound to the "cluster-admin" super-user role by the default bindings.
If your API server runs with the insecure port enabled (--insecure-port), you can also make API calls via that port, which does not enforce authentication or authorization.
Command-line utilities
kubectl create role
Creates a Role object defining permissions within a single namespace. Examples:
Create a Role named "pod-reader" that allows users to perform get, watch and list on pods:
kubectl create role pod-reader --verb=get --verb=list --verb=watch --resource=pods
Create a Role named "pod-reader" with resourceNames specified:
kubectl create role pod-reader --verb=get --resource=pods --resource-name=readablepod --resource-name=anotherpod
Create a Role named "foo" with apiGroups specified:
kubectl create role foo --verb=get,list,watch --resource=replicasets.apps
Create a Role named "foo" with subresource permissions:
kubectl create role foo --verb=get,list,watch --resource=pods,pods/status
Create a Role named "my-component-lease-holder" with permissions to get/update a resource with a specific name:
kubectl create role my-component-lease-holder --verb=get,list,watch,update --resource=lease --resource-name=my-component
kubectl create clusterrole
Creates a ClusterRole. Examples:
Create a ClusterRole named "pod-reader" that allows user to perform get, watch and list on pods:
Default RBAC policies grant scoped permissions to control-plane components, nodes,
and controllers, but grant no permissions to service accounts outside the kube-system namespace
(beyond discovery permissions given to all authenticated users).
This allows you to grant particular roles to particular ServiceAccounts as needed.
Fine-grained role bindings provide greater security, but require more effort to administrate.
Broader grants can give unnecessary (and potentially escalating) API access to
ServiceAccounts, but are easier to administrate.
In order from most secure to least secure, the approaches are:
Grant a role to an application-specific service account (best practice)
This requires the application to specify a serviceAccountName in its pod spec,
and for the service account to be created (via the API, application manifest, kubectl create serviceaccount, etc.).
For example, grant read-only permission within "my-namespace" to the "my-sa" service account:
Many add-ons run as the
"default" service account in the kube-system namespace.
To allow those add-ons to run with super-user access, grant cluster-admin
permissions to the "default" service account in the kube-system namespace.
Caution: Enabling this means the kube-system namespace contains Secrets
that grant super-user access to your cluster's API.
Grant a role to all service accounts in a namespace
If you want all applications in a namespace to have a role, no matter what service account they use,
you can grant a role to the service account group for that namespace.
For example, grant read-only permission within "my-namespace" to all service accounts in that namespace:
Grant super-user access to all service accounts cluster-wide (strongly discouraged)
If you don't care about partitioning permissions at all, you can grant super-user access to all service accounts.
Warning: This allows any application full access to your cluster, and also grants
any user with read access to Secrets (or the ability to create any pod)
full access to your cluster.
Kubernetes clusters created before Kubernetes v1.22 include write access to
Endpoints in the aggregated "edit" and "admin" roles. As a mitigation for
CVE-2021-25740, this
access is not part of the aggregated roles in clusters that you create using
Kubernetes v1.22 or later.
Existing clusters that have been upgraded to Kubernetes v1.22 will not be
subject to this change. The CVE
announcement includes
guidance for restricting this access in existing clusters.
If you want new clusters to retain this level of access in the aggregated roles,
you can create the following ClusterRole:
apiVersion:rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1kind:ClusterRolemetadata:annotations:kubernetes.io/description:|- Add endpoints write permissions to the edit and admin roles. This was
removed by default in 1.22 because of CVE-2021-25740. See
https://issue.k8s.io/103675. This can allow writers to direct LoadBalancer
or Ingress implementations to expose backend IPs that would not otherwise
be accessible, and can circumvent network policies or security controls
intended to prevent/isolate access to those backends.labels:rbac.authorization.k8s.io/aggregate-to-edit:"true"name:custom:aggregate-to-edit:endpoints# you can change this if you wishrules:- apiGroups:[""]resources:["endpoints"]verbs:["create","delete","deletecollection","patch","update"]
Upgrading from ABAC
Clusters that originally ran older Kubernetes versions often used
permissive ABAC policies, including granting full API access to all
service accounts.
Default RBAC policies grant scoped permissions to control-plane components, nodes,
and controllers, but grant no permissions to service accounts outside the kube-system namespace
(beyond discovery permissions given to all authenticated users).
While far more secure, this can be disruptive to existing workloads expecting to automatically receive API permissions.
Here are two approaches for managing this transition:
Parallel authorizers
Run both the RBAC and ABAC authorizers, and specify a policy file that contains
the legacy ABAC policy:
To explain that first command line option in detail: if earlier authorizers, such as Node,
deny a request, then the RBAC authorizer attempts to authorize the API request. If RBAC
also denies that API request, the ABAC authorizer is then run. This means that any request
allowed by either the RBAC or ABAC policies is allowed.
When the kube-apiserver is run with a log level of 5 or higher for the RBAC component
(--vmodule=rbac*=5 or --v=5), you can see RBAC denials in the API server log
(prefixed with RBAC).
You can use that information to determine which roles need to be granted to which users, groups, or service accounts.
Once you have granted roles to service accounts and workloads
are running with no RBAC denial messages in the server logs, you can remove the ABAC authorizer.
Permissive RBAC permissions
You can replicate a permissive ABAC policy using RBAC role bindings.
Warning:
The following policy allows ALL service accounts to act as cluster administrators.
Any application running in a container receives service account credentials automatically,
and could perform any action against the API, including viewing secrets and modifying permissions.
This is not a recommended policy.
After you have transitioned to use RBAC, you should adjust the access controls
for your cluster to ensure that these meet your information security needs.
3.9 - Using ABAC Authorization
Attribute-based access control (ABAC) defines an access control paradigm whereby access rights are granted to users through the use of policies which combine attributes together.
Policy File Format
To enable ABAC mode, specify --authorization-policy-file=SOME_FILENAME and --authorization-mode=ABAC on startup.
The file format is one JSON object per line. There
should be no enclosing list or map, only one map per line.
Each line is a "policy object", where each such object is a map with the following
properties:
Versioning properties:
apiVersion, type string; valid values are "abac.authorization.kubernetes.io/v1beta1". Allows versioning and conversion of the policy format.
kind, type string: valid values are "Policy". Allows versioning and conversion of the policy format.
spec property set to a map with the following properties:
Subject-matching properties:
user, type string; the user-string from --token-auth-file. If you specify user, it must match the username of the authenticated user.
group, type string; if you specify group, it must match one of the groups of the authenticated user. system:authenticated matches all authenticated requests. system:unauthenticated matches all unauthenticated requests.
Resource-matching properties:
apiGroup, type string; an API group.
Ex: extensions
Wildcard: * matches all API groups.
namespace, type string; a namespace.
Ex: kube-system
Wildcard: * matches all resource requests.
resource, type string; a resource type
Ex: pods
Wildcard: * matches all resource requests.
Non-resource-matching properties:
nonResourcePath, type string; non-resource request paths.
Ex: /version or /apis
Wildcard:
* matches all non-resource requests.
/foo/* matches all subpaths of /foo/.
readonly, type boolean, when true, means that the Resource-matching policy only applies to get, list, and watch operations, Non-resource-matching policy only applies to get operation.
Note:
An unset property is the same as a property set to the zero value for its type
(e.g. empty string, 0, false). However, unset should be preferred for
readability.
In the future, policies may be expressed in a JSON format, and managed via a
REST interface.
Authorization Algorithm
A request has attributes which correspond to the properties of a policy object.
When a request is received, the attributes are determined. Unknown attributes
are set to the zero value of its type (e.g. empty string, 0, false).
A property set to "*" will match any value of the corresponding attribute.
The tuple of attributes is checked for a match against every policy in the
policy file. If at least one line matches the request attributes, then the
request is authorized (but may fail later validation).
To permit any authenticated user to do something, write a policy with the
group property set to "system:authenticated".
To permit any unauthenticated user to do something, write a policy with the
group property set to "system:unauthenticated".
To permit a user to do anything, write a policy with the apiGroup, namespace,
resource, and nonResourcePath properties set to "*".
Kubectl
Kubectl uses the /api and /apis endpoints of api-server to discover
served resource types, and validates objects sent to the API by create/update
operations using schema information located at /openapi/v2.
When using ABAC authorization, those special resources have to be explicitly
exposed via the nonResourcePath property in a policy (see examples below):
/api, /api/*, /apis, and /apis/* for API version negotiation.
/version for retrieving the server version via kubectl version.
/swaggerapi/* for create/update operations.
To inspect the HTTP calls involved in a specific kubectl operation you can turn
up the verbosity:
Creating a new namespace leads to the creation of a new service account in the following format:
system:serviceaccount:<namespace>:default
For example, if you wanted to grant the default service account (in the kube-system namespace) full
privilege to the API using ABAC, you would add this line to your policy file:
the ability to create TokenReviews and SubjectAccessReviews for delegated authentication/authorization checks
In future releases, the node authorizer may add or remove permissions to ensure kubelets
have the minimal set of permissions required to operate correctly.
In order to be authorized by the Node authorizer, kubelets must use a credential that identifies them as
being in the system:nodes group, with a username of system:node:<nodeName>.
This group and user name format match the identity created for each kubelet as part of
kubelet TLS bootstrapping.
The value of <nodeName>must match precisely the name of the node as registered by the kubelet. By default, this is the host name as provided by hostname, or overridden via the kubelet option--hostname-override. However, when using the --cloud-provider kubelet option, the specific hostname may be determined by the cloud provider, ignoring the local hostname and the --hostname-override option.
For specifics about how the kubelet determines the hostname, see the kubelet options reference.
To enable the Node authorizer, start the apiserver with --authorization-mode=Node.
To limit the API objects kubelets are able to write, enable the NodeRestriction admission plugin by starting the apiserver with --enable-admission-plugins=...,NodeRestriction,...
Migration considerations
Kubelets outside the system:nodes group
Kubelets outside the system:nodes group would not be authorized by the Node authorization mode,
and would need to continue to be authorized via whatever mechanism currently authorizes them.
The node admission plugin would not restrict requests from these kubelets.
Kubelets with undifferentiated usernames
In some deployments, kubelets have credentials that place them in the system:nodes group,
but do not identify the particular node they are associated with,
because they do not have a username in the system:node:... format.
These kubelets would not be authorized by the Node authorization mode,
and would need to continue to be authorized via whatever mechanism currently authorizes them.
The NodeRestriction admission plugin would ignore requests from these kubelets,
since the default node identifier implementation would not consider that a node identity.
Upgrades from previous versions using RBAC
Upgraded pre-1.7 clusters using RBAC will continue functioning as-is because the system:nodes group binding will already exist.
If a cluster admin wishes to start using the Node authorizer and NodeRestriction admission plugin
to limit node access to the API, that can be done non-disruptively:
Enable the Node authorization mode (--authorization-mode=Node,RBAC) and the NodeRestriction admission plugin
Ensure all kubelets' credentials conform to the group/username requirements
Audit apiserver logs to ensure the Node authorizer is not rejecting requests from kubelets (no persistent NODE DENY messages logged)
Delete the system:node cluster role binding
RBAC Node Permissions
In 1.6, the system:node cluster role was automatically bound to the system:nodes group when using the RBAC Authorization mode.
In 1.7, the automatic binding of the system:nodes group to the system:node role is deprecated
because the node authorizer accomplishes the same purpose with the benefit of additional restrictions
on secret and configmap access. If the Node and RBAC authorization modes are both enabled,
the automatic binding of the system:nodes group to the system:node role is not created in 1.7.
In 1.8, the binding will not be created at all.
When using RBAC, the system:node cluster role will continue to be created,
for compatibility with deployment methods that bind other users or groups to that role.
3.11 - Mapping PodSecurityPolicies to Pod Security Standards
The tables below enumerate the configuration parameters on
PodSecurityPolicy objects, whether the field mutates
and/or validates pods, and how the configuration values map to the
Pod Security Standards.
For each applicable parameter, the allowed values for the
Baseline and
Restricted profiles are listed.
Anything outside the allowed values for those profiles would fall under the
Privileged profile. "No opinion"
means all values are allowed under all Pod Security Standards.
Baseline: "runtime/default,"(Trailing comma to allow unset)
Restricted: "runtime/default"(No trailing comma)
localhost/* values are also permitted for both Baseline & Restricted.
3.12 - Webhook Mode
A WebHook is an HTTP callback: an HTTP POST that occurs when something happens; a simple event-notification via HTTP POST. A web application implementing WebHooks will POST a message to a URL when certain things happen.
When specified, mode Webhook causes Kubernetes to query an outside REST
service when determining user privileges.
Configuration File Format
Mode Webhook requires a file for HTTP configuration, specify by the
--authorization-webhook-config-file=SOME_FILENAME flag.
The configuration file uses the kubeconfig
file format. Within the file "users" refers to the API Server webhook and
"clusters" refers to the remote service.
A configuration example which uses HTTPS client auth:
# Kubernetes API versionapiVersion:v1# kind of the API objectkind:Config# clusters refers to the remote service.clusters:- name:name-of-remote-authz-servicecluster:# CA for verifying the remote service.certificate-authority:/path/to/ca.pem# URL of remote service to query. Must use 'https'. May not include parameters.server:https://authz.example.com/authorize# users refers to the API Server's webhook configuration.users:- name:name-of-api-serveruser:client-certificate:/path/to/cert.pem# cert for the webhook plugin to useclient-key:/path/to/key.pem # key matching the cert# kubeconfig files require a context. Provide one for the API Server.current-context:webhookcontexts:- context:cluster:name-of-remote-authz-serviceuser:name-of-api-servername:webhook
Request Payloads
When faced with an authorization decision, the API Server POSTs a JSON-
serialized authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1SubjectAccessReview object describing the
action. This object contains fields describing the user attempting to make the
request, and either details about the resource being accessed or requests
attributes.
Note that webhook API objects are subject to the same versioning compatibility rules
as other Kubernetes API objects. Implementers should be aware of looser
compatibility promises for beta objects and check the "apiVersion" field of the
request to ensure correct deserialization. Additionally, the API Server must
enable the authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1 API extensions group (--runtime-config=authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1=true).
The remote service is expected to fill the status field of
the request and respond to either allow or disallow access. The response body's
spec field is ignored and may be omitted. A permissive response would return:
The first method is preferred in most cases, and indicates the authorization
webhook does not allow, or has "no opinion" about the request, but if other
authorizers are configured, they are given a chance to allow the request.
If there are no other authorizers, or none of them allow the request, the
request is forbidden. The webhook would return:
{
"apiVersion": "authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1",
"kind": "SubjectAccessReview",
"status": {
"allowed": false,
"reason": "user does not have read access to the namespace"
}
}
The second method denies immediately, short-circuiting evaluation by other
configured authorizers. This should only be used by webhooks that have
detailed knowledge of the full authorizer configuration of the cluster.
The webhook would return:
{
"apiVersion": "authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1",
"kind": "SubjectAccessReview",
"status": {
"allowed": false,
"denied": true,
"reason": "user does not have read access to the namespace"
}
}
Non-resource paths include: /api, /apis, /metrics,
/logs, /debug, /healthz, /livez, /openapi/v2, /readyz, and
/version. Clients require access to /api, /api/*, /apis, /apis/*,
and /version to discover what resources and versions are present on the server.
Access to other non-resource paths can be disallowed without restricting access
to the REST api.
For further documentation refer to the authorization.v1beta1 API objects and
webhook.go.
4 - Well-Known Labels, Annotations and Taints
Kubernetes reserves all labels and annotations in the kubernetes.io namespace.
This document serves both as a reference to the values and as a coordination point for assigning values.
Labels, annotations and taints used on API objects
kubernetes.io/arch
Example: kubernetes.io/arch=amd64
Used on: Node
The Kubelet populates this with runtime.GOARCH as defined by Go. This can be handy if you are mixing arm and x86 nodes.
kubernetes.io/os
Example: kubernetes.io/os=linux
Used on: Node
The Kubelet populates this with runtime.GOOS as defined by Go. This can be handy if you are mixing operating systems in your cluster (for example: mixing Linux and Windows nodes).
kubernetes.io/metadata.name
Example: kubernetes.io/metadata.name=mynamespace
Used on: Namespaces
The Kubernetes API server (part of the control plane)
sets this label on all namespaces. The label value is set
to the name of the namespace. You can't change this label's value.
This is useful if you want to target a specific namespace with a label
selector.
beta.kubernetes.io/arch (deprecated)
This label has been deprecated. Please use kubernetes.io/arch instead.
beta.kubernetes.io/os (deprecated)
This label has been deprecated. Please use kubernetes.io/os instead.
The Kubelet populates this label with the hostname. Note that the hostname can be changed from the "actual" hostname by passing the --hostname-override flag to the kubelet.
This label is also used as part of the topology hierarchy. See topology.kubernetes.io/zone for more information.
The value for this annotation must be true to take effect. This annotation indicates that pods running as this service account may only reference Secret API objects specified in the service account's secrets field.
This annotation is used to set Pod Deletion Cost
which allows users to influence ReplicaSet downscaling order. The annotation parses into an int32 type.
The Kubelet populates this with the instance type as defined by the cloudprovider.
This will be set only if you are using a cloudprovider. This setting is handy
if you want to target certain workloads to certain instance types, but typically you want
to rely on the Kubernetes scheduler to perform resource-based scheduling. You should aim to schedule based on properties rather than on instance types (for example: require a GPU, instead of requiring a g2.2xlarge).
When a StatefulSet controller creates a Pod for the StatefulSet, the control plane
sets this label on that Pod. The value of the label is the name of the Pod being created.
See Pod Name Label in the
StatefulSet topic for more details.
On Node: The kubelet or the external cloud-controller-manager populates this with the information as provided by the cloudprovider. This will be set only if you are using a cloudprovider. However, you should consider setting this on nodes if it makes sense in your topology.
On PersistentVolume: topology-aware volume provisioners will automatically set node affinity constraints on PersistentVolumes.
A zone represents a logical failure domain. It is common for Kubernetes clusters to span multiple zones for increased availability. While the exact definition of a zone is left to infrastructure implementations, common properties of a zone include very low network latency within a zone, no-cost network traffic within a zone, and failure independence from other zones. For example, nodes within a zone might share a network switch, but nodes in different zones should not.
A region represents a larger domain, made up of one or more zones. It is uncommon for Kubernetes clusters to span multiple regions, While the exact definition of a zone or region is left to infrastructure implementations, common properties of a region include higher network latency between them than within them, non-zero cost for network traffic between them, and failure independence from other zones or regions. For example, nodes within a region might share power infrastructure (e.g. a UPS or generator), but nodes in different regions typically would not.
Kubernetes makes a few assumptions about the structure of zones and regions:
regions and zones are hierarchical: zones are strict subsets of regions and no zone can be in 2 regions
zone names are unique across regions; for example region "africa-east-1" might be comprised of zones "africa-east-1a" and "africa-east-1b"
It should be safe to assume that topology labels do not change. Even though labels are strictly mutable, consumers of them can assume that a given node is not going to be moved between zones without being destroyed and recreated.
Kubernetes can use this information in various ways. For example, the scheduler automatically tries to spread the Pods in a ReplicaSet across nodes in a single-zone cluster (to reduce the impact of node failures, see kubernetes.io/hostname). With multiple-zone clusters, this spreading behavior also applies to zones (to reduce the impact of zone failures). This is achieved via SelectorSpreadPriority.
SelectorSpreadPriority is a best effort placement. If the zones in your cluster are heterogeneous (for example: different numbers of nodes, different types of nodes, or different pod resource requirements), this placement might prevent equal spreading of your Pods across zones. If desired, you can use homogenous zones (same number and types of nodes) to reduce the probability of unequal spreading.
The scheduler (through the VolumeZonePredicate predicate) also will ensure that Pods, that claim a given volume, are only placed into the same zone as that volume. Volumes cannot be attached across zones.
If PersistentVolumeLabel does not support automatic labeling of your PersistentVolumes, you should consider
adding the labels manually (or adding support for PersistentVolumeLabel). With PersistentVolumeLabel, the scheduler prevents Pods from mounting volumes in a different zone. If your infrastructure doesn't have this constraint, you don't need to add the zone labels to the volumes at all.
The label is used to indicate the controller or entity that manages an EndpointSlice. This label aims to enable different EndpointSlice objects to be managed by different controllers or entities within the same cluster.
The label can be set to "true" on an Endpoints resource to indicate that the EndpointSliceMirroring controller should not mirror this resource with EndpointSlices.
The annotation is used to run Windows containers with Hyper-V isolation. To use Hyper-V isolation feature and create a Hyper-V isolated container, the kubelet should be started with feature gates HyperVContainer=true and the Pod should include the annotation experimental.windows.kubernetes.io/isolation-type=hyperv.
Note: You can only set this annotation on Pods that have a single container.
Starting from v1.20, this annotation is deprecated. Experimental Hyper-V support was removed in 1.21.
When a single IngressClass resource has this annotation set to "true", new Ingress resource without a class specified will be assigned this default class.
kubernetes.io/ingress.class (deprecated)
Note: Starting in v1.18, this annotation is deprecated in favor of spec.ingressClassName.
When a single StorageClass resource has this annotation set to "true", new PersistentVolumeClaim
resource without a class specified will be assigned this default class.
The kubelet can set this annotation on a Node to denote its configured IPv4 address.
When kubelet is started with the "external" cloud provider, it sets this annotation on the Node to denote an IP address set from the command line flag (--node-ip). This IP is verified with the cloud provider as valid by the cloud-controller-manager.
The value of the annotation is the container name that is default for this Pod. For example, kubectl logs or kubectl exec without -c or --container flag will use this default container.
In Kubernetes clusters v1.22 (or later), the Endpoints controller adds this annotation to an Endpoints resource if it has more than 1000 endpoints. The annotation indicates that the Endpoints resource is over capacity and the number of endpoints has been truncated to 1000.
batch.kubernetes.io/job-tracking
Example: batch.kubernetes.io/job-tracking: ""
Used on: Jobs
The presence of this annotation on a Job indicates that the control plane is
tracking the Job status using finalizers.
You should not manually add or remove this annotation.
The kubelet detects memory pressure based on memory.available and allocatableMemory.available observed on a Node. The observed values are then compared to the corresponding thresholds that can be set on the kubelet to determine if the Node condition and taint should be added/removed.
The kubelet detects disk pressure based on imagefs.available, imagefs.inodesFree, nodefs.available and nodefs.inodesFree(Linux only) observed on a Node. The observed values are then compared to the corresponding thresholds that can be set on the kubelet to determine if the Node condition and taint should be added/removed.
This is initially set by the kubelet when the cloud provider used indicates a requirement for additional network configuration. Only when the route on the cloud is configured properly will the taint be removed by the cloud provider.
The kubelet checks D-value of the size of /proc/sys/kernel/pid_max and the PIDs consumed by Kubernetes on a node to get the number of available PIDs that referred to as the pid.available metric. The metric is then compared to the corresponding threshold that can be set on the kubelet to determine if the node condition and taint should be added/removed.
Sets this taint on a node to mark it as unusable, when kubelet is started with the "external" cloud provider, until a controller from the cloud-controller-manager initializes this node, and then removes the taint.
If a Node is in a cloud provider specified shutdown state, the Node gets tainted accordingly with node.cloudprovider.kubernetes.io/shutdown and the taint effect of NoSchedule.
Value must be one of privileged, baseline, or restricted which correspond to
Pod Security Standard levels. Specifically,
the enforce label prohibits the creation of any Pod in the labeled Namespace which does not meet
the requirements outlined in the indicated level.
Value must be latest or a valid Kubernetes version in the format v<MAJOR>.<MINOR>.
This determines the version of the Pod Security Standard
policies to apply when validating a submitted Pod.
Value must be one of privileged, baseline, or restricted which correspond to
Pod Security Standard levels. Specifically,
the audit label does not prevent the creation of a Pod in the labeled Namespace which does not meet
the requirements outlined in the indicated level, but adds an audit annotation to that Pod.
Value must be latest or a valid Kubernetes version in the format v<MAJOR>.<MINOR>.
This determines the version of the Pod Security Standard
policies to apply when validating a submitted Pod.
Value must be one of privileged, baseline, or restricted which correspond to
Pod Security Standard levels. Specifically,
the warn label does not prevent the creation of a Pod in the labeled Namespace which does not meet the
requirements outlined in the indicated level, but returns a warning to the user after doing so.
Note that warnings are also displayed when creating or updating objects that contain Pod templates,
such as Deployments, Jobs, StatefulSets, etc.
Value must be latest or a valid Kubernetes version in the format v<MAJOR>.<MINOR>.
This determines the version of the Pod Security Standard
policies to apply when validating a submitted Pod. Note that warnings are also displayed when creating
or updating objects that contain Pod templates, such as Deployments, Jobs, StatefulSets, etc.
This annotation has been deprecated since Kubernetes v1.19 and will become non-functional in v1.25.
To specify security settings for a Pod, include the securityContext field in the Pod specification.
The securityContext field within a Pod's .spec defines pod-level security attributes.
When you specify the security context for a Pod,
the settings you specify apply to all containers in that Pod.
This annotation has been deprecated since Kubernetes v1.19 and will become non-functional in v1.25.
The tutorial Restrict a Container's Syscalls with seccomp takes
you through the steps you follow to apply a seccomp profile to a Pod or to one of
its containers. That tutorial covers the supported mechanism for configuring seccomp in Kubernetes,
based on setting securityContext within the Pod's .spec.
This page serves as a reference for the audit annotations of the kubernetes.io
namespace. These annotations apply to Event object from API group
audit.k8s.io.
Note: The following annotations are not used within the Kubernetes API. When you
enable auditing in your cluster,
audit event data is written using Event from API group audit.k8s.io.
The annotations apply to audit events. Audit events are different from objects in the
Event API (API group
events.k8s.io).
Value must be one of user, namespace, or runtimeClass which correspond to
Pod Security Exemption
dimensions. This annotation indicates on which dimension was based the exemption
from the PodSecurity enforcement.
Value must be privileged:<version>, baseline:<version>,
restricted:<version> which correspond to Pod Security
Standard levels accompanied by
a version which must be latest or a valid Kubernetes version in the format
v<MAJOR>.<MINOR>. This annotations informs about the enforcement level that
allowed or denied the pod during PodSecurity admission.
Example: pod-security.kubernetes.io/audit-violations: would violate PodSecurity "restricted:latest": allowPrivilegeEscalation != false (container "example" must set securityContext.allowPrivilegeEscalation=false), ...
Value details an audit policy violation, it contains the
Pod Security Standard level
that was transgressed as well as the specific policies on the fields that were
violated from the PodSecurity enforcement.
Kubernetes' API is the application that serves Kubernetes functionality through a RESTful interface and stores the state of the cluster.
Kubernetes resources and "records of intent" are all stored as API objects, and modified via RESTful calls to the API. The API allows configuration to be managed in a declarative way. Users can interact with the Kubernetes API directly, or via tools like kubectl. The core Kubernetes API is flexible and can also be extended to support custom resources.
5.1 - Workload Resources
5.1.1 - Pod
Pod is a collection of containers that can run on a host.
apiVersion: v1
import "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
Pod
Pod is a collection of containers that can run on a host. This resource is created by clients and scheduled onto hosts.
List of containers belonging to the pod. Containers cannot currently be added or removed. There must be at least one container in a Pod. Cannot be updated.
List of initialization containers belonging to the pod. Init containers are executed in order prior to containers being started. If any init container fails, the pod is considered to have failed and is handled according to its restartPolicy. The name for an init container or normal container must be unique among all containers. Init containers may not have Lifecycle actions, Readiness probes, Liveness probes, or Startup probes. The resourceRequirements of an init container are taken into account during scheduling by finding the highest request/limit for each resource type, and then using the max of of that value or the sum of the normal containers. Limits are applied to init containers in a similar fashion. Init containers cannot currently be added or removed. Cannot be updated. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/init-containers/
ImagePullSecrets is an optional list of references to secrets in the same namespace to use for pulling any of the images used by this PodSpec. If specified, these secrets will be passed to individual puller implementations for them to use. For example, in the case of docker, only DockerConfig type secrets are honored. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/containers/images#specifying-imagepullsecrets-on-a-pod
enableServiceLinks (boolean)
EnableServiceLinks indicates whether information about services should be injected into pod's environment variables, matching the syntax of Docker links. Optional: Defaults to true.
os (PodOS)
Specifies the OS of the containers in the pod. Some pod and container fields are restricted if this is set.
If the OS field is set to linux, the following fields must be unset: -securityContext.windowsOptions
If the OS field is set to windows, following fields must be unset: - spec.hostPID - spec.hostIPC - spec.securityContext.seLinuxOptions - spec.securityContext.seccompProfile - spec.securityContext.fsGroup - spec.securityContext.fsGroupChangePolicy - spec.securityContext.sysctls - spec.shareProcessNamespace - spec.securityContext.runAsUser - spec.securityContext.runAsGroup - spec.securityContext.supplementalGroups - spec.containers[].securityContext.seLinuxOptions - spec.containers[].securityContext.seccompProfile - spec.containers[].securityContext.capabilities - spec.containers[].securityContext.readOnlyRootFilesystem - spec.containers[].securityContext.privileged - spec.containers[].securityContext.allowPrivilegeEscalation - spec.containers[].securityContext.procMount - spec.containers[].securityContext.runAsUser - spec.containers[*].securityContext.runAsGroup This is an alpha field and requires the IdentifyPodOS feature
NodeName is a request to schedule this pod onto a specific node. If it is non-empty, the scheduler simply schedules this pod onto that node, assuming that it fits resource requirements.
Describes pod anti-affinity scheduling rules (e.g. avoid putting this pod in the same node, zone, etc. as some other pod(s)).
tolerations ([]Toleration)
If specified, the pod's tolerations.
The pod this Toleration is attached to tolerates any taint that matches the triple <key,value,effect> using the matching operator .
tolerations.key (string)
Key is the taint key that the toleration applies to. Empty means match all taint keys. If the key is empty, operator must be Exists; this combination means to match all values and all keys.
tolerations.operator (string)
Operator represents a key's relationship to the value. Valid operators are Exists and Equal. Defaults to Equal. Exists is equivalent to wildcard for value, so that a pod can tolerate all taints of a particular category.
Possible enum values:
"Equal"
"Exists"
tolerations.value (string)
Value is the taint value the toleration matches to. If the operator is Exists, the value should be empty, otherwise just a regular string.
tolerations.effect (string)
Effect indicates the taint effect to match. Empty means match all taint effects. When specified, allowed values are NoSchedule, PreferNoSchedule and NoExecute.
Possible enum values:
"NoExecute" Evict any already-running pods that do not tolerate the taint. Currently enforced by NodeController.
"NoSchedule" Do not allow new pods to schedule onto the node unless they tolerate the taint, but allow all pods submitted to Kubelet without going through the scheduler to start, and allow all already-running pods to continue running. Enforced by the scheduler.
"PreferNoSchedule" Like TaintEffectNoSchedule, but the scheduler tries not to schedule new pods onto the node, rather than prohibiting new pods from scheduling onto the node entirely. Enforced by the scheduler.
tolerations.tolerationSeconds (int64)
TolerationSeconds represents the period of time the toleration (which must be of effect NoExecute, otherwise this field is ignored) tolerates the taint. By default, it is not set, which means tolerate the taint forever (do not evict). Zero and negative values will be treated as 0 (evict immediately) by the system.
schedulerName (string)
If specified, the pod will be dispatched by specified scheduler. If not specified, the pod will be dispatched by default scheduler.
runtimeClassName (string)
RuntimeClassName refers to a RuntimeClass object in the node.k8s.io group, which should be used to run this pod. If no RuntimeClass resource matches the named class, the pod will not be run. If unset or empty, the "legacy" RuntimeClass will be used, which is an implicit class with an empty definition that uses the default runtime handler. More info: https://git.k8s.io/enhancements/keps/sig-node/585-runtime-class This is a beta feature as of Kubernetes v1.14.
priorityClassName (string)
If specified, indicates the pod's priority. "system-node-critical" and "system-cluster-critical" are two special keywords which indicate the highest priorities with the former being the highest priority. Any other name must be defined by creating a PriorityClass object with that name. If not specified, the pod priority will be default or zero if there is no default.
priority (int32)
The priority value. Various system components use this field to find the priority of the pod. When Priority Admission Controller is enabled, it prevents users from setting this field. The admission controller populates this field from PriorityClassName. The higher the value, the higher the priority.
Map: unique values on keys topologyKey, whenUnsatisfiable will be kept during a merge
TopologySpreadConstraints describes how a group of pods ought to spread across topology domains. Scheduler will schedule pods in a way which abides by the constraints. All topologySpreadConstraints are ANDed.
TopologySpreadConstraint specifies how to spread matching pods among the given topology.
MaxSkew describes the degree to which pods may be unevenly distributed. When whenUnsatisfiable=DoNotSchedule, it is the maximum permitted difference between the number of matching pods in the target topology and the global minimum. For example, in a 3-zone cluster, MaxSkew is set to 1, and pods with the same labelSelector spread as 1/1/0: | zone1 | zone2 | zone3 | | P | P | | - if MaxSkew is 1, incoming pod can only be scheduled to zone3 to become 1/1/1; scheduling it onto zone1(zone2) would make the ActualSkew(2-0) on zone1(zone2) violate MaxSkew(1). - if MaxSkew is 2, incoming pod can be scheduled onto any zone. When whenUnsatisfiable=ScheduleAnyway, it is used to give higher precedence to topologies that satisfy it. It's a required field. Default value is 1 and 0 is not allowed.
TopologyKey is the key of node labels. Nodes that have a label with this key and identical values are considered to be in the same topology. We consider each <key, value> as a "bucket", and try to put balanced number of pods into each bucket. It's a required field.
WhenUnsatisfiable indicates how to deal with a pod if it doesn't satisfy the spread constraint. - DoNotSchedule (default) tells the scheduler not to schedule it. - ScheduleAnyway tells the scheduler to schedule the pod in any location,
but giving higher precedence to topologies that would help reduce the
skew.
A constraint is considered "Unsatisfiable" for an incoming pod if and only if every possible node assignment for that pod would violate "MaxSkew" on some topology. For example, in a 3-zone cluster, MaxSkew is set to 1, and pods with the same labelSelector spread as 3/1/1: | zone1 | zone2 | zone3 | | P P P | P | P | If WhenUnsatisfiable is set to DoNotSchedule, incoming pod can only be scheduled to zone2(zone3) to become 3/2/1(3/1/2) as ActualSkew(2-1) on zone2(zone3) satisfies MaxSkew(1). In other words, the cluster can still be imbalanced, but scheduler won't make it more imbalanced. It's a required field.
Possible enum values:
"DoNotSchedule" instructs the scheduler not to schedule the pod when constraints are not satisfied.
"ScheduleAnyway" instructs the scheduler to schedule the pod even if constraints are not satisfied.
LabelSelector is used to find matching pods. Pods that match this label selector are counted to determine the number of pods in their corresponding topology domain.
Optional duration in seconds the pod needs to terminate gracefully. May be decreased in delete request. Value must be non-negative integer. The value zero indicates stop immediately via the kill signal (no opportunity to shut down). If this value is nil, the default grace period will be used instead. The grace period is the duration in seconds after the processes running in the pod are sent a termination signal and the time when the processes are forcibly halted with a kill signal. Set this value longer than the expected cleanup time for your process. Defaults to 30 seconds.
activeDeadlineSeconds (int64)
Optional duration in seconds the pod may be active on the node relative to StartTime before the system will actively try to mark it failed and kill associated containers. Value must be a positive integer.
PodReadinessGate contains the reference to a pod condition
readinessGates.conditionType (string), required
ConditionType refers to a condition in the pod's condition list with matching type.
Possible enum values:
"ContainersReady" indicates whether all containers in the pod are ready.
"Initialized" means that all init containers in the pod have started successfully.
"PodScheduled" represents status of the scheduling process for this pod.
"Ready" means the pod is able to service requests and should be added to the load balancing pools of all matching services.
Hostname and Name resolution
hostname (string)
Specifies the hostname of the Pod If not specified, the pod's hostname will be set to a system-defined value.
setHostnameAsFQDN (boolean)
If true the pod's hostname will be configured as the pod's FQDN, rather than the leaf name (the default). In Linux containers, this means setting the FQDN in the hostname field of the kernel (the nodename field of struct utsname). In Windows containers, this means setting the registry value of hostname for the registry key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters to FQDN. If a pod does not have FQDN, this has no effect. Default to false.
subdomain (string)
If specified, the fully qualified Pod hostname will be "<hostname>.<subdomain>.<pod namespace>.svc.<cluster domain>". If not specified, the pod will not have a domainname at all.
hostAliases ([]HostAlias)
Patch strategy: merge on key ip
HostAliases is an optional list of hosts and IPs that will be injected into the pod's hosts file if specified. This is only valid for non-hostNetwork pods.
HostAlias holds the mapping between IP and hostnames that will be injected as an entry in the pod's hosts file.
hostAliases.hostnames ([]string)
Hostnames for the above IP address.
hostAliases.ip (string)
IP address of the host file entry.
dnsConfig (PodDNSConfig)
Specifies the DNS parameters of a pod. Parameters specified here will be merged to the generated DNS configuration based on DNSPolicy.
PodDNSConfig defines the DNS parameters of a pod in addition to those generated from DNSPolicy.
dnsConfig.nameservers ([]string)
A list of DNS name server IP addresses. This will be appended to the base nameservers generated from DNSPolicy. Duplicated nameservers will be removed.
dnsConfig.options ([]PodDNSConfigOption)
A list of DNS resolver options. This will be merged with the base options generated from DNSPolicy. Duplicated entries will be removed. Resolution options given in Options will override those that appear in the base DNSPolicy.
PodDNSConfigOption defines DNS resolver options of a pod.
dnsConfig.options.name (string)
Required.
dnsConfig.options.value (string)
dnsConfig.searches ([]string)
A list of DNS search domains for host-name lookup. This will be appended to the base search paths generated from DNSPolicy. Duplicated search paths will be removed.
dnsPolicy (string)
Set DNS policy for the pod. Defaults to "ClusterFirst". Valid values are 'ClusterFirstWithHostNet', 'ClusterFirst', 'Default' or 'None'. DNS parameters given in DNSConfig will be merged with the policy selected with DNSPolicy. To have DNS options set along with hostNetwork, you have to specify DNS policy explicitly to 'ClusterFirstWithHostNet'.
Possible enum values:
"ClusterFirst" indicates that the pod should use cluster DNS first unless hostNetwork is true, if it is available, then fall back on the default (as determined by kubelet) DNS settings.
"ClusterFirstWithHostNet" indicates that the pod should use cluster DNS first, if it is available, then fall back on the default (as determined by kubelet) DNS settings.
"Default" indicates that the pod should use the default (as determined by kubelet) DNS settings.
"None" indicates that the pod should use empty DNS settings. DNS parameters such as nameservers and search paths should be defined via DNSConfig.
Hosts namespaces
hostNetwork (boolean)
Host networking requested for this pod. Use the host's network namespace. If this option is set, the ports that will be used must be specified. Default to false.
hostPID (boolean)
Use the host's pid namespace. Optional: Default to false.
hostIPC (boolean)
Use the host's ipc namespace. Optional: Default to false.
shareProcessNamespace (boolean)
Share a single process namespace between all of the containers in a pod. When this is set containers will be able to view and signal processes from other containers in the same pod, and the first process in each container will not be assigned PID 1. HostPID and ShareProcessNamespace cannot both be set. Optional: Default to false.
AutomountServiceAccountToken indicates whether a service account token should be automatically mounted.
Security context
securityContext (PodSecurityContext)
SecurityContext holds pod-level security attributes and common container settings. Optional: Defaults to empty. See type description for default values of each field.
PodSecurityContext holds pod-level security attributes and common container settings. Some fields are also present in container.securityContext. Field values of container.securityContext take precedence over field values of PodSecurityContext.
securityContext.runAsUser (int64)
The UID to run the entrypoint of the container process. Defaults to user specified in image metadata if unspecified. May also be set in SecurityContext. If set in both SecurityContext and PodSecurityContext, the value specified in SecurityContext takes precedence for that container. Note that this field cannot be set when spec.os.name is windows.
securityContext.runAsNonRoot (boolean)
Indicates that the container must run as a non-root user. If true, the Kubelet will validate the image at runtime to ensure that it does not run as UID 0 (root) and fail to start the container if it does. If unset or false, no such validation will be performed. May also be set in SecurityContext. If set in both SecurityContext and PodSecurityContext, the value specified in SecurityContext takes precedence.
securityContext.runAsGroup (int64)
The GID to run the entrypoint of the container process. Uses runtime default if unset. May also be set in SecurityContext. If set in both SecurityContext and PodSecurityContext, the value specified in SecurityContext takes precedence for that container. Note that this field cannot be set when spec.os.name is windows.
securityContext.supplementalGroups ([]int64)
A list of groups applied to the first process run in each container, in addition to the container's primary GID. If unspecified, no groups will be added to any container. Note that this field cannot be set when spec.os.name is windows.
securityContext.fsGroup (int64)
A special supplemental group that applies to all containers in a pod. Some volume types allow the Kubelet to change the ownership of that volume to be owned by the pod:
The owning GID will be the FSGroup 2. The setgid bit is set (new files created in the volume will be owned by FSGroup) 3. The permission bits are OR'd with rw-rw----
If unset, the Kubelet will not modify the ownership and permissions of any volume. Note that this field cannot be set when spec.os.name is windows.
securityContext.fsGroupChangePolicy (string)
fsGroupChangePolicy defines behavior of changing ownership and permission of the volume before being exposed inside Pod. This field will only apply to volume types which support fsGroup based ownership(and permissions). It will have no effect on ephemeral volume types such as: secret, configmaps and emptydir. Valid values are "OnRootMismatch" and "Always". If not specified, "Always" is used. Note that this field cannot be set when spec.os.name is windows.
securityContext.seccompProfile (SeccompProfile)
The seccomp options to use by the containers in this pod. Note that this field cannot be set when spec.os.name is windows.
SeccompProfile defines a pod/container's seccomp profile settings. Only one profile source may be set.
type indicates which kind of seccomp profile will be applied. Valid options are:
Localhost - a profile defined in a file on the node should be used. RuntimeDefault - the container runtime default profile should be used. Unconfined - no profile should be applied.
Possible enum values:
"Localhost" indicates a profile defined in a file on the node should be used. The file's location relative to <kubelet-root-dir>/seccomp.
"RuntimeDefault" represents the default container runtime seccomp profile.
"Unconfined" indicates no seccomp profile is applied (A.K.A. unconfined).
localhostProfile indicates a profile defined in a file on the node should be used. The profile must be preconfigured on the node to work. Must be a descending path, relative to the kubelet's configured seccomp profile location. Must only be set if type is "Localhost".
securityContext.seLinuxOptions (SELinuxOptions)
The SELinux context to be applied to all containers. If unspecified, the container runtime will allocate a random SELinux context for each container. May also be set in SecurityContext. If set in both SecurityContext and PodSecurityContext, the value specified in SecurityContext takes precedence for that container. Note that this field cannot be set when spec.os.name is windows.
SELinuxOptions are the labels to be applied to the container
securityContext.seLinuxOptions.level (string)
Level is SELinux level label that applies to the container.
securityContext.seLinuxOptions.role (string)
Role is a SELinux role label that applies to the container.
securityContext.seLinuxOptions.type (string)
Type is a SELinux type label that applies to the container.
securityContext.seLinuxOptions.user (string)
User is a SELinux user label that applies to the container.
securityContext.sysctls ([]Sysctl)
Sysctls hold a list of namespaced sysctls used for the pod. Pods with unsupported sysctls (by the container runtime) might fail to launch. Note that this field cannot be set when spec.os.name is windows.
The Windows specific settings applied to all containers. If unspecified, the options within a container's SecurityContext will be used. If set in both SecurityContext and PodSecurityContext, the value specified in SecurityContext takes precedence. Note that this field cannot be set when spec.os.name is linux.
WindowsSecurityContextOptions contain Windows-specific options and credentials.
GMSACredentialSpec is where the GMSA admission webhook (https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/windows-gmsa) inlines the contents of the GMSA credential spec named by the GMSACredentialSpecName field.
HostProcess determines if a container should be run as a 'Host Process' container. This field is alpha-level and will only be honored by components that enable the WindowsHostProcessContainers feature flag. Setting this field without the feature flag will result in errors when validating the Pod. All of a Pod's containers must have the same effective HostProcess value (it is not allowed to have a mix of HostProcess containers and non-HostProcess containers). In addition, if HostProcess is true then HostNetwork must also be set to true.
The UserName in Windows to run the entrypoint of the container process. Defaults to the user specified in image metadata if unspecified. May also be set in PodSecurityContext. If set in both SecurityContext and PodSecurityContext, the value specified in SecurityContext takes precedence.
List of ephemeral containers run in this pod. Ephemeral containers may be run in an existing pod to perform user-initiated actions such as debugging. This list cannot be specified when creating a pod, and it cannot be modified by updating the pod spec. In order to add an ephemeral container to an existing pod, use the pod's ephemeralcontainers subresource. This field is beta-level and available on clusters that haven't disabled the EphemeralContainers feature gate.
preemptionPolicy (string)
PreemptionPolicy is the Policy for preempting pods with lower priority. One of Never, PreemptLowerPriority. Defaults to PreemptLowerPriority if unset. This field is beta-level, gated by the NonPreemptingPriority feature-gate.
Overhead represents the resource overhead associated with running a pod for a given RuntimeClass. This field will be autopopulated at admission time by the RuntimeClass admission controller. If the RuntimeClass admission controller is enabled, overhead must not be set in Pod create requests. The RuntimeClass admission controller will reject Pod create requests which have the overhead already set. If RuntimeClass is configured and selected in the PodSpec, Overhead will be set to the value defined in the corresponding RuntimeClass, otherwise it will remain unset and treated as zero. More info: https://git.k8s.io/enhancements/keps/sig-node/688-pod-overhead/README.md This field is beta-level as of Kubernetes v1.18, and is only honored by servers that enable the PodOverhead feature.
Deprecated
serviceAccount (string)
DeprecatedServiceAccount is a depreciated alias for ServiceAccountName. Deprecated: Use serviceAccountName instead.
Container
A single application container that you want to run within a pod.
name (string), required
Name of the container specified as a DNS_LABEL. Each container in a pod must have a unique name (DNS_LABEL). Cannot be updated.
Image
image (string)
Docker image name. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/containers/images This field is optional to allow higher level config management to default or override container images in workload controllers like Deployments and StatefulSets.
"Always" means that kubelet always attempts to pull the latest image. Container will fail If the pull fails.
"IfNotPresent" means that kubelet pulls if the image isn't present on disk. Container will fail if the image isn't present and the pull fails.
"Never" means that kubelet never pulls an image, but only uses a local image. Container will fail if the image isn't present
Entrypoint
command ([]string)
Entrypoint array. Not executed within a shell. The docker image's ENTRYPOINT is used if this is not provided. Variable references $(VAR_NAME) are expanded using the container's environment. If a variable cannot be resolved, the reference in the input string will be unchanged. Double $$ are reduced to a single $, which allows for escaping the $(VAR_NAME) syntax: i.e. "$$(VAR_NAME)" will produce the string literal "$(VAR_NAME)". Escaped references will never be expanded, regardless of whether the variable exists or not. Cannot be updated. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/inject-data-application/define-command-argument-container/#running-a-command-in-a-shell
args ([]string)
Arguments to the entrypoint. The docker image's CMD is used if this is not provided. Variable references $(VAR_NAME) are expanded using the container's environment. If a variable cannot be resolved, the reference in the input string will be unchanged. Double $$ are reduced to a single $, which allows for escaping the $(VAR_NAME) syntax: i.e. "$$(VAR_NAME)" will produce the string literal "$(VAR_NAME)". Escaped references will never be expanded, regardless of whether the variable exists or not. Cannot be updated. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/inject-data-application/define-command-argument-container/#running-a-command-in-a-shell
workingDir (string)
Container's working directory. If not specified, the container runtime's default will be used, which might be configured in the container image. Cannot be updated.
Ports
ports ([]ContainerPort)
Patch strategy: merge on key containerPort
Map: unique values on keys containerPort, protocol will be kept during a merge
List of ports to expose from the container. Exposing a port here gives the system additional information about the network connections a container uses, but is primarily informational. Not specifying a port here DOES NOT prevent that port from being exposed. Any port which is listening on the default "0.0.0.0" address inside a container will be accessible from the network. Cannot be updated.
ContainerPort represents a network port in a single container.
ports.containerPort (int32), required
Number of port to expose on the pod's IP address. This must be a valid port number, 0 < x < 65536.
ports.hostIP (string)
What host IP to bind the external port to.
ports.hostPort (int32)
Number of port to expose on the host. If specified, this must be a valid port number, 0 < x < 65536. If HostNetwork is specified, this must match ContainerPort. Most containers do not need this.
ports.name (string)
If specified, this must be an IANA_SVC_NAME and unique within the pod. Each named port in a pod must have a unique name. Name for the port that can be referred to by services.
ports.protocol (string)
Protocol for port. Must be UDP, TCP, or SCTP. Defaults to "TCP".
Possible enum values:
"SCTP" is the SCTP protocol.
"TCP" is the TCP protocol.
"UDP" is the UDP protocol.
Environment variables
env ([]EnvVar)
Patch strategy: merge on key name
List of environment variables to set in the container. Cannot be updated.
EnvVar represents an environment variable present in a Container.
env.name (string), required
Name of the environment variable. Must be a C_IDENTIFIER.
env.value (string)
Variable references $(VAR_NAME) are expanded using the previously defined environment variables in the container and any service environment variables. If a variable cannot be resolved, the reference in the input string will be unchanged. Double $$ are reduced to a single $, which allows for escaping the $(VAR_NAME) syntax: i.e. "$$(VAR_NAME)" will produce the string literal "$(VAR_NAME)". Escaped references will never be expanded, regardless of whether the variable exists or not. Defaults to "".
env.valueFrom (EnvVarSource)
Source for the environment variable's value. Cannot be used if value is not empty.
EnvVarSource represents a source for the value of an EnvVar.
Selects a field of the pod: supports metadata.name, metadata.namespace, metadata.labels['\<KEY>'], metadata.annotations['\<KEY>'], spec.nodeName, spec.serviceAccountName, status.hostIP, status.podIP, status.podIPs.
Selects a resource of the container: only resources limits and requests (limits.cpu, limits.memory, limits.ephemeral-storage, requests.cpu, requests.memory and requests.ephemeral-storage) are currently supported.
env.valueFrom.secretKeyRef (SecretKeySelector)
Selects a key of a secret in the pod's namespace
SecretKeySelector selects a key of a Secret.
env.valueFrom.secretKeyRef.key (string), required
The key of the secret to select from. Must be a valid secret key.
Specify whether the Secret or its key must be defined
envFrom ([]EnvFromSource)
List of sources to populate environment variables in the container. The keys defined within a source must be a C_IDENTIFIER. All invalid keys will be reported as an event when the container is starting. When a key exists in multiple sources, the value associated with the last source will take precedence. Values defined by an Env with a duplicate key will take precedence. Cannot be updated.
EnvFromSource represents the source of a set of ConfigMaps
envFrom.configMapRef (ConfigMapEnvSource)
The ConfigMap to select from
*ConfigMapEnvSource selects a ConfigMap to populate the environment variables with.
The contents of the target ConfigMap's Data field will represent the key-value pairs as environment variables.*
Pod volumes to mount into the container's filesystem. Cannot be updated.
VolumeMount describes a mounting of a Volume within a container.
volumeMounts.mountPath (string), required
Path within the container at which the volume should be mounted. Must not contain ':'.
volumeMounts.name (string), required
This must match the Name of a Volume.
volumeMounts.mountPropagation (string)
mountPropagation determines how mounts are propagated from the host to container and the other way around. When not set, MountPropagationNone is used. This field is beta in 1.10.
volumeMounts.readOnly (boolean)
Mounted read-only if true, read-write otherwise (false or unspecified). Defaults to false.
volumeMounts.subPath (string)
Path within the volume from which the container's volume should be mounted. Defaults to "" (volume's root).
volumeMounts.subPathExpr (string)
Expanded path within the volume from which the container's volume should be mounted. Behaves similarly to SubPath but environment variable references $(VAR_NAME) are expanded using the container's environment. Defaults to "" (volume's root). SubPathExpr and SubPath are mutually exclusive.
volumeDevices ([]VolumeDevice)
Patch strategy: merge on key devicePath
volumeDevices is the list of block devices to be used by the container.
volumeDevice describes a mapping of a raw block device within a container.
volumeDevices.devicePath (string), required
devicePath is the path inside of the container that the device will be mapped to.
volumeDevices.name (string), required
name must match the name of a persistentVolumeClaim in the pod
Actions that the management system should take in response to container lifecycle events. Cannot be updated.
Lifecycle describes actions that the management system should take in response to container lifecycle events. For the PostStart and PreStop lifecycle handlers, management of the container blocks until the action is complete, unless the container process fails, in which case the handler is aborted.
PreStop is called immediately before a container is terminated due to an API request or management event such as liveness/startup probe failure, preemption, resource contention, etc. The handler is not called if the container crashes or exits. The Pod's termination grace period countdown begins before the PreStop hook is executed. Regardless of the outcome of the handler, the container will eventually terminate within the Pod's termination grace period (unless delayed by finalizers). Other management of the container blocks until the hook completes or until the termination grace period is reached. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/containers/container-lifecycle-hooks/#container-hooks
terminationMessagePath (string)
Optional: Path at which the file to which the container's termination message will be written is mounted into the container's filesystem. Message written is intended to be brief final status, such as an assertion failure message. Will be truncated by the node if greater than 4096 bytes. The total message length across all containers will be limited to 12kb. Defaults to /dev/termination-log. Cannot be updated.
terminationMessagePolicy (string)
Indicate how the termination message should be populated. File will use the contents of terminationMessagePath to populate the container status message on both success and failure. FallbackToLogsOnError will use the last chunk of container log output if the termination message file is empty and the container exited with an error. The log output is limited to 2048 bytes or 80 lines, whichever is smaller. Defaults to File. Cannot be updated.
Possible enum values:
"FallbackToLogsOnError" will read the most recent contents of the container logs for the container status message when the container exits with an error and the terminationMessagePath has no contents.
"File" is the default behavior and will set the container status message to the contents of the container's terminationMessagePath when the container exits.
StartupProbe indicates that the Pod has successfully initialized. If specified, no other probes are executed until this completes successfully. If this probe fails, the Pod will be restarted, just as if the livenessProbe failed. This can be used to provide different probe parameters at the beginning of a Pod's lifecycle, when it might take a long time to load data or warm a cache, than during steady-state operation. This cannot be updated. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod-lifecycle#container-probes
SecurityContext holds security configuration that will be applied to a container. Some fields are present in both SecurityContext and PodSecurityContext. When both are set, the values in SecurityContext take precedence.
securityContext.runAsUser (int64)
The UID to run the entrypoint of the container process. Defaults to user specified in image metadata if unspecified. May also be set in PodSecurityContext. If set in both SecurityContext and PodSecurityContext, the value specified in SecurityContext takes precedence. Note that this field cannot be set when spec.os.name is windows.
securityContext.runAsNonRoot (boolean)
Indicates that the container must run as a non-root user. If true, the Kubelet will validate the image at runtime to ensure that it does not run as UID 0 (root) and fail to start the container if it does. If unset or false, no such validation will be performed. May also be set in PodSecurityContext. If set in both SecurityContext and PodSecurityContext, the value specified in SecurityContext takes precedence.
securityContext.runAsGroup (int64)
The GID to run the entrypoint of the container process. Uses runtime default if unset. May also be set in PodSecurityContext. If set in both SecurityContext and PodSecurityContext, the value specified in SecurityContext takes precedence. Note that this field cannot be set when spec.os.name is windows.
securityContext.readOnlyRootFilesystem (boolean)
Whether this container has a read-only root filesystem. Default is false. Note that this field cannot be set when spec.os.name is windows.
securityContext.procMount (string)
procMount denotes the type of proc mount to use for the containers. The default is DefaultProcMount which uses the container runtime defaults for readonly paths and masked paths. This requires the ProcMountType feature flag to be enabled. Note that this field cannot be set when spec.os.name is windows.
securityContext.privileged (boolean)
Run container in privileged mode. Processes in privileged containers are essentially equivalent to root on the host. Defaults to false. Note that this field cannot be set when spec.os.name is windows.
AllowPrivilegeEscalation controls whether a process can gain more privileges than its parent process. This bool directly controls if the no_new_privs flag will be set on the container process. AllowPrivilegeEscalation is true always when the container is: 1) run as Privileged 2) has CAP_SYS_ADMIN Note that this field cannot be set when spec.os.name is windows.
securityContext.capabilities (Capabilities)
The capabilities to add/drop when running containers. Defaults to the default set of capabilities granted by the container runtime. Note that this field cannot be set when spec.os.name is windows.
Adds and removes POSIX capabilities from running containers.
securityContext.capabilities.add ([]string)
Added capabilities
securityContext.capabilities.drop ([]string)
Removed capabilities
securityContext.seccompProfile (SeccompProfile)
The seccomp options to use by this container. If seccomp options are provided at both the pod & container level, the container options override the pod options. Note that this field cannot be set when spec.os.name is windows.
SeccompProfile defines a pod/container's seccomp profile settings. Only one profile source may be set.
type indicates which kind of seccomp profile will be applied. Valid options are:
Localhost - a profile defined in a file on the node should be used. RuntimeDefault - the container runtime default profile should be used. Unconfined - no profile should be applied.
Possible enum values:
"Localhost" indicates a profile defined in a file on the node should be used. The file's location relative to <kubelet-root-dir>/seccomp.
"RuntimeDefault" represents the default container runtime seccomp profile.
"Unconfined" indicates no seccomp profile is applied (A.K.A. unconfined).
localhostProfile indicates a profile defined in a file on the node should be used. The profile must be preconfigured on the node to work. Must be a descending path, relative to the kubelet's configured seccomp profile location. Must only be set if type is "Localhost".
securityContext.seLinuxOptions (SELinuxOptions)
The SELinux context to be applied to the container. If unspecified, the container runtime will allocate a random SELinux context for each container. May also be set in PodSecurityContext. If set in both SecurityContext and PodSecurityContext, the value specified in SecurityContext takes precedence. Note that this field cannot be set when spec.os.name is windows.
SELinuxOptions are the labels to be applied to the container
securityContext.seLinuxOptions.level (string)
Level is SELinux level label that applies to the container.
securityContext.seLinuxOptions.role (string)
Role is a SELinux role label that applies to the container.
securityContext.seLinuxOptions.type (string)
Type is a SELinux type label that applies to the container.
securityContext.seLinuxOptions.user (string)
User is a SELinux user label that applies to the container.
The Windows specific settings applied to all containers. If unspecified, the options from the PodSecurityContext will be used. If set in both SecurityContext and PodSecurityContext, the value specified in SecurityContext takes precedence. Note that this field cannot be set when spec.os.name is linux.
WindowsSecurityContextOptions contain Windows-specific options and credentials.
GMSACredentialSpec is where the GMSA admission webhook (https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/windows-gmsa) inlines the contents of the GMSA credential spec named by the GMSACredentialSpecName field.
HostProcess determines if a container should be run as a 'Host Process' container. This field is alpha-level and will only be honored by components that enable the WindowsHostProcessContainers feature flag. Setting this field without the feature flag will result in errors when validating the Pod. All of a Pod's containers must have the same effective HostProcess value (it is not allowed to have a mix of HostProcess containers and non-HostProcess containers). In addition, if HostProcess is true then HostNetwork must also be set to true.
The UserName in Windows to run the entrypoint of the container process. Defaults to the user specified in image metadata if unspecified. May also be set in PodSecurityContext. If set in both SecurityContext and PodSecurityContext, the value specified in SecurityContext takes precedence.
Debugging
stdin (boolean)
Whether this container should allocate a buffer for stdin in the container runtime. If this is not set, reads from stdin in the container will always result in EOF. Default is false.
stdinOnce (boolean)
Whether the container runtime should close the stdin channel after it has been opened by a single attach. When stdin is true the stdin stream will remain open across multiple attach sessions. If stdinOnce is set to true, stdin is opened on container start, is empty until the first client attaches to stdin, and then remains open and accepts data until the client disconnects, at which time stdin is closed and remains closed until the container is restarted. If this flag is false, a container processes that reads from stdin will never receive an EOF. Default is false
tty (boolean)
Whether this container should allocate a TTY for itself, also requires 'stdin' to be true. Default is false.
EphemeralContainer
An EphemeralContainer is a temporary container that you may add to an existing Pod for user-initiated activities such as debugging. Ephemeral containers have no resource or scheduling guarantees, and they will not be restarted when they exit or when a Pod is removed or restarted. The kubelet may evict a Pod if an ephemeral container causes the Pod to exceed its resource allocation.
To add an ephemeral container, use the ephemeralcontainers subresource of an existing Pod. Ephemeral containers may not be removed or restarted.
This is a beta feature available on clusters that haven't disabled the EphemeralContainers feature gate.
name (string), required
Name of the ephemeral container specified as a DNS_LABEL. This name must be unique among all containers, init containers and ephemeral containers.
targetContainerName (string)
If set, the name of the container from PodSpec that this ephemeral container targets. The ephemeral container will be run in the namespaces (IPC, PID, etc) of this container. If not set then the ephemeral container uses the namespaces configured in the Pod spec.
The container runtime must implement support for this feature. If the runtime does not support namespace targeting then the result of setting this field is undefined.
"Always" means that kubelet always attempts to pull the latest image. Container will fail If the pull fails.
"IfNotPresent" means that kubelet pulls if the image isn't present on disk. Container will fail if the image isn't present and the pull fails.
"Never" means that kubelet never pulls an image, but only uses a local image. Container will fail if the image isn't present
Entrypoint
command ([]string)
Entrypoint array. Not executed within a shell. The docker image's ENTRYPOINT is used if this is not provided. Variable references $(VAR_NAME) are expanded using the container's environment. If a variable cannot be resolved, the reference in the input string will be unchanged. Double $$ are reduced to a single $, which allows for escaping the $(VAR_NAME) syntax: i.e. "$$(VAR_NAME)" will produce the string literal "$(VAR_NAME)". Escaped references will never be expanded, regardless of whether the variable exists or not. Cannot be updated. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/inject-data-application/define-command-argument-container/#running-a-command-in-a-shell
args ([]string)
Arguments to the entrypoint. The docker image's CMD is used if this is not provided. Variable references $(VAR_NAME) are expanded using the container's environment. If a variable cannot be resolved, the reference in the input string will be unchanged. Double $$ are reduced to a single $, which allows for escaping the $(VAR_NAME) syntax: i.e. "$$(VAR_NAME)" will produce the string literal "$(VAR_NAME)". Escaped references will never be expanded, regardless of whether the variable exists or not. Cannot be updated. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/inject-data-application/define-command-argument-container/#running-a-command-in-a-shell
workingDir (string)
Container's working directory. If not specified, the container runtime's default will be used, which might be configured in the container image. Cannot be updated.
Environment variables
env ([]EnvVar)
Patch strategy: merge on key name
List of environment variables to set in the container. Cannot be updated.
EnvVar represents an environment variable present in a Container.
env.name (string), required
Name of the environment variable. Must be a C_IDENTIFIER.
env.value (string)
Variable references $(VAR_NAME) are expanded using the previously defined environment variables in the container and any service environment variables. If a variable cannot be resolved, the reference in the input string will be unchanged. Double $$ are reduced to a single $, which allows for escaping the $(VAR_NAME) syntax: i.e. "$$(VAR_NAME)" will produce the string literal "$(VAR_NAME)". Escaped references will never be expanded, regardless of whether the variable exists or not. Defaults to "".
env.valueFrom (EnvVarSource)
Source for the environment variable's value. Cannot be used if value is not empty.
EnvVarSource represents a source for the value of an EnvVar.
Selects a field of the pod: supports metadata.name, metadata.namespace, metadata.labels['\<KEY>'], metadata.annotations['\<KEY>'], spec.nodeName, spec.serviceAccountName, status.hostIP, status.podIP, status.podIPs.
Selects a resource of the container: only resources limits and requests (limits.cpu, limits.memory, limits.ephemeral-storage, requests.cpu, requests.memory and requests.ephemeral-storage) are currently supported.
env.valueFrom.secretKeyRef (SecretKeySelector)
Selects a key of a secret in the pod's namespace
SecretKeySelector selects a key of a Secret.
env.valueFrom.secretKeyRef.key (string), required
The key of the secret to select from. Must be a valid secret key.
Specify whether the Secret or its key must be defined
envFrom ([]EnvFromSource)
List of sources to populate environment variables in the container. The keys defined within a source must be a C_IDENTIFIER. All invalid keys will be reported as an event when the container is starting. When a key exists in multiple sources, the value associated with the last source will take precedence. Values defined by an Env with a duplicate key will take precedence. Cannot be updated.
EnvFromSource represents the source of a set of ConfigMaps
envFrom.configMapRef (ConfigMapEnvSource)
The ConfigMap to select from
*ConfigMapEnvSource selects a ConfigMap to populate the environment variables with.
The contents of the target ConfigMap's Data field will represent the key-value pairs as environment variables.*
Pod volumes to mount into the container's filesystem. Subpath mounts are not allowed for ephemeral containers. Cannot be updated.
VolumeMount describes a mounting of a Volume within a container.
volumeMounts.mountPath (string), required
Path within the container at which the volume should be mounted. Must not contain ':'.
volumeMounts.name (string), required
This must match the Name of a Volume.
volumeMounts.mountPropagation (string)
mountPropagation determines how mounts are propagated from the host to container and the other way around. When not set, MountPropagationNone is used. This field is beta in 1.10.
volumeMounts.readOnly (boolean)
Mounted read-only if true, read-write otherwise (false or unspecified). Defaults to false.
volumeMounts.subPath (string)
Path within the volume from which the container's volume should be mounted. Defaults to "" (volume's root).
volumeMounts.subPathExpr (string)
Expanded path within the volume from which the container's volume should be mounted. Behaves similarly to SubPath but environment variable references $(VAR_NAME) are expanded using the container's environment. Defaults to "" (volume's root). SubPathExpr and SubPath are mutually exclusive.
volumeDevices ([]VolumeDevice)
Patch strategy: merge on key devicePath
volumeDevices is the list of block devices to be used by the container.
volumeDevice describes a mapping of a raw block device within a container.
volumeDevices.devicePath (string), required
devicePath is the path inside of the container that the device will be mapped to.
volumeDevices.name (string), required
name must match the name of a persistentVolumeClaim in the pod
Lifecycle
terminationMessagePath (string)
Optional: Path at which the file to which the container's termination message will be written is mounted into the container's filesystem. Message written is intended to be brief final status, such as an assertion failure message. Will be truncated by the node if greater than 4096 bytes. The total message length across all containers will be limited to 12kb. Defaults to /dev/termination-log. Cannot be updated.
terminationMessagePolicy (string)
Indicate how the termination message should be populated. File will use the contents of terminationMessagePath to populate the container status message on both success and failure. FallbackToLogsOnError will use the last chunk of container log output if the termination message file is empty and the container exited with an error. The log output is limited to 2048 bytes or 80 lines, whichever is smaller. Defaults to File. Cannot be updated.
Possible enum values:
"FallbackToLogsOnError" will read the most recent contents of the container logs for the container status message when the container exits with an error and the terminationMessagePath has no contents.
"File" is the default behavior and will set the container status message to the contents of the container's terminationMessagePath when the container exits.
Debugging
stdin (boolean)
Whether this container should allocate a buffer for stdin in the container runtime. If this is not set, reads from stdin in the container will always result in EOF. Default is false.
stdinOnce (boolean)
Whether the container runtime should close the stdin channel after it has been opened by a single attach. When stdin is true the stdin stream will remain open across multiple attach sessions. If stdinOnce is set to true, stdin is opened on container start, is empty until the first client attaches to stdin, and then remains open and accepts data until the client disconnects, at which time stdin is closed and remains closed until the container is restarted. If this flag is false, a container processes that reads from stdin will never receive an EOF. Default is false
tty (boolean)
Whether this container should allocate a TTY for itself, also requires 'stdin' to be true. Default is false.
Security context
securityContext (SecurityContext)
Optional: SecurityContext defines the security options the ephemeral container should be run with. If set, the fields of SecurityContext override the equivalent fields of PodSecurityContext.
SecurityContext holds security configuration that will be applied to a container. Some fields are present in both SecurityContext and PodSecurityContext. When both are set, the values in SecurityContext take precedence.
securityContext.runAsUser (int64)
The UID to run the entrypoint of the container process. Defaults to user specified in image metadata if unspecified. May also be set in PodSecurityContext. If set in both SecurityContext and PodSecurityContext, the value specified in SecurityContext takes precedence. Note that this field cannot be set when spec.os.name is windows.
securityContext.runAsNonRoot (boolean)
Indicates that the container must run as a non-root user. If true, the Kubelet will validate the image at runtime to ensure that it does not run as UID 0 (root) and fail to start the container if it does. If unset or false, no such validation will be performed. May also be set in PodSecurityContext. If set in both SecurityContext and PodSecurityContext, the value specified in SecurityContext takes precedence.
securityContext.runAsGroup (int64)
The GID to run the entrypoint of the container process. Uses runtime default if unset. May also be set in PodSecurityContext. If set in both SecurityContext and PodSecurityContext, the value specified in SecurityContext takes precedence. Note that this field cannot be set when spec.os.name is windows.
securityContext.readOnlyRootFilesystem (boolean)
Whether this container has a read-only root filesystem. Default is false. Note that this field cannot be set when spec.os.name is windows.
securityContext.procMount (string)
procMount denotes the type of proc mount to use for the containers. The default is DefaultProcMount which uses the container runtime defaults for readonly paths and masked paths. This requires the ProcMountType feature flag to be enabled. Note that this field cannot be set when spec.os.name is windows.
securityContext.privileged (boolean)
Run container in privileged mode. Processes in privileged containers are essentially equivalent to root on the host. Defaults to false. Note that this field cannot be set when spec.os.name is windows.
AllowPrivilegeEscalation controls whether a process can gain more privileges than its parent process. This bool directly controls if the no_new_privs flag will be set on the container process. AllowPrivilegeEscalation is true always when the container is: 1) run as Privileged 2) has CAP_SYS_ADMIN Note that this field cannot be set when spec.os.name is windows.
securityContext.capabilities (Capabilities)
The capabilities to add/drop when running containers. Defaults to the default set of capabilities granted by the container runtime. Note that this field cannot be set when spec.os.name is windows.
Adds and removes POSIX capabilities from running containers.
securityContext.capabilities.add ([]string)
Added capabilities
securityContext.capabilities.drop ([]string)
Removed capabilities
securityContext.seccompProfile (SeccompProfile)
The seccomp options to use by this container. If seccomp options are provided at both the pod & container level, the container options override the pod options. Note that this field cannot be set when spec.os.name is windows.
SeccompProfile defines a pod/container's seccomp profile settings. Only one profile source may be set.
type indicates which kind of seccomp profile will be applied. Valid options are:
Localhost - a profile defined in a file on the node should be used. RuntimeDefault - the container runtime default profile should be used. Unconfined - no profile should be applied.
Possible enum values:
"Localhost" indicates a profile defined in a file on the node should be used. The file's location relative to <kubelet-root-dir>/seccomp.
"RuntimeDefault" represents the default container runtime seccomp profile.
"Unconfined" indicates no seccomp profile is applied (A.K.A. unconfined).
localhostProfile indicates a profile defined in a file on the node should be used. The profile must be preconfigured on the node to work. Must be a descending path, relative to the kubelet's configured seccomp profile location. Must only be set if type is "Localhost".
securityContext.seLinuxOptions (SELinuxOptions)
The SELinux context to be applied to the container. If unspecified, the container runtime will allocate a random SELinux context for each container. May also be set in PodSecurityContext. If set in both SecurityContext and PodSecurityContext, the value specified in SecurityContext takes precedence. Note that this field cannot be set when spec.os.name is windows.
SELinuxOptions are the labels to be applied to the container
securityContext.seLinuxOptions.level (string)
Level is SELinux level label that applies to the container.
securityContext.seLinuxOptions.role (string)
Role is a SELinux role label that applies to the container.
securityContext.seLinuxOptions.type (string)
Type is a SELinux type label that applies to the container.
securityContext.seLinuxOptions.user (string)
User is a SELinux user label that applies to the container.
The Windows specific settings applied to all containers. If unspecified, the options from the PodSecurityContext will be used. If set in both SecurityContext and PodSecurityContext, the value specified in SecurityContext takes precedence. Note that this field cannot be set when spec.os.name is linux.
WindowsSecurityContextOptions contain Windows-specific options and credentials.
GMSACredentialSpec is where the GMSA admission webhook (https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/windows-gmsa) inlines the contents of the GMSA credential spec named by the GMSACredentialSpecName field.
HostProcess determines if a container should be run as a 'Host Process' container. This field is alpha-level and will only be honored by components that enable the WindowsHostProcessContainers feature flag. Setting this field without the feature flag will result in errors when validating the Pod. All of a Pod's containers must have the same effective HostProcess value (it is not allowed to have a mix of HostProcess containers and non-HostProcess containers). In addition, if HostProcess is true then HostNetwork must also be set to true.
The UserName in Windows to run the entrypoint of the container process. Defaults to the user specified in image metadata if unspecified. May also be set in PodSecurityContext. If set in both SecurityContext and PodSecurityContext, the value specified in SecurityContext takes precedence.
Not allowed
ports ([]ContainerPort)
Patch strategy: merge on key containerPort
Map: unique values on keys containerPort, protocol will be kept during a merge
Ports are not allowed for ephemeral containers.
ContainerPort represents a network port in a single container.
ports.containerPort (int32), required
Number of port to expose on the pod's IP address. This must be a valid port number, 0 < x < 65536.
ports.hostIP (string)
What host IP to bind the external port to.
ports.hostPort (int32)
Number of port to expose on the host. If specified, this must be a valid port number, 0 < x < 65536. If HostNetwork is specified, this must match ContainerPort. Most containers do not need this.
ports.name (string)
If specified, this must be an IANA_SVC_NAME and unique within the pod. Each named port in a pod must have a unique name. Name for the port that can be referred to by services.
ports.protocol (string)
Protocol for port. Must be UDP, TCP, or SCTP. Defaults to "TCP".
Possible enum values:
"SCTP" is the SCTP protocol.
"TCP" is the TCP protocol.
"UDP" is the UDP protocol.
resources (ResourceRequirements)
Resources are not allowed for ephemeral containers. Ephemeral containers use spare resources already allocated to the pod.
ResourceRequirements describes the compute resource requirements.
Lifecycle is not allowed for ephemeral containers.
Lifecycle describes actions that the management system should take in response to container lifecycle events. For the PostStart and PreStop lifecycle handlers, management of the container blocks until the action is complete, unless the container process fails, in which case the handler is aborted.
PreStop is called immediately before a container is terminated due to an API request or management event such as liveness/startup probe failure, preemption, resource contention, etc. The handler is not called if the container crashes or exits. The Pod's termination grace period countdown begins before the PreStop hook is executed. Regardless of the outcome of the handler, the container will eventually terminate within the Pod's termination grace period (unless delayed by finalizers). Other management of the container blocks until the hook completes or until the termination grace period is reached. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/containers/container-lifecycle-hooks/#container-hooks
LifecycleHandler defines a specific action that should be taken in a lifecycle hook. One and only one of the fields, except TCPSocket must be specified.
exec (ExecAction)
Exec specifies the action to take.
ExecAction describes a "run in container" action.
exec.command ([]string)
Command is the command line to execute inside the container, the working directory for the command is root ('/') in the container's filesystem. The command is simply exec'd, it is not run inside a shell, so traditional shell instructions ('|', etc) won't work. To use a shell, you need to explicitly call out to that shell. Exit status of 0 is treated as live/healthy and non-zero is unhealthy.
httpGet (HTTPGetAction)
HTTPGet specifies the http request to perform.
HTTPGetAction describes an action based on HTTP Get requests.
httpGet.port (IntOrString), required
Name or number of the port to access on the container. Number must be in the range 1 to 65535. Name must be an IANA_SVC_NAME.
IntOrString is a type that can hold an int32 or a string. When used in JSON or YAML marshalling and unmarshalling, it produces or consumes the inner type. This allows you to have, for example, a JSON field that can accept a name or number.
httpGet.host (string)
Host name to connect to, defaults to the pod IP. You probably want to set "Host" in httpHeaders instead.
httpGet.httpHeaders ([]HTTPHeader)
Custom headers to set in the request. HTTP allows repeated headers.
HTTPHeader describes a custom header to be used in HTTP probes
httpGet.httpHeaders.name (string), required
The header field name
httpGet.httpHeaders.value (string), required
The header field value
httpGet.path (string)
Path to access on the HTTP server.
httpGet.scheme (string)
Scheme to use for connecting to the host. Defaults to HTTP.
Possible enum values:
"HTTP" means that the scheme used will be http://
"HTTPS" means that the scheme used will be https://
tcpSocket (TCPSocketAction)
Deprecated. TCPSocket is NOT supported as a LifecycleHandler and kept for the backward compatibility. There are no validation of this field and lifecycle hooks will fail in runtime when tcp handler is specified.
TCPSocketAction describes an action based on opening a socket
tcpSocket.port (IntOrString), required
Number or name of the port to access on the container. Number must be in the range 1 to 65535. Name must be an IANA_SVC_NAME.
IntOrString is a type that can hold an int32 or a string. When used in JSON or YAML marshalling and unmarshalling, it produces or consumes the inner type. This allows you to have, for example, a JSON field that can accept a name or number.
tcpSocket.host (string)
Optional: Host name to connect to, defaults to the pod IP.
NodeAffinity
Node affinity is a group of node affinity scheduling rules.
The scheduler will prefer to schedule pods to nodes that satisfy the affinity expressions specified by this field, but it may choose a node that violates one or more of the expressions. The node that is most preferred is the one with the greatest sum of weights, i.e. for each node that meets all of the scheduling requirements (resource request, requiredDuringScheduling affinity expressions, etc.), compute a sum by iterating through the elements of this field and adding "weight" to the sum if the node matches the corresponding matchExpressions; the node(s) with the highest sum are the most preferred.
An empty preferred scheduling term matches all objects with implicit weight 0 (i.e. it's a no-op). A null preferred scheduling term matches no objects (i.e. is also a no-op).
A node selector term, associated with the corresponding weight.
A null or empty node selector term matches no objects. The requirements of them are ANDed. The TopologySelectorTerm type implements a subset of the NodeSelectorTerm.
If the affinity requirements specified by this field are not met at scheduling time, the pod will not be scheduled onto the node. If the affinity requirements specified by this field cease to be met at some point during pod execution (e.g. due to an update), the system may or may not try to eventually evict the pod from its node.
A node selector represents the union of the results of one or more label queries over a set of nodes; that is, it represents the OR of the selectors represented by the node selector terms.
Required. A list of node selector terms. The terms are ORed.
A null or empty node selector term matches no objects. The requirements of them are ANDed. The TopologySelectorTerm type implements a subset of the NodeSelectorTerm.
The scheduler will prefer to schedule pods to nodes that satisfy the affinity expressions specified by this field, but it may choose a node that violates one or more of the expressions. The node that is most preferred is the one with the greatest sum of weights, i.e. for each node that meets all of the scheduling requirements (resource request, requiredDuringScheduling affinity expressions, etc.), compute a sum by iterating through the elements of this field and adding "weight" to the sum if the node has pods which matches the corresponding podAffinityTerm; the node(s) with the highest sum are the most preferred.
The weights of all of the matched WeightedPodAffinityTerm fields are added per-node to find the most preferred node(s)
Required. A pod affinity term, associated with the corresponding weight.
Defines a set of pods (namely those matching the labelSelector relative to the given namespace(s)) that this pod should be co-located (affinity) or not co-located (anti-affinity) with, where co-located is defined as running on a node whose value of the label with key matches that of any node on which a pod of the set of pods is running
This pod should be co-located (affinity) or not co-located (anti-affinity) with the pods matching the labelSelector in the specified namespaces, where co-located is defined as running on a node whose value of the label with key topologyKey matches that of any node on which any of the selected pods is running. Empty topologyKey is not allowed.
A label query over the set of namespaces that the term applies to. The term is applied to the union of the namespaces selected by this field and the ones listed in the namespaces field. null selector and null or empty namespaces list means "this pod's namespace". An empty selector ({}) matches all namespaces. This field is beta-level and is only honored when PodAffinityNamespaceSelector feature is enabled.
namespaces specifies a static list of namespace names that the term applies to. The term is applied to the union of the namespaces listed in this field and the ones selected by namespaceSelector. null or empty namespaces list and null namespaceSelector means "this pod's namespace"
If the affinity requirements specified by this field are not met at scheduling time, the pod will not be scheduled onto the node. If the affinity requirements specified by this field cease to be met at some point during pod execution (e.g. due to a pod label update), the system may or may not try to eventually evict the pod from its node. When there are multiple elements, the lists of nodes corresponding to each podAffinityTerm are intersected, i.e. all terms must be satisfied.
Defines a set of pods (namely those matching the labelSelector relative to the given namespace(s)) that this pod should be co-located (affinity) or not co-located (anti-affinity) with, where co-located is defined as running on a node whose value of the label with key matches that of any node on which a pod of the set of pods is running
This pod should be co-located (affinity) or not co-located (anti-affinity) with the pods matching the labelSelector in the specified namespaces, where co-located is defined as running on a node whose value of the label with key topologyKey matches that of any node on which any of the selected pods is running. Empty topologyKey is not allowed.
A label query over the set of namespaces that the term applies to. The term is applied to the union of the namespaces selected by this field and the ones listed in the namespaces field. null selector and null or empty namespaces list means "this pod's namespace". An empty selector ({}) matches all namespaces. This field is beta-level and is only honored when PodAffinityNamespaceSelector feature is enabled.
namespaces specifies a static list of namespace names that the term applies to. The term is applied to the union of the namespaces listed in this field and the ones selected by namespaceSelector. null or empty namespaces list and null namespaceSelector means "this pod's namespace"
PodAntiAffinity
Pod anti affinity is a group of inter pod anti affinity scheduling rules.
The scheduler will prefer to schedule pods to nodes that satisfy the anti-affinity expressions specified by this field, but it may choose a node that violates one or more of the expressions. The node that is most preferred is the one with the greatest sum of weights, i.e. for each node that meets all of the scheduling requirements (resource request, requiredDuringScheduling anti-affinity expressions, etc.), compute a sum by iterating through the elements of this field and adding "weight" to the sum if the node has pods which matches the corresponding podAffinityTerm; the node(s) with the highest sum are the most preferred.
The weights of all of the matched WeightedPodAffinityTerm fields are added per-node to find the most preferred node(s)
Required. A pod affinity term, associated with the corresponding weight.
Defines a set of pods (namely those matching the labelSelector relative to the given namespace(s)) that this pod should be co-located (affinity) or not co-located (anti-affinity) with, where co-located is defined as running on a node whose value of the label with key matches that of any node on which a pod of the set of pods is running
This pod should be co-located (affinity) or not co-located (anti-affinity) with the pods matching the labelSelector in the specified namespaces, where co-located is defined as running on a node whose value of the label with key topologyKey matches that of any node on which any of the selected pods is running. Empty topologyKey is not allowed.
A label query over the set of namespaces that the term applies to. The term is applied to the union of the namespaces selected by this field and the ones listed in the namespaces field. null selector and null or empty namespaces list means "this pod's namespace". An empty selector ({}) matches all namespaces. This field is beta-level and is only honored when PodAffinityNamespaceSelector feature is enabled.
namespaces specifies a static list of namespace names that the term applies to. The term is applied to the union of the namespaces listed in this field and the ones selected by namespaceSelector. null or empty namespaces list and null namespaceSelector means "this pod's namespace"
If the anti-affinity requirements specified by this field are not met at scheduling time, the pod will not be scheduled onto the node. If the anti-affinity requirements specified by this field cease to be met at some point during pod execution (e.g. due to a pod label update), the system may or may not try to eventually evict the pod from its node. When there are multiple elements, the lists of nodes corresponding to each podAffinityTerm are intersected, i.e. all terms must be satisfied.
Defines a set of pods (namely those matching the labelSelector relative to the given namespace(s)) that this pod should be co-located (affinity) or not co-located (anti-affinity) with, where co-located is defined as running on a node whose value of the label with key matches that of any node on which a pod of the set of pods is running
This pod should be co-located (affinity) or not co-located (anti-affinity) with the pods matching the labelSelector in the specified namespaces, where co-located is defined as running on a node whose value of the label with key topologyKey matches that of any node on which any of the selected pods is running. Empty topologyKey is not allowed.
A label query over the set of namespaces that the term applies to. The term is applied to the union of the namespaces selected by this field and the ones listed in the namespaces field. null selector and null or empty namespaces list means "this pod's namespace". An empty selector ({}) matches all namespaces. This field is beta-level and is only honored when PodAffinityNamespaceSelector feature is enabled.
namespaces specifies a static list of namespace names that the term applies to. The term is applied to the union of the namespaces listed in this field and the ones selected by namespaceSelector. null or empty namespaces list and null namespaceSelector means "this pod's namespace"
Probe
Probe describes a health check to be performed against a container to determine whether it is alive or ready to receive traffic.
exec (ExecAction)
Exec specifies the action to take.
ExecAction describes a "run in container" action.
exec.command ([]string)
Command is the command line to execute inside the container, the working directory for the command is root ('/') in the container's filesystem. The command is simply exec'd, it is not run inside a shell, so traditional shell instructions ('|', etc) won't work. To use a shell, you need to explicitly call out to that shell. Exit status of 0 is treated as live/healthy and non-zero is unhealthy.
httpGet (HTTPGetAction)
HTTPGet specifies the http request to perform.
HTTPGetAction describes an action based on HTTP Get requests.
httpGet.port (IntOrString), required
Name or number of the port to access on the container. Number must be in the range 1 to 65535. Name must be an IANA_SVC_NAME.
IntOrString is a type that can hold an int32 or a string. When used in JSON or YAML marshalling and unmarshalling, it produces or consumes the inner type. This allows you to have, for example, a JSON field that can accept a name or number.
httpGet.host (string)
Host name to connect to, defaults to the pod IP. You probably want to set "Host" in httpHeaders instead.
httpGet.httpHeaders ([]HTTPHeader)
Custom headers to set in the request. HTTP allows repeated headers.
HTTPHeader describes a custom header to be used in HTTP probes
httpGet.httpHeaders.name (string), required
The header field name
httpGet.httpHeaders.value (string), required
The header field value
httpGet.path (string)
Path to access on the HTTP server.
httpGet.scheme (string)
Scheme to use for connecting to the host. Defaults to HTTP.
Possible enum values:
"HTTP" means that the scheme used will be http://
"HTTPS" means that the scheme used will be https://
tcpSocket (TCPSocketAction)
TCPSocket specifies an action involving a TCP port.
TCPSocketAction describes an action based on opening a socket
tcpSocket.port (IntOrString), required
Number or name of the port to access on the container. Number must be in the range 1 to 65535. Name must be an IANA_SVC_NAME.
IntOrString is a type that can hold an int32 or a string. When used in JSON or YAML marshalling and unmarshalling, it produces or consumes the inner type. This allows you to have, for example, a JSON field that can accept a name or number.
tcpSocket.host (string)
Optional: Host name to connect to, defaults to the pod IP.
Optional duration in seconds the pod needs to terminate gracefully upon probe failure. The grace period is the duration in seconds after the processes running in the pod are sent a termination signal and the time when the processes are forcibly halted with a kill signal. Set this value longer than the expected cleanup time for your process. If this value is nil, the pod's terminationGracePeriodSeconds will be used. Otherwise, this value overrides the value provided by the pod spec. Value must be non-negative integer. The value zero indicates stop immediately via the kill signal (no opportunity to shut down). This is a beta field and requires enabling ProbeTerminationGracePeriod feature gate. Minimum value is 1. spec.terminationGracePeriodSeconds is used if unset.
periodSeconds (int32)
How often (in seconds) to perform the probe. Default to 10 seconds. Minimum value is 1.
Minimum consecutive failures for the probe to be considered failed after having succeeded. Defaults to 3. Minimum value is 1.
successThreshold (int32)
Minimum consecutive successes for the probe to be considered successful after having failed. Defaults to 1. Must be 1 for liveness and startup. Minimum value is 1.
grpc (GRPCAction)
GRPC specifies an action involving a GRPC port. This is an alpha field and requires enabling GRPCContainerProbe feature gate.
**
grpc.port (int32), required
Port number of the gRPC service. Number must be in the range 1 to 65535.
If this is not specified, the default behavior is defined by gRPC.
PodStatus
PodStatus represents information about the status of a pod. Status may trail the actual state of a system, especially if the node that hosts the pod cannot contact the control plane.
nominatedNodeName (string)
nominatedNodeName is set only when this pod preempts other pods on the node, but it cannot be scheduled right away as preemption victims receive their graceful termination periods. This field does not guarantee that the pod will be scheduled on this node. Scheduler may decide to place the pod elsewhere if other nodes become available sooner. Scheduler may also decide to give the resources on this node to a higher priority pod that is created after preemption. As a result, this field may be different than PodSpec.nodeName when the pod is scheduled.
hostIP (string)
IP address of the host to which the pod is assigned. Empty if not yet scheduled.
startTime (Time)
RFC 3339 date and time at which the object was acknowledged by the Kubelet. This is before the Kubelet pulled the container image(s) for the pod.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
phase (string)
The phase of a Pod is a simple, high-level summary of where the Pod is in its lifecycle. The conditions array, the reason and message fields, and the individual container status arrays contain more detail about the pod's status. There are five possible phase values:
Pending: The pod has been accepted by the Kubernetes system, but one or more of the container images has not been created. This includes time before being scheduled as well as time spent downloading images over the network, which could take a while. Running: The pod has been bound to a node, and all of the containers have been created. At least one container is still running, or is in the process of starting or restarting. Succeeded: All containers in the pod have terminated in success, and will not be restarted. Failed: All containers in the pod have terminated, and at least one container has terminated in failure. The container either exited with non-zero status or was terminated by the system. Unknown: For some reason the state of the pod could not be obtained, typically due to an error in communicating with the host of the pod.
"Failed" means that all containers in the pod have terminated, and at least one container has terminated in a failure (exited with a non-zero exit code or was stopped by the system).
"Pending" means the pod has been accepted by the system, but one or more of the containers has not been started. This includes time before being bound to a node, as well as time spent pulling images onto the host.
"Running" means the pod has been bound to a node and all of the containers have been started. At least one container is still running or is in the process of being restarted.
"Succeeded" means that all containers in the pod have voluntarily terminated with a container exit code of 0, and the system is not going to restart any of these containers.
"Unknown" means that for some reason the state of the pod could not be obtained, typically due to an error in communicating with the host of the pod. Deprecated: It isn't being set since 2015 (74da3b14b0c0f658b3bb8d2def5094686d0e9095)
message (string)
A human readable message indicating details about why the pod is in this condition.
reason (string)
A brief CamelCase message indicating details about why the pod is in this state. e.g. 'Evicted'
podIP (string)
IP address allocated to the pod. Routable at least within the cluster. Empty if not yet allocated.
podIPs ([]PodIP)
Patch strategy: merge on key ip
podIPs holds the IP addresses allocated to the pod. If this field is specified, the 0th entry must match the podIP field. Pods may be allocated at most 1 value for each of IPv4 and IPv6. This list is empty if no IPs have been allocated yet.
IP address information for entries in the (plural) PodIPs field. Each entry includes:
IP: An IP address allocated to the pod. Routable at least within the cluster.
podIPs.ip (string)
ip is an IP address (IPv4 or IPv6) assigned to the pod
"ContainersReady" indicates whether all containers in the pod are ready.
"Initialized" means that all init containers in the pod have started successfully.
"PodScheduled" represents status of the scheduling process for this pod.
"Ready" means the pod is able to service requests and should be added to the load balancing pools of all matching services.
conditions.lastProbeTime (Time)
Last time we probed the condition.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
conditions.lastTransitionTime (Time)
Last time the condition transitioned from one status to another.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
conditions.message (string)
Human-readable message indicating details about last transition.
conditions.reason (string)
Unique, one-word, CamelCase reason for the condition's last transition.
Container's ID in the format 'docker://<container_id>'.
initContainerStatuses.state (ContainerState)
Details about the container's current condition.
ContainerState holds a possible state of container. Only one of its members may be specified. If none of them is specified, the default one is ContainerStateWaiting.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
Time at which previous execution of the container started
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
Details about the container's last termination condition.
ContainerState holds a possible state of container. Only one of its members may be specified. If none of them is specified, the default one is ContainerStateWaiting.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
Time at which previous execution of the container started
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
The number of times the container has been restarted.
initContainerStatuses.started (boolean)
Specifies whether the container has passed its startup probe. Initialized as false, becomes true after startupProbe is considered successful. Resets to false when the container is restarted, or if kubelet loses state temporarily. Is always true when no startupProbe is defined.
Container's ID in the format 'docker://<container_id>'.
containerStatuses.state (ContainerState)
Details about the container's current condition.
ContainerState holds a possible state of container. Only one of its members may be specified. If none of them is specified, the default one is ContainerStateWaiting.
ContainerStateRunning is a running state of a container.
containerStatuses.state.running.startedAt (Time)
Time at which the container was last (re-)started
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
Time at which previous execution of the container started
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
ContainerStateWaiting is a waiting state of a container.
containerStatuses.state.waiting.message (string)
Message regarding why the container is not yet running.
containerStatuses.state.waiting.reason (string)
(brief) reason the container is not yet running.
containerStatuses.lastState (ContainerState)
Details about the container's last termination condition.
ContainerState holds a possible state of container. Only one of its members may be specified. If none of them is specified, the default one is ContainerStateWaiting.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
Time at which previous execution of the container started
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
Specifies whether the container has passed its readiness probe.
containerStatuses.restartCount (int32), required
The number of times the container has been restarted.
containerStatuses.started (boolean)
Specifies whether the container has passed its startup probe. Initialized as false, becomes true after startupProbe is considered successful. Resets to false when the container is restarted, or if kubelet loses state temporarily. Is always true when no startupProbe is defined.
ephemeralContainerStatuses ([]ContainerStatus)
Status for any ephemeral containers that have run in this pod. This field is beta-level and available on clusters that haven't disabled the EphemeralContainers feature gate.
ContainerStatus contains details for the current status of this container.
Container's ID in the format 'docker://<container_id>'.
ephemeralContainerStatuses.state (ContainerState)
Details about the container's current condition.
ContainerState holds a possible state of container. Only one of its members may be specified. If none of them is specified, the default one is ContainerStateWaiting.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
Time at which previous execution of the container started
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
Details about the container's last termination condition.
ContainerState holds a possible state of container. Only one of its members may be specified. If none of them is specified, the default one is ContainerStateWaiting.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
Time at which previous execution of the container started
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
The number of times the container has been restarted.
ephemeralContainerStatuses.started (boolean)
Specifies whether the container has passed its startup probe. Initialized as false, becomes true after startupProbe is considered successful. Resets to false when the container is restarted, or if kubelet loses state temporarily. Is always true when no startupProbe is defined.
The container for which to stream logs. Defaults to only container if there is one container in the pod.
follow (in query): boolean
Follow the log stream of the pod. Defaults to false.
insecureSkipTLSVerifyBackend (in query): boolean
insecureSkipTLSVerifyBackend indicates that the apiserver should not confirm the validity of the serving certificate of the backend it is connecting to. This will make the HTTPS connection between the apiserver and the backend insecure. This means the apiserver cannot verify the log data it is receiving came from the real kubelet. If the kubelet is configured to verify the apiserver's TLS credentials, it does not mean the connection to the real kubelet is vulnerable to a man in the middle attack (e.g. an attacker could not intercept the actual log data coming from the real kubelet).
limitBytes (in query): integer
If set, the number of bytes to read from the server before terminating the log output. This may not display a complete final line of logging, and may return slightly more or slightly less than the specified limit.
Return previous terminated container logs. Defaults to false.
sinceSeconds (in query): integer
A relative time in seconds before the current time from which to show logs. If this value precedes the time a pod was started, only logs since the pod start will be returned. If this value is in the future, no logs will be returned. Only one of sinceSeconds or sinceTime may be specified.
tailLines (in query): integer
If set, the number of lines from the end of the logs to show. If not specified, logs are shown from the creation of the container or sinceSeconds or sinceTime
timestamps (in query): boolean
If true, add an RFC3339 or RFC3339Nano timestamp at the beginning of every line of log output. Defaults to false.
Response
200 (string): OK
401: Unauthorized
get read status of the specified Pod
HTTP Request
GET /api/v1/namespaces/{namespace}/pods/{name}/status
ReplicationControllerSpec is the specification of a replication controller.
selector (map[string]string)
Selector is a label query over pods that should match the Replicas count. If Selector is empty, it is defaulted to the labels present on the Pod template. Label keys and values that must match in order to be controlled by this replication controller, if empty defaulted to labels on Pod template. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/labels/#label-selectors
Minimum number of seconds for which a newly created pod should be ready without any of its container crashing, for it to be considered available. Defaults to 0 (pod will be considered available as soon as it is ready)
ReplicationControllerStatus
ReplicationControllerStatus represents the current status of a replication controller.
The number of available replicas (ready for at least minReadySeconds) for this replication controller.
readyReplicas (int32)
The number of ready replicas for this replication controller.
fullyLabeledReplicas (int32)
The number of pods that have labels matching the labels of the pod template of the replication controller.
conditions ([]ReplicationControllerCondition)
Patch strategy: merge on key type
Represents the latest available observations of a replication controller's current state.
ReplicationControllerCondition describes the state of a replication controller at a certain point.
conditions.status (string), required
Status of the condition, one of True, False, Unknown.
conditions.type (string), required
Type of replication controller condition.
conditions.lastTransitionTime (Time)
The last time the condition transitioned from one status to another.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
conditions.message (string)
A human readable message indicating details about the transition.
conditions.reason (string)
The reason for the condition's last transition.
observedGeneration (int64)
ObservedGeneration reflects the generation of the most recently observed replication controller.
ReplicationControllerList
ReplicationControllerList is a collection of replication controllers.
Minimum number of seconds for which a newly created pod should be ready without any of its container crashing, for it to be considered available. Defaults to 0 (pod will be considered available as soon as it is ready)
ReplicaSetStatus
ReplicaSetStatus represents the current status of a ReplicaSet.
The number of available replicas (ready for at least minReadySeconds) for this replica set.
readyReplicas (int32)
readyReplicas is the number of pods targeted by this ReplicaSet with a Ready Condition.
fullyLabeledReplicas (int32)
The number of pods that have labels matching the labels of the pod template of the replicaset.
conditions ([]ReplicaSetCondition)
Patch strategy: merge on key type
Represents the latest available observations of a replica set's current state.
ReplicaSetCondition describes the state of a replica set at a certain point.
conditions.status (string), required
Status of the condition, one of True, False, Unknown.
conditions.type (string), required
Type of replica set condition.
conditions.lastTransitionTime (Time)
The last time the condition transitioned from one status to another.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
conditions.message (string)
A human readable message indicating details about the transition.
conditions.reason (string)
The reason for the condition's last transition.
observedGeneration (int64)
ObservedGeneration reflects the generation of the most recently observed ReplicaSet.
Label selector for pods. Existing ReplicaSets whose pods are selected by this will be the ones affected by this deployment. It must match the pod template's labels.
Number of desired pods. This is a pointer to distinguish between explicit zero and not specified. Defaults to 1.
minReadySeconds (int32)
Minimum number of seconds for which a newly created pod should be ready without any of its container crashing, for it to be considered available. Defaults to 0 (pod will be considered available as soon as it is ready)
strategy (DeploymentStrategy)
Patch strategy: retainKeys
The deployment strategy to use to replace existing pods with new ones.
DeploymentStrategy describes how to replace existing pods with new ones.
strategy.type (string)
Type of deployment. Can be "Recreate" or "RollingUpdate". Default is RollingUpdate.
Possible enum values:
"Recreate" Kill all existing pods before creating new ones.
"RollingUpdate" Replace the old ReplicaSets by new one using rolling update i.e gradually scale down the old ReplicaSets and scale up the new one.
strategy.rollingUpdate (RollingUpdateDeployment)
Rolling update config params. Present only if DeploymentStrategyType = RollingUpdate.
Spec to control the desired behavior of rolling update.
strategy.rollingUpdate.maxSurge (IntOrString)
The maximum number of pods that can be scheduled above the desired number of pods. Value can be an absolute number (ex: 5) or a percentage of desired pods (ex: 10%). This can not be 0 if MaxUnavailable is 0. Absolute number is calculated from percentage by rounding up. Defaults to 25%. Example: when this is set to 30%, the new ReplicaSet can be scaled up immediately when the rolling update starts, such that the total number of old and new pods do not exceed 130% of desired pods. Once old pods have been killed, new ReplicaSet can be scaled up further, ensuring that total number of pods running at any time during the update is at most 130% of desired pods.
IntOrString is a type that can hold an int32 or a string. When used in JSON or YAML marshalling and unmarshalling, it produces or consumes the inner type. This allows you to have, for example, a JSON field that can accept a name or number.
The maximum number of pods that can be unavailable during the update. Value can be an absolute number (ex: 5) or a percentage of desired pods (ex: 10%). Absolute number is calculated from percentage by rounding down. This can not be 0 if MaxSurge is 0. Defaults to 25%. Example: when this is set to 30%, the old ReplicaSet can be scaled down to 70% of desired pods immediately when the rolling update starts. Once new pods are ready, old ReplicaSet can be scaled down further, followed by scaling up the new ReplicaSet, ensuring that the total number of pods available at all times during the update is at least 70% of desired pods.
IntOrString is a type that can hold an int32 or a string. When used in JSON or YAML marshalling and unmarshalling, it produces or consumes the inner type. This allows you to have, for example, a JSON field that can accept a name or number.
revisionHistoryLimit (int32)
The number of old ReplicaSets to retain to allow rollback. This is a pointer to distinguish between explicit zero and not specified. Defaults to 10.
progressDeadlineSeconds (int32)
The maximum time in seconds for a deployment to make progress before it is considered to be failed. The deployment controller will continue to process failed deployments and a condition with a ProgressDeadlineExceeded reason will be surfaced in the deployment status. Note that progress will not be estimated during the time a deployment is paused. Defaults to 600s.
paused (boolean)
Indicates that the deployment is paused.
DeploymentStatus
DeploymentStatus is the most recently observed status of the Deployment.
replicas (int32)
Total number of non-terminated pods targeted by this deployment (their labels match the selector).
availableReplicas (int32)
Total number of available pods (ready for at least minReadySeconds) targeted by this deployment.
readyReplicas (int32)
readyReplicas is the number of pods targeted by this Deployment with a Ready Condition.
unavailableReplicas (int32)
Total number of unavailable pods targeted by this deployment. This is the total number of pods that are still required for the deployment to have 100% available capacity. They may either be pods that are running but not yet available or pods that still have not been created.
updatedReplicas (int32)
Total number of non-terminated pods targeted by this deployment that have the desired template spec.
collisionCount (int32)
Count of hash collisions for the Deployment. The Deployment controller uses this field as a collision avoidance mechanism when it needs to create the name for the newest ReplicaSet.
conditions ([]DeploymentCondition)
Patch strategy: merge on key type
Represents the latest available observations of a deployment's current state.
DeploymentCondition describes the state of a deployment at a certain point.
conditions.status (string), required
Status of the condition, one of True, False, Unknown.
conditions.type (string), required
Type of deployment condition.
conditions.lastTransitionTime (Time)
Last time the condition transitioned from one status to another.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
conditions.lastUpdateTime (Time)
The last time this condition was updated.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
conditions.message (string)
A human readable message indicating details about the transition.
conditions.reason (string)
The reason for the condition's last transition.
observedGeneration (int64)
The generation observed by the deployment controller.
Status is the current status of Pods in this StatefulSet. This data may be out of date by some window of time.
StatefulSetSpec
A StatefulSetSpec is the specification of a StatefulSet.
serviceName (string), required
serviceName is the name of the service that governs this StatefulSet. This service must exist before the StatefulSet, and is responsible for the network identity of the set. Pods get DNS/hostnames that follow the pattern: pod-specific-string.serviceName.default.svc.cluster.local where "pod-specific-string" is managed by the StatefulSet controller.
template is the object that describes the pod that will be created if insufficient replicas are detected. Each pod stamped out by the StatefulSet will fulfill this Template, but have a unique identity from the rest of the StatefulSet.
replicas (int32)
replicas is the desired number of replicas of the given Template. These are replicas in the sense that they are instantiations of the same Template, but individual replicas also have a consistent identity. If unspecified, defaults to 1.
updateStrategy (StatefulSetUpdateStrategy)
updateStrategy indicates the StatefulSetUpdateStrategy that will be employed to update Pods in the StatefulSet when a revision is made to Template.
StatefulSetUpdateStrategy indicates the strategy that the StatefulSet controller will use to perform updates. It includes any additional parameters necessary to perform the update for the indicated strategy.
updateStrategy.type (string)
Type indicates the type of the StatefulSetUpdateStrategy. Default is RollingUpdate.
Possible enum values:
"OnDelete" triggers the legacy behavior. Version tracking and ordered rolling restarts are disabled. Pods are recreated from the StatefulSetSpec when they are manually deleted. When a scale operation is performed with this strategy,specification version indicated by the StatefulSet's currentRevision.
"RollingUpdate" indicates that update will be applied to all Pods in the StatefulSet with respect to the StatefulSet ordering constraints. When a scale operation is performed with this strategy, new Pods will be created from the specification version indicated by the StatefulSet's updateRevision.
RollingUpdate is used to communicate parameters when Type is RollingUpdateStatefulSetStrategyType.
RollingUpdateStatefulSetStrategy is used to communicate parameter for RollingUpdateStatefulSetStrategyType.
updateStrategy.rollingUpdate.partition (int32)
Partition indicates the ordinal at which the StatefulSet should be partitioned. Default value is 0.
podManagementPolicy (string)
podManagementPolicy controls how pods are created during initial scale up, when replacing pods on nodes, or when scaling down. The default policy is OrderedReady, where pods are created in increasing order (pod-0, then pod-1, etc) and the controller will wait until each pod is ready before continuing. When scaling down, the pods are removed in the opposite order. The alternative policy is Parallel which will create pods in parallel to match the desired scale without waiting, and on scale down will delete all pods at once.
Possible enum values:
"OrderedReady" will create pods in strictly increasing order on scale up and strictly decreasing order on scale down, progressing only when the previous pod is ready or terminated. At most one pod will be changed at any time.
"Parallel" will create and delete pods as soon as the stateful set replica count is changed, and will not wait for pods to be ready or complete termination.
revisionHistoryLimit (int32)
revisionHistoryLimit is the maximum number of revisions that will be maintained in the StatefulSet's revision history. The revision history consists of all revisions not represented by a currently applied StatefulSetSpec version. The default value is 10.
volumeClaimTemplates is a list of claims that pods are allowed to reference. The StatefulSet controller is responsible for mapping network identities to claims in a way that maintains the identity of a pod. Every claim in this list must have at least one matching (by name) volumeMount in one container in the template. A claim in this list takes precedence over any volumes in the template, with the same name.
minReadySeconds (int32)
Minimum number of seconds for which a newly created pod should be ready without any of its container crashing for it to be considered available. Defaults to 0 (pod will be considered available as soon as it is ready) This is an alpha field and requires enabling StatefulSetMinReadySeconds feature gate.
persistentVolumeClaimRetentionPolicy describes the lifecycle of persistent volume claims created from volumeClaimTemplates. By default, all persistent volume claims are created as needed and retained until manually deleted. This policy allows the lifecycle to be altered, for example by deleting persistent volume claims when their stateful set is deleted, or when their pod is scaled down. This requires the StatefulSetAutoDeletePVC feature gate to be enabled, which is alpha. +optional
StatefulSetPersistentVolumeClaimRetentionPolicy describes the policy used for PVCs created from the StatefulSet VolumeClaimTemplates.
WhenDeleted specifies what happens to PVCs created from StatefulSet VolumeClaimTemplates when the StatefulSet is deleted. The default policy of Retain causes PVCs to not be affected by StatefulSet deletion. The Delete policy causes those PVCs to be deleted.
WhenScaled specifies what happens to PVCs created from StatefulSet VolumeClaimTemplates when the StatefulSet is scaled down. The default policy of Retain causes PVCs to not be affected by a scaledown. The Delete policy causes the associated PVCs for any excess pods above the replica count to be deleted.
StatefulSetStatus
StatefulSetStatus represents the current state of a StatefulSet.
replicas (int32), required
replicas is the number of Pods created by the StatefulSet controller.
readyReplicas (int32)
readyReplicas is the number of pods created for this StatefulSet with a Ready Condition.
currentReplicas (int32)
currentReplicas is the number of Pods created by the StatefulSet controller from the StatefulSet version indicated by currentRevision.
updatedReplicas (int32)
updatedReplicas is the number of Pods created by the StatefulSet controller from the StatefulSet version indicated by updateRevision.
availableReplicas (int32), required
Total number of available pods (ready for at least minReadySeconds) targeted by this statefulset. This is a beta field and enabled/disabled by StatefulSetMinReadySeconds feature gate.
collisionCount (int32)
collisionCount is the count of hash collisions for the StatefulSet. The StatefulSet controller uses this field as a collision avoidance mechanism when it needs to create the name for the newest ControllerRevision.
conditions ([]StatefulSetCondition)
Patch strategy: merge on key type
Represents the latest available observations of a statefulset's current state.
StatefulSetCondition describes the state of a statefulset at a certain point.
conditions.status (string), required
Status of the condition, one of True, False, Unknown.
conditions.type (string), required
Type of statefulset condition.
conditions.lastTransitionTime (Time)
Last time the condition transitioned from one status to another.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
conditions.message (string)
A human readable message indicating details about the transition.
conditions.reason (string)
The reason for the condition's last transition.
currentRevision (string)
currentRevision, if not empty, indicates the version of the StatefulSet used to generate Pods in the sequence [0,currentReplicas).
updateRevision (string)
updateRevision, if not empty, indicates the version of the StatefulSet used to generate Pods in the sequence [replicas-updatedReplicas,replicas)
observedGeneration (int64)
observedGeneration is the most recent generation observed for this StatefulSet. It corresponds to the StatefulSet's generation, which is updated on mutation by the API Server.
ControllerRevision implements an immutable snapshot of state data.
apiVersion: apps/v1
import "k8s.io/api/apps/v1"
ControllerRevision
ControllerRevision implements an immutable snapshot of state data. Clients are responsible for serializing and deserializing the objects that contain their internal state. Once a ControllerRevision has been successfully created, it can not be updated. The API Server will fail validation of all requests that attempt to mutate the Data field. ControllerRevisions may, however, be deleted. Note that, due to its use by both the DaemonSet and StatefulSet controllers for update and rollback, this object is beta. However, it may be subject to name and representation changes in future releases, and clients should not depend on its stability. It is primarily for internal use by controllers.
Revision indicates the revision of the state represented by Data.
data (RawExtension)
Data is the serialized representation of the state.
*RawExtension is used to hold extensions in external versions.
To use this, make a field which has RawExtension as its type in your external, versioned struct, and Object in your internal struct. You also need to register your various plugin types.
// On the wire, the JSON will look something like this: {
"kind":"MyAPIObject",
"apiVersion":"v1",
"myPlugin": {
"kind":"PluginA",
"aOption":"foo",
},
}
So what happens? Decode first uses json or yaml to unmarshal the serialized data into your external MyAPIObject. That causes the raw JSON to be stored, but not unpacked. The next step is to copy (using pkg/conversion) into the internal struct. The runtime package's DefaultScheme has conversion functions installed which will unpack the JSON stored in RawExtension, turning it into the correct object type, and storing it in the Object. (TODO: In the case where the object is of an unknown type, a runtime.Unknown object will be created and stored.)*
ControllerRevisionList
ControllerRevisionList is a resource containing a list of ControllerRevision objects.
The minimum number of seconds for which a newly created DaemonSet pod should be ready without any of its container crashing, for it to be considered available. Defaults to 0 (pod will be considered available as soon as it is ready).
updateStrategy (DaemonSetUpdateStrategy)
An update strategy to replace existing DaemonSet pods with new pods.
DaemonSetUpdateStrategy is a struct used to control the update strategy for a DaemonSet.
updateStrategy.type (string)
Type of daemon set update. Can be "RollingUpdate" or "OnDelete". Default is RollingUpdate.
Possible enum values:
"OnDelete" Replace the old daemons only when it's killed
"RollingUpdate" Replace the old daemons by new ones using rolling update i.e replace them on each node one after the other.
The maximum number of nodes with an existing available DaemonSet pod that can have an updated DaemonSet pod during during an update. Value can be an absolute number (ex: 5) or a percentage of desired pods (ex: 10%). This can not be 0 if MaxUnavailable is 0. Absolute number is calculated from percentage by rounding up to a minimum of 1. Default value is 0. Example: when this is set to 30%, at most 30% of the total number of nodes that should be running the daemon pod (i.e. status.desiredNumberScheduled) can have their a new pod created before the old pod is marked as deleted. The update starts by launching new pods on 30% of nodes. Once an updated pod is available (Ready for at least minReadySeconds) the old DaemonSet pod on that node is marked deleted. If the old pod becomes unavailable for any reason (Ready transitions to false, is evicted, or is drained) an updated pod is immediatedly created on that node without considering surge limits. Allowing surge implies the possibility that the resources consumed by the daemonset on any given node can double if the readiness check fails, and so resource intensive daemonsets should take into account that they may cause evictions during disruption. This is beta field and enabled/disabled by DaemonSetUpdateSurge feature gate.
IntOrString is a type that can hold an int32 or a string. When used in JSON or YAML marshalling and unmarshalling, it produces or consumes the inner type. This allows you to have, for example, a JSON field that can accept a name or number.
The maximum number of DaemonSet pods that can be unavailable during the update. Value can be an absolute number (ex: 5) or a percentage of total number of DaemonSet pods at the start of the update (ex: 10%). Absolute number is calculated from percentage by rounding up. This cannot be 0 if MaxSurge is 0 Default value is 1. Example: when this is set to 30%, at most 30% of the total number of nodes that should be running the daemon pod (i.e. status.desiredNumberScheduled) can have their pods stopped for an update at any given time. The update starts by stopping at most 30% of those DaemonSet pods and then brings up new DaemonSet pods in their place. Once the new pods are available, it then proceeds onto other DaemonSet pods, thus ensuring that at least 70% of original number of DaemonSet pods are available at all times during the update.
IntOrString is a type that can hold an int32 or a string. When used in JSON or YAML marshalling and unmarshalling, it produces or consumes the inner type. This allows you to have, for example, a JSON field that can accept a name or number.
revisionHistoryLimit (int32)
The number of old history to retain to allow rollback. This is a pointer to distinguish between explicit zero and not specified. Defaults to 10.
DaemonSetStatus
DaemonSetStatus represents the current status of a daemon set.
numberReady (int32), required
numberReady is the number of nodes that should be running the daemon pod and have one or more of the daemon pod running with a Ready Condition.
numberAvailable (int32)
The number of nodes that should be running the daemon pod and have one or more of the daemon pod running and available (ready for at least spec.minReadySeconds)
numberUnavailable (int32)
The number of nodes that should be running the daemon pod and have none of the daemon pod running and available (ready for at least spec.minReadySeconds)
The total number of nodes that are running updated daemon pod
collisionCount (int32)
Count of hash collisions for the DaemonSet. The DaemonSet controller uses this field as a collision avoidance mechanism when it needs to create the name for the newest ControllerRevision.
conditions ([]DaemonSetCondition)
Patch strategy: merge on key type
Represents the latest available observations of a DaemonSet's current state.
DaemonSetCondition describes the state of a DaemonSet at a certain point.
conditions.status (string), required
Status of the condition, one of True, False, Unknown.
conditions.type (string), required
Type of DaemonSet condition.
conditions.lastTransitionTime (Time)
Last time the condition transitioned from one status to another.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
conditions.message (string)
A human readable message indicating details about the transition.
conditions.reason (string)
The reason for the condition's last transition.
observedGeneration (int64)
The most recent generation observed by the daemon set controller.
Specifies the maximum desired number of pods the job should run at any given time. The actual number of pods running in steady state will be less than this number when ((.spec.completions - .status.successful) < .spec.parallelism), i.e. when the work left to do is less than max parallelism. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/jobs-run-to-completion/
Lifecycle
completions (int32)
Specifies the desired number of successfully finished pods the job should be run with. Setting to nil means that the success of any pod signals the success of all pods, and allows parallelism to have any positive value. Setting to 1 means that parallelism is limited to 1 and the success of that pod signals the success of the job. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/jobs-run-to-completion/
completionMode (string)
CompletionMode specifies how Pod completions are tracked. It can be NonIndexed (default) or Indexed.
NonIndexed means that the Job is considered complete when there have been .spec.completions successfully completed Pods. Each Pod completion is homologous to each other.
Indexed means that the Pods of a Job get an associated completion index from 0 to (.spec.completions - 1), available in the annotation batch.kubernetes.io/job-completion-index. The Job is considered complete when there is one successfully completed Pod for each index. When value is Indexed, .spec.completions must be specified and .spec.parallelism must be less than or equal to 10^5. In addition, The Pod name takes the form $(job-name)-$(index)-$(random-string), the Pod hostname takes the form $(job-name)-$(index).
This field is beta-level. More completion modes can be added in the future. If the Job controller observes a mode that it doesn't recognize, the controller skips updates for the Job.
backoffLimit (int32)
Specifies the number of retries before marking this job failed. Defaults to 6
activeDeadlineSeconds (int64)
Specifies the duration in seconds relative to the startTime that the job may be continuously active before the system tries to terminate it; value must be positive integer. If a Job is suspended (at creation or through an update), this timer will effectively be stopped and reset when the Job is resumed again.
ttlSecondsAfterFinished (int32)
ttlSecondsAfterFinished limits the lifetime of a Job that has finished execution (either Complete or Failed). If this field is set, ttlSecondsAfterFinished after the Job finishes, it is eligible to be automatically deleted. When the Job is being deleted, its lifecycle guarantees (e.g. finalizers) will be honored. If this field is unset, the Job won't be automatically deleted. If this field is set to zero, the Job becomes eligible to be deleted immediately after it finishes.
suspend (boolean)
Suspend specifies whether the Job controller should create Pods or not. If a Job is created with suspend set to true, no Pods are created by the Job controller. If a Job is suspended after creation (i.e. the flag goes from false to true), the Job controller will delete all active Pods associated with this Job. Users must design their workload to gracefully handle this. Suspending a Job will reset the StartTime field of the Job, effectively resetting the ActiveDeadlineSeconds timer too. Defaults to false.
This field is beta-level, gated by SuspendJob feature flag (enabled by default).
manualSelector controls generation of pod labels and pod selectors. Leave manualSelector unset unless you are certain what you are doing. When false or unset, the system pick labels unique to this job and appends those labels to the pod template. When true, the user is responsible for picking unique labels and specifying the selector. Failure to pick a unique label may cause this and other jobs to not function correctly. However, You may see manualSelector=true in jobs that were created with the old extensions/v1beta1 API. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/jobs-run-to-completion/#specifying-your-own-pod-selector
JobStatus
JobStatus represents the current state of a Job.
startTime (Time)
Represents time when the job controller started processing a job. When a Job is created in the suspended state, this field is not set until the first time it is resumed. This field is reset every time a Job is resumed from suspension. It is represented in RFC3339 form and is in UTC.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
completionTime (Time)
Represents time when the job was completed. It is not guaranteed to be set in happens-before order across separate operations. It is represented in RFC3339 form and is in UTC. The completion time is only set when the job finishes successfully.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
active (int32)
The number of pending and running pods.
failed (int32)
The number of pods which reached phase Failed.
succeeded (int32)
The number of pods which reached phase Succeeded.
completedIndexes (string)
CompletedIndexes holds the completed indexes when .spec.completionMode = "Indexed" in a text format. The indexes are represented as decimal integers separated by commas. The numbers are listed in increasing order. Three or more consecutive numbers are compressed and represented by the first and last element of the series, separated by a hyphen. For example, if the completed indexes are 1, 3, 4, 5 and 7, they are represented as "1,3-5,7".
conditions ([]JobCondition)
Patch strategy: merge on key type
Atomic: will be replaced during a merge
The latest available observations of an object's current state. When a Job fails, one of the conditions will have type "Failed" and status true. When a Job is suspended, one of the conditions will have type "Suspended" and status true; when the Job is resumed, the status of this condition will become false. When a Job is completed, one of the conditions will have type "Complete" and status true. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/jobs-run-to-completion/
JobCondition describes current state of a job.
conditions.status (string), required
Status of the condition, one of True, False, Unknown.
conditions.type (string), required
Type of job condition, Complete or Failed.
Possible enum values:
"Complete" means the job has completed its execution.
"Failed" means the job has failed its execution.
"Suspended" means the job has been suspended.
conditions.lastProbeTime (Time)
Last time the condition was checked.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
conditions.lastTransitionTime (Time)
Last time the condition transit from one status to another.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
conditions.message (string)
Human readable message indicating details about last transition.
conditions.reason (string)
(brief) reason for the condition's last transition.
uncountedTerminatedPods (UncountedTerminatedPods)
UncountedTerminatedPods holds the UIDs of Pods that have terminated but the job controller hasn't yet accounted for in the status counters.
The job controller creates pods with a finalizer. When a pod terminates (succeeded or failed), the controller does three steps to account for it in the job status: (1) Add the pod UID to the arrays in this field. (2) Remove the pod finalizer. (3) Remove the pod UID from the arrays while increasing the corresponding
counter.
This field is beta-level. The job controller only makes use of this field when the feature gate JobTrackingWithFinalizers is enabled (enabled by default). Old jobs might not be tracked using this field, in which case the field remains null.
UncountedTerminatedPods holds UIDs of Pods that have terminated but haven't been accounted in Job status counters.
uncountedTerminatedPods.failed ([]string)
Set: unique values will be kept during a merge
Failed holds UIDs of failed Pods.
uncountedTerminatedPods.succeeded ([]string)
Set: unique values will be kept during a merge
Succeeded holds UIDs of succeeded Pods.
Alpha level
ready (int32)
The number of pods which have a Ready condition.
This field is alpha-level. The job controller populates the field when the feature gate JobReadyPods is enabled (disabled by default).
Specifies how to treat concurrent executions of a Job. Valid values are: - "Allow" (default): allows CronJobs to run concurrently; - "Forbid": forbids concurrent runs, skipping next run if previous run hasn't finished yet; - "Replace": cancels currently running job and replaces it with a new one
Possible enum values:
"Allow" allows CronJobs to run concurrently.
"Forbid" forbids concurrent runs, skipping next run if previous hasn't finished yet.
"Replace" cancels currently running job and replaces it with a new one.
startingDeadlineSeconds (int64)
Optional deadline in seconds for starting the job if it misses scheduled time for any reason. Missed jobs executions will be counted as failed ones.
suspend (boolean)
This flag tells the controller to suspend subsequent executions, it does not apply to already started executions. Defaults to false.
successfulJobsHistoryLimit (int32)
The number of successful finished jobs to retain. Value must be non-negative integer. Defaults to 3.
failedJobsHistoryLimit (int32)
The number of failed finished jobs to retain. Value must be non-negative integer. Defaults to 1.
CronJobStatus
CronJobStatus represents the current state of a cron job.
Information when was the last time the job was successfully scheduled.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
lastSuccessfulTime (Time)
Information when was the last time the job successfully completed.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
reference to scaled resource; horizontal pod autoscaler will learn the current resource consumption and will set the desired number of pods by using its Scale subresource.
CrossVersionObjectReference contains enough information to let you identify the referred resource.
minReplicas is the lower limit for the number of replicas to which the autoscaler can scale down. It defaults to 1 pod. minReplicas is allowed to be 0 if the alpha feature gate HPAScaleToZero is enabled and at least one Object or External metric is configured. Scaling is active as long as at least one metric value is available.
targetCPUUtilizationPercentage (int32)
target average CPU utilization (represented as a percentage of requested CPU) over all the pods; if not specified the default autoscaling policy will be used.
HorizontalPodAutoscalerStatus
current status of a horizontal pod autoscaler
currentReplicas (int32), required
current number of replicas of pods managed by this autoscaler.
desiredReplicas (int32), required
desired number of replicas of pods managed by this autoscaler.
currentCPUUtilizationPercentage (int32)
current average CPU utilization over all pods, represented as a percentage of requested CPU, e.g. 70 means that an average pod is using now 70% of its requested CPU.
lastScaleTime (Time)
last time the HorizontalPodAutoscaler scaled the number of pods; used by the autoscaler to control how often the number of pods is changed.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
observedGeneration (int64)
most recent generation observed by this autoscaler.
HorizontalPodAutoscaler is the configuration for a horizontal pod autoscaler, which automatically manages the replica count of any resource implementing the scale subresource based on the metrics specified.
apiVersion: autoscaling/v2
import "k8s.io/api/autoscaling/v2"
HorizontalPodAutoscaler
HorizontalPodAutoscaler is the configuration for a horizontal pod autoscaler, which automatically manages the replica count of any resource implementing the scale subresource based on the metrics specified.
scaleTargetRef points to the target resource to scale, and is used to the pods for which metrics should be collected, as well as to actually change the replica count.
CrossVersionObjectReference contains enough information to let you identify the referred resource.
minReplicas is the lower limit for the number of replicas to which the autoscaler can scale down. It defaults to 1 pod. minReplicas is allowed to be 0 if the alpha feature gate HPAScaleToZero is enabled and at least one Object or External metric is configured. Scaling is active as long as at least one metric value is available.
behavior (HorizontalPodAutoscalerBehavior)
behavior configures the scaling behavior of the target in both Up and Down directions (scaleUp and scaleDown fields respectively). If not set, the default HPAScalingRules for scale up and scale down are used.
HorizontalPodAutoscalerBehavior configures the scaling behavior of the target in both Up and Down directions (scaleUp and scaleDown fields respectively).
behavior.scaleDown (HPAScalingRules)
scaleDown is scaling policy for scaling Down. If not set, the default value is to allow to scale down to minReplicas pods, with a 300 second stabilization window (i.e., the highest recommendation for the last 300sec is used).
HPAScalingRules configures the scaling behavior for one direction. These Rules are applied after calculating DesiredReplicas from metrics for the HPA. They can limit the scaling velocity by specifying scaling policies. They can prevent flapping by specifying the stabilization window, so that the number of replicas is not set instantly, instead, the safest value from the stabilization window is chosen.
behavior.scaleDown.policies ([]HPAScalingPolicy)
Atomic: will be replaced during a merge
policies is a list of potential scaling polices which can be used during scaling. At least one policy must be specified, otherwise the HPAScalingRules will be discarded as invalid
HPAScalingPolicy is a single policy which must hold true for a specified past interval.
PeriodSeconds specifies the window of time for which the policy should hold true. PeriodSeconds must be greater than zero and less than or equal to 1800 (30 min).
behavior.scaleDown.selectPolicy (string)
selectPolicy is used to specify which policy should be used. If not set, the default value Max is used.
StabilizationWindowSeconds is the number of seconds for which past recommendations should be considered while scaling up or scaling down. StabilizationWindowSeconds must be greater than or equal to zero and less than or equal to 3600 (one hour). If not set, use the default values: - For scale up: 0 (i.e. no stabilization is done). - For scale down: 300 (i.e. the stabilization window is 300 seconds long).
behavior.scaleUp (HPAScalingRules)
scaleUp is scaling policy for scaling Up. If not set, the default value is the higher of:
increase no more than 4 pods per 60 seconds
double the number of pods per 60 seconds
No stabilization is used.
HPAScalingRules configures the scaling behavior for one direction. These Rules are applied after calculating DesiredReplicas from metrics for the HPA. They can limit the scaling velocity by specifying scaling policies. They can prevent flapping by specifying the stabilization window, so that the number of replicas is not set instantly, instead, the safest value from the stabilization window is chosen.
behavior.scaleUp.policies ([]HPAScalingPolicy)
Atomic: will be replaced during a merge
policies is a list of potential scaling polices which can be used during scaling. At least one policy must be specified, otherwise the HPAScalingRules will be discarded as invalid
HPAScalingPolicy is a single policy which must hold true for a specified past interval.
behavior.scaleUp.policies.type (string), required
Type is used to specify the scaling policy.
behavior.scaleUp.policies.value (int32), required
Value contains the amount of change which is permitted by the policy. It must be greater than zero
PeriodSeconds specifies the window of time for which the policy should hold true. PeriodSeconds must be greater than zero and less than or equal to 1800 (30 min).
behavior.scaleUp.selectPolicy (string)
selectPolicy is used to specify which policy should be used. If not set, the default value Max is used.
StabilizationWindowSeconds is the number of seconds for which past recommendations should be considered while scaling up or scaling down. StabilizationWindowSeconds must be greater than or equal to zero and less than or equal to 3600 (one hour). If not set, use the default values: - For scale up: 0 (i.e. no stabilization is done). - For scale down: 300 (i.e. the stabilization window is 300 seconds long).
metrics ([]MetricSpec)
Atomic: will be replaced during a merge
metrics contains the specifications for which to use to calculate the desired replica count (the maximum replica count across all metrics will be used). The desired replica count is calculated multiplying the ratio between the target value and the current value by the current number of pods. Ergo, metrics used must decrease as the pod count is increased, and vice-versa. See the individual metric source types for more information about how each type of metric must respond. If not set, the default metric will be set to 80% average CPU utilization.
MetricSpec specifies how to scale based on a single metric (only type and one other matching field should be set at once).
metrics.type (string), required
type is the type of metric source. It should be one of "ContainerResource", "External", "Object", "Pods" or "Resource", each mapping to a matching field in the object. Note: "ContainerResource" type is available on when the feature-gate HPAContainerMetrics is enabled
containerResource refers to a resource metric (such as those specified in requests and limits) known to Kubernetes describing a single container in each pod of the current scale target (e.g. CPU or memory). Such metrics are built in to Kubernetes, and have special scaling options on top of those available to normal per-pod metrics using the "pods" source. This is an alpha feature and can be enabled by the HPAContainerMetrics feature flag.
ContainerResourceMetricSource indicates how to scale on a resource metric known to Kubernetes, as specified in requests and limits, describing each pod in the current scale target (e.g. CPU or memory). The values will be averaged together before being compared to the target. Such metrics are built in to Kubernetes, and have special scaling options on top of those available to normal per-pod metrics using the "pods" source. Only one "target" type should be set.
averageUtilization is the target value of the average of the resource metric across all relevant pods, represented as a percentage of the requested value of the resource for the pods. Currently only valid for Resource metric source type
value is the target value of the metric (as a quantity).
metrics.external (ExternalMetricSource)
external refers to a global metric that is not associated with any Kubernetes object. It allows autoscaling based on information coming from components running outside of cluster (for example length of queue in cloud messaging service, or QPS from loadbalancer running outside of cluster).
ExternalMetricSource indicates how to scale on a metric not associated with any Kubernetes object (for example length of queue in cloud messaging service, or QPS from loadbalancer running outside of cluster).
selector is the string-encoded form of a standard kubernetes label selector for the given metric When set, it is passed as an additional parameter to the metrics server for more specific metrics scoping. When unset, just the metricName will be used to gather metrics.
metrics.external.target (MetricTarget), required
target specifies the target value for the given metric
MetricTarget defines the target value, average value, or average utilization of a specific metric
metrics.external.target.type (string), required
type represents whether the metric type is Utilization, Value, or AverageValue
averageUtilization is the target value of the average of the resource metric across all relevant pods, represented as a percentage of the requested value of the resource for the pods. Currently only valid for Resource metric source type
selector is the string-encoded form of a standard kubernetes label selector for the given metric When set, it is passed as an additional parameter to the metrics server for more specific metrics scoping. When unset, just the metricName will be used to gather metrics.
metrics.object.target (MetricTarget), required
target specifies the target value for the given metric
MetricTarget defines the target value, average value, or average utilization of a specific metric
metrics.object.target.type (string), required
type represents whether the metric type is Utilization, Value, or AverageValue
metrics.object.target.averageUtilization (int32)
averageUtilization is the target value of the average of the resource metric across all relevant pods, represented as a percentage of the requested value of the resource for the pods. Currently only valid for Resource metric source type
value is the target value of the metric (as a quantity).
metrics.pods (PodsMetricSource)
pods refers to a metric describing each pod in the current scale target (for example, transactions-processed-per-second). The values will be averaged together before being compared to the target value.
PodsMetricSource indicates how to scale on a metric describing each pod in the current scale target (for example, transactions-processed-per-second). The values will be averaged together before being compared to the target value.
metrics.pods.metric (MetricIdentifier), required
metric identifies the target metric by name and selector
MetricIdentifier defines the name and optionally selector for a metric
selector is the string-encoded form of a standard kubernetes label selector for the given metric When set, it is passed as an additional parameter to the metrics server for more specific metrics scoping. When unset, just the metricName will be used to gather metrics.
metrics.pods.target (MetricTarget), required
target specifies the target value for the given metric
MetricTarget defines the target value, average value, or average utilization of a specific metric
metrics.pods.target.type (string), required
type represents whether the metric type is Utilization, Value, or AverageValue
metrics.pods.target.averageUtilization (int32)
averageUtilization is the target value of the average of the resource metric across all relevant pods, represented as a percentage of the requested value of the resource for the pods. Currently only valid for Resource metric source type
value is the target value of the metric (as a quantity).
metrics.resource (ResourceMetricSource)
resource refers to a resource metric (such as those specified in requests and limits) known to Kubernetes describing each pod in the current scale target (e.g. CPU or memory). Such metrics are built in to Kubernetes, and have special scaling options on top of those available to normal per-pod metrics using the "pods" source.
ResourceMetricSource indicates how to scale on a resource metric known to Kubernetes, as specified in requests and limits, describing each pod in the current scale target (e.g. CPU or memory). The values will be averaged together before being compared to the target. Such metrics are built in to Kubernetes, and have special scaling options on top of those available to normal per-pod metrics using the "pods" source. Only one "target" type should be set.
metrics.resource.name (string), required
name is the name of the resource in question.
metrics.resource.target (MetricTarget), required
target specifies the target value for the given metric
MetricTarget defines the target value, average value, or average utilization of a specific metric
metrics.resource.target.type (string), required
type represents whether the metric type is Utilization, Value, or AverageValue
averageUtilization is the target value of the average of the resource metric across all relevant pods, represented as a percentage of the requested value of the resource for the pods. Currently only valid for Resource metric source type
value is the target value of the metric (as a quantity).
HorizontalPodAutoscalerStatus
HorizontalPodAutoscalerStatus describes the current status of a horizontal pod autoscaler.
desiredReplicas (int32), required
desiredReplicas is the desired number of replicas of pods managed by this autoscaler, as last calculated by the autoscaler.
conditions ([]HorizontalPodAutoscalerCondition)
Patch strategy: merge on key type
Map: unique values on key type will be kept during a merge
conditions is the set of conditions required for this autoscaler to scale its target, and indicates whether or not those conditions are met.
HorizontalPodAutoscalerCondition describes the state of a HorizontalPodAutoscaler at a certain point.
conditions.status (string), required
status is the status of the condition (True, False, Unknown)
conditions.type (string), required
type describes the current condition
conditions.lastTransitionTime (Time)
lastTransitionTime is the last time the condition transitioned from one status to another
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
conditions.message (string)
message is a human-readable explanation containing details about the transition
conditions.reason (string)
reason is the reason for the condition's last transition.
currentMetrics ([]MetricStatus)
Atomic: will be replaced during a merge
currentMetrics is the last read state of the metrics used by this autoscaler.
MetricStatus describes the last-read state of a single metric.
currentMetrics.type (string), required
type is the type of metric source. It will be one of "ContainerResource", "External", "Object", "Pods" or "Resource", each corresponds to a matching field in the object. Note: "ContainerResource" type is available on when the feature-gate HPAContainerMetrics is enabled
container resource refers to a resource metric (such as those specified in requests and limits) known to Kubernetes describing a single container in each pod in the current scale target (e.g. CPU or memory). Such metrics are built in to Kubernetes, and have special scaling options on top of those available to normal per-pod metrics using the "pods" source.
ContainerResourceMetricStatus indicates the current value of a resource metric known to Kubernetes, as specified in requests and limits, describing a single container in each pod in the current scale target (e.g. CPU or memory). Such metrics are built in to Kubernetes, and have special scaling options on top of those available to normal per-pod metrics using the "pods" source.
currentAverageUtilization is the current value of the average of the resource metric across all relevant pods, represented as a percentage of the requested value of the resource for the pods.
external refers to a global metric that is not associated with any Kubernetes object. It allows autoscaling based on information coming from components running outside of cluster (for example length of queue in cloud messaging service, or QPS from loadbalancer running outside of cluster).
ExternalMetricStatus indicates the current value of a global metric not associated with any Kubernetes object.
currentAverageUtilization is the current value of the average of the resource metric across all relevant pods, represented as a percentage of the requested value of the resource for the pods.
selector is the string-encoded form of a standard kubernetes label selector for the given metric When set, it is passed as an additional parameter to the metrics server for more specific metrics scoping. When unset, just the metricName will be used to gather metrics.
currentMetrics.object (ObjectMetricStatus)
object refers to a metric describing a single kubernetes object (for example, hits-per-second on an Ingress object).
ObjectMetricStatus indicates the current value of a metric describing a kubernetes object (for example, hits-per-second on an Ingress object).
currentAverageUtilization is the current value of the average of the resource metric across all relevant pods, represented as a percentage of the requested value of the resource for the pods.
selector is the string-encoded form of a standard kubernetes label selector for the given metric When set, it is passed as an additional parameter to the metrics server for more specific metrics scoping. When unset, just the metricName will be used to gather metrics.
currentMetrics.pods (PodsMetricStatus)
pods refers to a metric describing each pod in the current scale target (for example, transactions-processed-per-second). The values will be averaged together before being compared to the target value.
PodsMetricStatus indicates the current value of a metric describing each pod in the current scale target (for example, transactions-processed-per-second).
currentAverageUtilization is the current value of the average of the resource metric across all relevant pods, represented as a percentage of the requested value of the resource for the pods.
selector is the string-encoded form of a standard kubernetes label selector for the given metric When set, it is passed as an additional parameter to the metrics server for more specific metrics scoping. When unset, just the metricName will be used to gather metrics.
currentMetrics.resource (ResourceMetricStatus)
resource refers to a resource metric (such as those specified in requests and limits) known to Kubernetes describing each pod in the current scale target (e.g. CPU or memory). Such metrics are built in to Kubernetes, and have special scaling options on top of those available to normal per-pod metrics using the "pods" source.
ResourceMetricStatus indicates the current value of a resource metric known to Kubernetes, as specified in requests and limits, describing each pod in the current scale target (e.g. CPU or memory). Such metrics are built in to Kubernetes, and have special scaling options on top of those available to normal per-pod metrics using the "pods" source.
currentAverageUtilization is the current value of the average of the resource metric across all relevant pods, represented as a percentage of the requested value of the resource for the pods.
value is the current value of the metric (as a quantity).
currentMetrics.resource.name (string), required
Name is the name of the resource in question.
currentReplicas (int32)
currentReplicas is current number of replicas of pods managed by this autoscaler, as last seen by the autoscaler.
lastScaleTime (Time)
lastScaleTime is the last time the HorizontalPodAutoscaler scaled the number of pods, used by the autoscaler to control how often the number of pods is changed.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
observedGeneration (int64)
observedGeneration is the most recent generation observed by this autoscaler.
HorizontalPodAutoscalerList
HorizontalPodAutoscalerList is a list of horizontal pod autoscaler objects.
HorizontalPodAutoscaler is the configuration for a horizontal pod autoscaler, which automatically manages the replica count of any resource implementing the scale subresource based on the metrics specified.
apiVersion: autoscaling/v2beta2
import "k8s.io/api/autoscaling/v2beta2"
HorizontalPodAutoscaler
HorizontalPodAutoscaler is the configuration for a horizontal pod autoscaler, which automatically manages the replica count of any resource implementing the scale subresource based on the metrics specified.
scaleTargetRef points to the target resource to scale, and is used to the pods for which metrics should be collected, as well as to actually change the replica count.
CrossVersionObjectReference contains enough information to let you identify the referred resource.
minReplicas is the lower limit for the number of replicas to which the autoscaler can scale down. It defaults to 1 pod. minReplicas is allowed to be 0 if the alpha feature gate HPAScaleToZero is enabled and at least one Object or External metric is configured. Scaling is active as long as at least one metric value is available.
behavior (HorizontalPodAutoscalerBehavior)
behavior configures the scaling behavior of the target in both Up and Down directions (scaleUp and scaleDown fields respectively). If not set, the default HPAScalingRules for scale up and scale down are used.
HorizontalPodAutoscalerBehavior configures the scaling behavior of the target in both Up and Down directions (scaleUp and scaleDown fields respectively).
behavior.scaleDown (HPAScalingRules)
scaleDown is scaling policy for scaling Down. If not set, the default value is to allow to scale down to minReplicas pods, with a 300 second stabilization window (i.e., the highest recommendation for the last 300sec is used).
HPAScalingRules configures the scaling behavior for one direction. These Rules are applied after calculating DesiredReplicas from metrics for the HPA. They can limit the scaling velocity by specifying scaling policies. They can prevent flapping by specifying the stabilization window, so that the number of replicas is not set instantly, instead, the safest value from the stabilization window is chosen.
behavior.scaleDown.policies ([]HPAScalingPolicy)
policies is a list of potential scaling polices which can be used during scaling. At least one policy must be specified, otherwise the HPAScalingRules will be discarded as invalid
HPAScalingPolicy is a single policy which must hold true for a specified past interval.
PeriodSeconds specifies the window of time for which the policy should hold true. PeriodSeconds must be greater than zero and less than or equal to 1800 (30 min).
behavior.scaleDown.selectPolicy (string)
selectPolicy is used to specify which policy should be used. If not set, the default value MaxPolicySelect is used.
StabilizationWindowSeconds is the number of seconds for which past recommendations should be considered while scaling up or scaling down. StabilizationWindowSeconds must be greater than or equal to zero and less than or equal to 3600 (one hour). If not set, use the default values: - For scale up: 0 (i.e. no stabilization is done). - For scale down: 300 (i.e. the stabilization window is 300 seconds long).
behavior.scaleUp (HPAScalingRules)
scaleUp is scaling policy for scaling Up. If not set, the default value is the higher of:
increase no more than 4 pods per 60 seconds
double the number of pods per 60 seconds
No stabilization is used.
HPAScalingRules configures the scaling behavior for one direction. These Rules are applied after calculating DesiredReplicas from metrics for the HPA. They can limit the scaling velocity by specifying scaling policies. They can prevent flapping by specifying the stabilization window, so that the number of replicas is not set instantly, instead, the safest value from the stabilization window is chosen.
behavior.scaleUp.policies ([]HPAScalingPolicy)
policies is a list of potential scaling polices which can be used during scaling. At least one policy must be specified, otherwise the HPAScalingRules will be discarded as invalid
HPAScalingPolicy is a single policy which must hold true for a specified past interval.
behavior.scaleUp.policies.type (string), required
Type is used to specify the scaling policy.
behavior.scaleUp.policies.value (int32), required
Value contains the amount of change which is permitted by the policy. It must be greater than zero
PeriodSeconds specifies the window of time for which the policy should hold true. PeriodSeconds must be greater than zero and less than or equal to 1800 (30 min).
behavior.scaleUp.selectPolicy (string)
selectPolicy is used to specify which policy should be used. If not set, the default value MaxPolicySelect is used.
StabilizationWindowSeconds is the number of seconds for which past recommendations should be considered while scaling up or scaling down. StabilizationWindowSeconds must be greater than or equal to zero and less than or equal to 3600 (one hour). If not set, use the default values: - For scale up: 0 (i.e. no stabilization is done). - For scale down: 300 (i.e. the stabilization window is 300 seconds long).
metrics ([]MetricSpec)
metrics contains the specifications for which to use to calculate the desired replica count (the maximum replica count across all metrics will be used). The desired replica count is calculated multiplying the ratio between the target value and the current value by the current number of pods. Ergo, metrics used must decrease as the pod count is increased, and vice-versa. See the individual metric source types for more information about how each type of metric must respond. If not set, the default metric will be set to 80% average CPU utilization.
MetricSpec specifies how to scale based on a single metric (only type and one other matching field should be set at once).
metrics.type (string), required
type is the type of metric source. It should be one of "ContainerResource", "External", "Object", "Pods" or "Resource", each mapping to a matching field in the object. Note: "ContainerResource" type is available on when the feature-gate HPAContainerMetrics is enabled
container resource refers to a resource metric (such as those specified in requests and limits) known to Kubernetes describing a single container in each pod of the current scale target (e.g. CPU or memory). Such metrics are built in to Kubernetes, and have special scaling options on top of those available to normal per-pod metrics using the "pods" source. This is an alpha feature and can be enabled by the HPAContainerMetrics feature flag.
ContainerResourceMetricSource indicates how to scale on a resource metric known to Kubernetes, as specified in requests and limits, describing each pod in the current scale target (e.g. CPU or memory). The values will be averaged together before being compared to the target. Such metrics are built in to Kubernetes, and have special scaling options on top of those available to normal per-pod metrics using the "pods" source. Only one "target" type should be set.
averageUtilization is the target value of the average of the resource metric across all relevant pods, represented as a percentage of the requested value of the resource for the pods. Currently only valid for Resource metric source type
value is the target value of the metric (as a quantity).
metrics.external (ExternalMetricSource)
external refers to a global metric that is not associated with any Kubernetes object. It allows autoscaling based on information coming from components running outside of cluster (for example length of queue in cloud messaging service, or QPS from loadbalancer running outside of cluster).
ExternalMetricSource indicates how to scale on a metric not associated with any Kubernetes object (for example length of queue in cloud messaging service, or QPS from loadbalancer running outside of cluster).
selector is the string-encoded form of a standard kubernetes label selector for the given metric When set, it is passed as an additional parameter to the metrics server for more specific metrics scoping. When unset, just the metricName will be used to gather metrics.
metrics.external.target (MetricTarget), required
target specifies the target value for the given metric
MetricTarget defines the target value, average value, or average utilization of a specific metric
metrics.external.target.type (string), required
type represents whether the metric type is Utilization, Value, or AverageValue
averageUtilization is the target value of the average of the resource metric across all relevant pods, represented as a percentage of the requested value of the resource for the pods. Currently only valid for Resource metric source type
selector is the string-encoded form of a standard kubernetes label selector for the given metric When set, it is passed as an additional parameter to the metrics server for more specific metrics scoping. When unset, just the metricName will be used to gather metrics.
metrics.object.target (MetricTarget), required
target specifies the target value for the given metric
MetricTarget defines the target value, average value, or average utilization of a specific metric
metrics.object.target.type (string), required
type represents whether the metric type is Utilization, Value, or AverageValue
metrics.object.target.averageUtilization (int32)
averageUtilization is the target value of the average of the resource metric across all relevant pods, represented as a percentage of the requested value of the resource for the pods. Currently only valid for Resource metric source type
value is the target value of the metric (as a quantity).
metrics.pods (PodsMetricSource)
pods refers to a metric describing each pod in the current scale target (for example, transactions-processed-per-second). The values will be averaged together before being compared to the target value.
PodsMetricSource indicates how to scale on a metric describing each pod in the current scale target (for example, transactions-processed-per-second). The values will be averaged together before being compared to the target value.
metrics.pods.metric (MetricIdentifier), required
metric identifies the target metric by name and selector
MetricIdentifier defines the name and optionally selector for a metric
selector is the string-encoded form of a standard kubernetes label selector for the given metric When set, it is passed as an additional parameter to the metrics server for more specific metrics scoping. When unset, just the metricName will be used to gather metrics.
metrics.pods.target (MetricTarget), required
target specifies the target value for the given metric
MetricTarget defines the target value, average value, or average utilization of a specific metric
metrics.pods.target.type (string), required
type represents whether the metric type is Utilization, Value, or AverageValue
metrics.pods.target.averageUtilization (int32)
averageUtilization is the target value of the average of the resource metric across all relevant pods, represented as a percentage of the requested value of the resource for the pods. Currently only valid for Resource metric source type
value is the target value of the metric (as a quantity).
metrics.resource (ResourceMetricSource)
resource refers to a resource metric (such as those specified in requests and limits) known to Kubernetes describing each pod in the current scale target (e.g. CPU or memory). Such metrics are built in to Kubernetes, and have special scaling options on top of those available to normal per-pod metrics using the "pods" source.
ResourceMetricSource indicates how to scale on a resource metric known to Kubernetes, as specified in requests and limits, describing each pod in the current scale target (e.g. CPU or memory). The values will be averaged together before being compared to the target. Such metrics are built in to Kubernetes, and have special scaling options on top of those available to normal per-pod metrics using the "pods" source. Only one "target" type should be set.
metrics.resource.name (string), required
name is the name of the resource in question.
metrics.resource.target (MetricTarget), required
target specifies the target value for the given metric
MetricTarget defines the target value, average value, or average utilization of a specific metric
metrics.resource.target.type (string), required
type represents whether the metric type is Utilization, Value, or AverageValue
averageUtilization is the target value of the average of the resource metric across all relevant pods, represented as a percentage of the requested value of the resource for the pods. Currently only valid for Resource metric source type
value is the target value of the metric (as a quantity).
HorizontalPodAutoscalerStatus
HorizontalPodAutoscalerStatus describes the current status of a horizontal pod autoscaler.
currentReplicas (int32), required
currentReplicas is current number of replicas of pods managed by this autoscaler, as last seen by the autoscaler.
desiredReplicas (int32), required
desiredReplicas is the desired number of replicas of pods managed by this autoscaler, as last calculated by the autoscaler.
conditions ([]HorizontalPodAutoscalerCondition)
conditions is the set of conditions required for this autoscaler to scale its target, and indicates whether or not those conditions are met.
HorizontalPodAutoscalerCondition describes the state of a HorizontalPodAutoscaler at a certain point.
conditions.status (string), required
status is the status of the condition (True, False, Unknown)
conditions.type (string), required
type describes the current condition
conditions.lastTransitionTime (Time)
lastTransitionTime is the last time the condition transitioned from one status to another
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
conditions.message (string)
message is a human-readable explanation containing details about the transition
conditions.reason (string)
reason is the reason for the condition's last transition.
currentMetrics ([]MetricStatus)
currentMetrics is the last read state of the metrics used by this autoscaler.
MetricStatus describes the last-read state of a single metric.
currentMetrics.type (string), required
type is the type of metric source. It will be one of "ContainerResource", "External", "Object", "Pods" or "Resource", each corresponds to a matching field in the object. Note: "ContainerResource" type is available on when the feature-gate HPAContainerMetrics is enabled
container resource refers to a resource metric (such as those specified in requests and limits) known to Kubernetes describing a single container in each pod in the current scale target (e.g. CPU or memory). Such metrics are built in to Kubernetes, and have special scaling options on top of those available to normal per-pod metrics using the "pods" source.
ContainerResourceMetricStatus indicates the current value of a resource metric known to Kubernetes, as specified in requests and limits, describing a single container in each pod in the current scale target (e.g. CPU or memory). Such metrics are built in to Kubernetes, and have special scaling options on top of those available to normal per-pod metrics using the "pods" source.
currentAverageUtilization is the current value of the average of the resource metric across all relevant pods, represented as a percentage of the requested value of the resource for the pods.
external refers to a global metric that is not associated with any Kubernetes object. It allows autoscaling based on information coming from components running outside of cluster (for example length of queue in cloud messaging service, or QPS from loadbalancer running outside of cluster).
ExternalMetricStatus indicates the current value of a global metric not associated with any Kubernetes object.
currentAverageUtilization is the current value of the average of the resource metric across all relevant pods, represented as a percentage of the requested value of the resource for the pods.
selector is the string-encoded form of a standard kubernetes label selector for the given metric When set, it is passed as an additional parameter to the metrics server for more specific metrics scoping. When unset, just the metricName will be used to gather metrics.
currentMetrics.object (ObjectMetricStatus)
object refers to a metric describing a single kubernetes object (for example, hits-per-second on an Ingress object).
ObjectMetricStatus indicates the current value of a metric describing a kubernetes object (for example, hits-per-second on an Ingress object).
currentAverageUtilization is the current value of the average of the resource metric across all relevant pods, represented as a percentage of the requested value of the resource for the pods.
selector is the string-encoded form of a standard kubernetes label selector for the given metric When set, it is passed as an additional parameter to the metrics server for more specific metrics scoping. When unset, just the metricName will be used to gather metrics.
currentMetrics.pods (PodsMetricStatus)
pods refers to a metric describing each pod in the current scale target (for example, transactions-processed-per-second). The values will be averaged together before being compared to the target value.
PodsMetricStatus indicates the current value of a metric describing each pod in the current scale target (for example, transactions-processed-per-second).
currentAverageUtilization is the current value of the average of the resource metric across all relevant pods, represented as a percentage of the requested value of the resource for the pods.
selector is the string-encoded form of a standard kubernetes label selector for the given metric When set, it is passed as an additional parameter to the metrics server for more specific metrics scoping. When unset, just the metricName will be used to gather metrics.
currentMetrics.resource (ResourceMetricStatus)
resource refers to a resource metric (such as those specified in requests and limits) known to Kubernetes describing each pod in the current scale target (e.g. CPU or memory). Such metrics are built in to Kubernetes, and have special scaling options on top of those available to normal per-pod metrics using the "pods" source.
ResourceMetricStatus indicates the current value of a resource metric known to Kubernetes, as specified in requests and limits, describing each pod in the current scale target (e.g. CPU or memory). Such metrics are built in to Kubernetes, and have special scaling options on top of those available to normal per-pod metrics using the "pods" source.
currentAverageUtilization is the current value of the average of the resource metric across all relevant pods, represented as a percentage of the requested value of the resource for the pods.
value is the current value of the metric (as a quantity).
currentMetrics.resource.name (string), required
Name is the name of the resource in question.
lastScaleTime (Time)
lastScaleTime is the last time the HorizontalPodAutoscaler scaled the number of pods, used by the autoscaler to control how often the number of pods is changed.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
observedGeneration (int64)
observedGeneration is the most recent generation observed by this autoscaler.
HorizontalPodAutoscalerList
HorizontalPodAutoscalerList is a list of horizontal pod autoscaler objects.
The value of this priority class. This is the actual priority that pods receive when they have the name of this class in their pod spec.
description (string)
description is an arbitrary string that usually provides guidelines on when this priority class should be used.
globalDefault (boolean)
globalDefault specifies whether this PriorityClass should be considered as the default priority for pods that do not have any priority class. Only one PriorityClass can be marked as globalDefault. However, if more than one PriorityClasses exists with their globalDefault field set to true, the smallest value of such global default PriorityClasses will be used as the default priority.
preemptionPolicy (string)
PreemptionPolicy is the Policy for preempting pods with lower priority. One of Never, PreemptLowerPriority. Defaults to PreemptLowerPriority if unset. This field is beta-level, gated by the NonPreemptingPriority feature-gate.
PriorityClassList
PriorityClassList is a collection of priority classes.
Service is a named abstraction of software service (for example, mysql) consisting of local port (for example 3306) that the proxy listens on, and the selector that determines which pods will answer requests sent through the proxy.
apiVersion: v1
import "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
Service
Service is a named abstraction of software service (for example, mysql) consisting of local port (for example 3306) that the proxy listens on, and the selector that determines which pods will answer requests sent through the proxy.
ServiceSpec describes the attributes that a user creates on a service.
selector (map[string]string)
Route service traffic to pods with label keys and values matching this selector. If empty or not present, the service is assumed to have an external process managing its endpoints, which Kubernetes will not modify. Only applies to types ClusterIP, NodePort, and LoadBalancer. Ignored if type is ExternalName. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/
ports ([]ServicePort)
Patch strategy: merge on key port
Map: unique values on keys port, protocol will be kept during a merge
ServicePort contains information on service's port.
ports.port (int32), required
The port that will be exposed by this service.
ports.targetPort (IntOrString)
Number or name of the port to access on the pods targeted by the service. Number must be in the range 1 to 65535. Name must be an IANA_SVC_NAME. If this is a string, it will be looked up as a named port in the target Pod's container ports. If this is not specified, the value of the 'port' field is used (an identity map). This field is ignored for services with clusterIP=None, and should be omitted or set equal to the 'port' field. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/#defining-a-service
IntOrString is a type that can hold an int32 or a string. When used in JSON or YAML marshalling and unmarshalling, it produces or consumes the inner type. This allows you to have, for example, a JSON field that can accept a name or number.
ports.protocol (string)
The IP protocol for this port. Supports "TCP", "UDP", and "SCTP". Default is TCP.
Possible enum values:
"SCTP" is the SCTP protocol.
"TCP" is the TCP protocol.
"UDP" is the UDP protocol.
ports.name (string)
The name of this port within the service. This must be a DNS_LABEL. All ports within a ServiceSpec must have unique names. When considering the endpoints for a Service, this must match the 'name' field in the EndpointPort. Optional if only one ServicePort is defined on this service.
ports.nodePort (int32)
The port on each node on which this service is exposed when type is NodePort or LoadBalancer. Usually assigned by the system. If a value is specified, in-range, and not in use it will be used, otherwise the operation will fail. If not specified, a port will be allocated if this Service requires one. If this field is specified when creating a Service which does not need it, creation will fail. This field will be wiped when updating a Service to no longer need it (e.g. changing type from NodePort to ClusterIP). More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/#type-nodeport
ports.appProtocol (string)
The application protocol for this port. This field follows standard Kubernetes label syntax. Un-prefixed names are reserved for IANA standard service names (as per RFC-6335 and http://www.iana.org/assignments/service-names). Non-standard protocols should use prefixed names such as mycompany.com/my-custom-protocol.
type (string)
type determines how the Service is exposed. Defaults to ClusterIP. Valid options are ExternalName, ClusterIP, NodePort, and LoadBalancer. "ClusterIP" allocates a cluster-internal IP address for load-balancing to endpoints. Endpoints are determined by the selector or if that is not specified, by manual construction of an Endpoints object or EndpointSlice objects. If clusterIP is "None", no virtual IP is allocated and the endpoints are published as a set of endpoints rather than a virtual IP. "NodePort" builds on ClusterIP and allocates a port on every node which routes to the same endpoints as the clusterIP. "LoadBalancer" builds on NodePort and creates an external load-balancer (if supported in the current cloud) which routes to the same endpoints as the clusterIP. "ExternalName" aliases this service to the specified externalName. Several other fields do not apply to ExternalName services. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/#publishing-services-service-types
Possible enum values:
"ClusterIP" means a service will only be accessible inside the cluster, via the cluster IP.
"ExternalName" means a service consists of only a reference to an external name that kubedns or equivalent will return as a CNAME record, with no exposing or proxying of any pods involved.
"LoadBalancer" means a service will be exposed via an external load balancer (if the cloud provider supports it), in addition to 'NodePort' type.
"NodePort" means a service will be exposed on one port of every node, in addition to 'ClusterIP' type.
ipFamilies ([]string)
Atomic: will be replaced during a merge
IPFamilies is a list of IP families (e.g. IPv4, IPv6) assigned to this service. This field is usually assigned automatically based on cluster configuration and the ipFamilyPolicy field. If this field is specified manually, the requested family is available in the cluster, and ipFamilyPolicy allows it, it will be used; otherwise creation of the service will fail. This field is conditionally mutable: it allows for adding or removing a secondary IP family, but it does not allow changing the primary IP family of the Service. Valid values are "IPv4" and "IPv6". This field only applies to Services of types ClusterIP, NodePort, and LoadBalancer, and does apply to "headless" services. This field will be wiped when updating a Service to type ExternalName.
This field may hold a maximum of two entries (dual-stack families, in either order). These families must correspond to the values of the clusterIPs field, if specified. Both clusterIPs and ipFamilies are governed by the ipFamilyPolicy field.
ipFamilyPolicy (string)
IPFamilyPolicy represents the dual-stack-ness requested or required by this Service. If there is no value provided, then this field will be set to SingleStack. Services can be "SingleStack" (a single IP family), "PreferDualStack" (two IP families on dual-stack configured clusters or a single IP family on single-stack clusters), or "RequireDualStack" (two IP families on dual-stack configured clusters, otherwise fail). The ipFamilies and clusterIPs fields depend on the value of this field. This field will be wiped when updating a service to type ExternalName.
clusterIP (string)
clusterIP is the IP address of the service and is usually assigned randomly. If an address is specified manually, is in-range (as per system configuration), and is not in use, it will be allocated to the service; otherwise creation of the service will fail. This field may not be changed through updates unless the type field is also being changed to ExternalName (which requires this field to be blank) or the type field is being changed from ExternalName (in which case this field may optionally be specified, as describe above). Valid values are "None", empty string (""), or a valid IP address. Setting this to "None" makes a "headless service" (no virtual IP), which is useful when direct endpoint connections are preferred and proxying is not required. Only applies to types ClusterIP, NodePort, and LoadBalancer. If this field is specified when creating a Service of type ExternalName, creation will fail. This field will be wiped when updating a Service to type ExternalName. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/#virtual-ips-and-service-proxies
clusterIPs ([]string)
Atomic: will be replaced during a merge
ClusterIPs is a list of IP addresses assigned to this service, and are usually assigned randomly. If an address is specified manually, is in-range (as per system configuration), and is not in use, it will be allocated to the service; otherwise creation of the service will fail. This field may not be changed through updates unless the type field is also being changed to ExternalName (which requires this field to be empty) or the type field is being changed from ExternalName (in which case this field may optionally be specified, as describe above). Valid values are "None", empty string (""), or a valid IP address. Setting this to "None" makes a "headless service" (no virtual IP), which is useful when direct endpoint connections are preferred and proxying is not required. Only applies to types ClusterIP, NodePort, and LoadBalancer. If this field is specified when creating a Service of type ExternalName, creation will fail. This field will be wiped when updating a Service to type ExternalName. If this field is not specified, it will be initialized from the clusterIP field. If this field is specified, clients must ensure that clusterIPs[0] and clusterIP have the same value.
externalIPs is a list of IP addresses for which nodes in the cluster will also accept traffic for this service. These IPs are not managed by Kubernetes. The user is responsible for ensuring that traffic arrives at a node with this IP. A common example is external load-balancers that are not part of the Kubernetes system.
Only applies to Service Type: LoadBalancer LoadBalancer will get created with the IP specified in this field. This feature depends on whether the underlying cloud-provider supports specifying the loadBalancerIP when a load balancer is created. This field will be ignored if the cloud-provider does not support the feature.
loadBalancerClass is the class of the load balancer implementation this Service belongs to. If specified, the value of this field must be a label-style identifier, with an optional prefix, e.g. "internal-vip" or "example.com/internal-vip". Unprefixed names are reserved for end-users. This field can only be set when the Service type is 'LoadBalancer'. If not set, the default load balancer implementation is used, today this is typically done through the cloud provider integration, but should apply for any default implementation. If set, it is assumed that a load balancer implementation is watching for Services with a matching class. Any default load balancer implementation (e.g. cloud providers) should ignore Services that set this field. This field can only be set when creating or updating a Service to type 'LoadBalancer'. Once set, it can not be changed. This field will be wiped when a service is updated to a non 'LoadBalancer' type.
externalName (string)
externalName is the external reference that discovery mechanisms will return as an alias for this service (e.g. a DNS CNAME record). No proxying will be involved. Must be a lowercase RFC-1123 hostname (https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1123) and requires type to be "ExternalName".
externalTrafficPolicy (string)
externalTrafficPolicy denotes if this Service desires to route external traffic to node-local or cluster-wide endpoints. "Local" preserves the client source IP and avoids a second hop for LoadBalancer and Nodeport type services, but risks potentially imbalanced traffic spreading. "Cluster" obscures the client source IP and may cause a second hop to another node, but should have good overall load-spreading.
InternalTrafficPolicy specifies if the cluster internal traffic should be routed to all endpoints or node-local endpoints only. "Cluster" routes internal traffic to a Service to all endpoints. "Local" routes traffic to node-local endpoints only, traffic is dropped if no node-local endpoints are ready. The default value is "Cluster".
healthCheckNodePort (int32)
healthCheckNodePort specifies the healthcheck nodePort for the service. This only applies when type is set to LoadBalancer and externalTrafficPolicy is set to Local. If a value is specified, is in-range, and is not in use, it will be used. If not specified, a value will be automatically allocated. External systems (e.g. load-balancers) can use this port to determine if a given node holds endpoints for this service or not. If this field is specified when creating a Service which does not need it, creation will fail. This field will be wiped when updating a Service to no longer need it (e.g. changing type).
publishNotReadyAddresses (boolean)
publishNotReadyAddresses indicates that any agent which deals with endpoints for this Service should disregard any indications of ready/not-ready. The primary use case for setting this field is for a StatefulSet's Headless Service to propagate SRV DNS records for its Pods for the purpose of peer discovery. The Kubernetes controllers that generate Endpoints and EndpointSlice resources for Services interpret this to mean that all endpoints are considered "ready" even if the Pods themselves are not. Agents which consume only Kubernetes generated endpoints through the Endpoints or EndpointSlice resources can safely assume this behavior.
sessionAffinityConfig (SessionAffinityConfig)
sessionAffinityConfig contains the configurations of session affinity.
SessionAffinityConfig represents the configurations of session affinity.
sessionAffinityConfig.clientIP (ClientIPConfig)
clientIP contains the configurations of Client IP based session affinity.
ClientIPConfig represents the configurations of Client IP based session affinity.
timeoutSeconds specifies the seconds of ClientIP type session sticky time. The value must be >0 && <=86400(for 1 day) if ServiceAffinity == "ClientIP". Default value is 10800(for 3 hours).
allocateLoadBalancerNodePorts (boolean)
allocateLoadBalancerNodePorts defines if NodePorts will be automatically allocated for services with type LoadBalancer. Default is "true". It may be set to "false" if the cluster load-balancer does not rely on NodePorts. If the caller requests specific NodePorts (by specifying a value), those requests will be respected, regardless of this field. This field may only be set for services with type LoadBalancer and will be cleared if the type is changed to any other type. This field is beta-level and is only honored by servers that enable the ServiceLBNodePortControl feature.
ServiceStatus
ServiceStatus represents the current status of a service.
conditions ([]Condition)
Patch strategy: merge on key type
Map: unique values on key type will be kept during a merge
Current service state
Condition contains details for one aspect of the current state of this API Resource.
conditions.lastTransitionTime (Time), required
lastTransitionTime is the last time the condition transitioned from one status to another. This should be when the underlying condition changed. If that is not known, then using the time when the API field changed is acceptable.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
conditions.message (string), required
message is a human readable message indicating details about the transition. This may be an empty string.
conditions.reason (string), required
reason contains a programmatic identifier indicating the reason for the condition's last transition. Producers of specific condition types may define expected values and meanings for this field, and whether the values are considered a guaranteed API. The value should be a CamelCase string. This field may not be empty.
conditions.status (string), required
status of the condition, one of True, False, Unknown.
conditions.type (string), required
type of condition in CamelCase or in foo.example.com/CamelCase.
conditions.observedGeneration (int64)
observedGeneration represents the .metadata.generation that the condition was set based upon. For instance, if .metadata.generation is currently 12, but the .status.conditions[x].observedGeneration is 9, the condition is out of date with respect to the current state of the instance.
loadBalancer (LoadBalancerStatus)
LoadBalancer contains the current status of the load-balancer, if one is present.
LoadBalancerStatus represents the status of a load-balancer.
loadBalancer.ingress ([]LoadBalancerIngress)
Ingress is a list containing ingress points for the load-balancer. Traffic intended for the service should be sent to these ingress points.
LoadBalancerIngress represents the status of a load-balancer ingress point: traffic intended for the service should be sent to an ingress point.
loadBalancer.ingress.hostname (string)
Hostname is set for load-balancer ingress points that are DNS based (typically AWS load-balancers)
loadBalancer.ingress.ip (string)
IP is set for load-balancer ingress points that are IP based (typically GCE or OpenStack load-balancers)
loadBalancer.ingress.ports ([]PortStatus)
Atomic: will be replaced during a merge
Ports is a list of records of service ports If used, every port defined in the service should have an entry in it
**
loadBalancer.ingress.ports.port (int32), required
Port is the port number of the service port of which status is recorded here
Protocol is the protocol of the service port of which status is recorded here The supported values are: "TCP", "UDP", "SCTP"
Possible enum values:
"SCTP" is the SCTP protocol.
"TCP" is the TCP protocol.
"UDP" is the UDP protocol.
loadBalancer.ingress.ports.error (string)
Error is to record the problem with the service port The format of the error shall comply with the following rules: - built-in error values shall be specified in this file and those shall use
CamelCase names
cloud provider specific error values must have names that comply with the
format foo.example.com/CamelCase.
The set of all endpoints is the union of all subsets. Addresses are placed into subsets according to the IPs they share. A single address with multiple ports, some of which are ready and some of which are not (because they come from different containers) will result in the address being displayed in different subsets for the different ports. No address will appear in both Addresses and NotReadyAddresses in the same subset. Sets of addresses and ports that comprise a service.
EndpointSubset is a group of addresses with a common set of ports. The expanded set of endpoints is the Cartesian product of Addresses x Ports. For example, given:
{
Addresses: [{"ip": "10.10.1.1"}, {"ip": "10.10.2.2"}],
Ports: [{"name": "a", "port": 8675}, {"name": "b", "port": 309}]
}
The resulting set of endpoints can be viewed as:
a: [ 10.10.1.1:8675, 10.10.2.2:8675 ],
b: [ 10.10.1.1:309, 10.10.2.2:309 ]
subsets.addresses ([]EndpointAddress)
IP addresses which offer the related ports that are marked as ready. These endpoints should be considered safe for load balancers and clients to utilize.
EndpointAddress is a tuple that describes single IP address.
subsets.addresses.ip (string), required
The IP of this endpoint. May not be loopback (127.0.0.0/8), link-local (169.254.0.0/16), or link-local multicast ((224.0.0.0/24). IPv6 is also accepted but not fully supported on all platforms. Also, certain kubernetes components, like kube-proxy, are not IPv6 ready.
subsets.addresses.hostname (string)
The Hostname of this endpoint
subsets.addresses.nodeName (string)
Optional: Node hosting this endpoint. This can be used to determine endpoints local to a node.
IP addresses which offer the related ports but are not currently marked as ready because they have not yet finished starting, have recently failed a readiness check, or have recently failed a liveness check.
EndpointAddress is a tuple that describes single IP address.
subsets.notReadyAddresses.ip (string), required
The IP of this endpoint. May not be loopback (127.0.0.0/8), link-local (169.254.0.0/16), or link-local multicast ((224.0.0.0/24). IPv6 is also accepted but not fully supported on all platforms. Also, certain kubernetes components, like kube-proxy, are not IPv6 ready.
subsets.notReadyAddresses.hostname (string)
The Hostname of this endpoint
subsets.notReadyAddresses.nodeName (string)
Optional: Node hosting this endpoint. This can be used to determine endpoints local to a node.
Port numbers available on the related IP addresses.
EndpointPort is a tuple that describes a single port.
subsets.ports.port (int32), required
The port number of the endpoint.
subsets.ports.protocol (string)
The IP protocol for this port. Must be UDP, TCP, or SCTP. Default is TCP.
Possible enum values:
"SCTP" is the SCTP protocol.
"TCP" is the TCP protocol.
"UDP" is the UDP protocol.
subsets.ports.name (string)
The name of this port. This must match the 'name' field in the corresponding ServicePort. Must be a DNS_LABEL. Optional only if one port is defined.
subsets.ports.appProtocol (string)
The application protocol for this port. This field follows standard Kubernetes label syntax. Un-prefixed names are reserved for IANA standard service names (as per RFC-6335 and http://www.iana.org/assignments/service-names). Non-standard protocols should use prefixed names such as mycompany.com/my-custom-protocol.
EndpointSlice represents a subset of the endpoints that implement a service.
apiVersion: discovery.k8s.io/v1
import "k8s.io/api/discovery/v1"
EndpointSlice
EndpointSlice represents a subset of the endpoints that implement a service. For a given service there may be multiple EndpointSlice objects, selected by labels, which must be joined to produce the full set of endpoints.
addressType specifies the type of address carried by this EndpointSlice. All addresses in this slice must be the same type. This field is immutable after creation. The following address types are currently supported: * IPv4: Represents an IPv4 Address. * IPv6: Represents an IPv6 Address. * FQDN: Represents a Fully Qualified Domain Name.
Possible enum values:
"FQDN" represents a FQDN.
"IPv4" represents an IPv4 Address.
"IPv6" represents an IPv6 Address.
endpoints ([]Endpoint), required
Atomic: will be replaced during a merge
endpoints is a list of unique endpoints in this slice. Each slice may include a maximum of 1000 endpoints.
Endpoint represents a single logical "backend" implementing a service.
endpoints.addresses ([]string), required
Set: unique values will be kept during a merge
addresses of this endpoint. The contents of this field are interpreted according to the corresponding EndpointSlice addressType field. Consumers must handle different types of addresses in the context of their own capabilities. This must contain at least one address but no more than 100.
endpoints.conditions (EndpointConditions)
conditions contains information about the current status of the endpoint.
EndpointConditions represents the current condition of an endpoint.
endpoints.conditions.ready (boolean)
ready indicates that this endpoint is prepared to receive traffic, according to whatever system is managing the endpoint. A nil value indicates an unknown state. In most cases consumers should interpret this unknown state as ready. For compatibility reasons, ready should never be "true" for terminating endpoints.
endpoints.conditions.serving (boolean)
serving is identical to ready except that it is set regardless of the terminating state of endpoints. This condition should be set to true for a ready endpoint that is terminating. If nil, consumers should defer to the ready condition. This field can be enabled with the EndpointSliceTerminatingCondition feature gate.
endpoints.conditions.terminating (boolean)
terminating indicates that this endpoint is terminating. A nil value indicates an unknown state. Consumers should interpret this unknown state to mean that the endpoint is not terminating. This field can be enabled with the EndpointSliceTerminatingCondition feature gate.
endpoints.deprecatedTopology (map[string]string)
deprecatedTopology contains topology information part of the v1beta1 API. This field is deprecated, and will be removed when the v1beta1 API is removed (no sooner than kubernetes v1.24). While this field can hold values, it is not writable through the v1 API, and any attempts to write to it will be silently ignored. Topology information can be found in the zone and nodeName fields instead.
endpoints.hints (EndpointHints)
hints contains information associated with how an endpoint should be consumed.
EndpointHints provides hints describing how an endpoint should be consumed.
endpoints.hints.forZones ([]ForZone)
Atomic: will be replaced during a merge
forZones indicates the zone(s) this endpoint should be consumed by to enable topology aware routing.
ForZone provides information about which zones should consume this endpoint.
endpoints.hints.forZones.name (string), required
name represents the name of the zone.
endpoints.hostname (string)
hostname of this endpoint. This field may be used by consumers of endpoints to distinguish endpoints from each other (e.g. in DNS names). Multiple endpoints which use the same hostname should be considered fungible (e.g. multiple A values in DNS). Must be lowercase and pass DNS Label (RFC 1123) validation.
endpoints.nodeName (string)
nodeName represents the name of the Node hosting this endpoint. This can be used to determine endpoints local to a Node. This field can be enabled with the EndpointSliceNodeName feature gate.
targetRef is a reference to a Kubernetes object that represents this endpoint.
endpoints.zone (string)
zone is the name of the Zone this endpoint exists in.
ports ([]EndpointPort)
Atomic: will be replaced during a merge
ports specifies the list of network ports exposed by each endpoint in this slice. Each port must have a unique name. When ports is empty, it indicates that there are no defined ports. When a port is defined with a nil port value, it indicates "all ports". Each slice may include a maximum of 100 ports.
EndpointPort represents a Port used by an EndpointSlice
ports.port (int32)
The port number of the endpoint. If this is not specified, ports are not restricted and must be interpreted in the context of the specific consumer.
ports.protocol (string)
The IP protocol for this port. Must be UDP, TCP, or SCTP. Default is TCP.
ports.name (string)
The name of this port. All ports in an EndpointSlice must have a unique name. If the EndpointSlice is dervied from a Kubernetes service, this corresponds to the Service.ports[].name. Name must either be an empty string or pass DNS_LABEL validation: * must be no more than 63 characters long. * must consist of lower case alphanumeric characters or '-'. * must start and end with an alphanumeric character. Default is empty string.
ports.appProtocol (string)
The application protocol for this port. This field follows standard Kubernetes label syntax. Un-prefixed names are reserved for IANA standard service names (as per RFC-6335 and http://www.iana.org/assignments/service-names). Non-standard protocols should use prefixed names such as mycompany.com/my-custom-protocol.
EndpointSliceList
EndpointSliceList represents a list of endpoint slices
Ingress is a collection of rules that allow inbound connections to reach the endpoints defined by a backend.
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
import "k8s.io/api/networking/v1"
Ingress
Ingress is a collection of rules that allow inbound connections to reach the endpoints defined by a backend. An Ingress can be configured to give services externally-reachable urls, load balance traffic, terminate SSL, offer name based virtual hosting etc.
DefaultBackend is the backend that should handle requests that don't match any rule. If Rules are not specified, DefaultBackend must be specified. If DefaultBackend is not set, the handling of requests that do not match any of the rules will be up to the Ingress controller.
ingressClassName (string)
IngressClassName is the name of the IngressClass cluster resource. The associated IngressClass defines which controller will implement the resource. This replaces the deprecated kubernetes.io/ingress.class annotation. For backwards compatibility, when that annotation is set, it must be given precedence over this field. The controller may emit a warning if the field and annotation have different values. Implementations of this API should ignore Ingresses without a class specified. An IngressClass resource may be marked as default, which can be used to set a default value for this field. For more information, refer to the IngressClass documentation.
rules ([]IngressRule)
Atomic: will be replaced during a merge
A list of host rules used to configure the Ingress. If unspecified, or no rule matches, all traffic is sent to the default backend.
IngressRule represents the rules mapping the paths under a specified host to the related backend services. Incoming requests are first evaluated for a host match, then routed to the backend associated with the matching IngressRuleValue.
rules.host (string)
Host is the fully qualified domain name of a network host, as defined by RFC 3986. Note the following deviations from the "host" part of the URI as defined in RFC 3986: 1. IPs are not allowed. Currently an IngressRuleValue can only apply to
the IP in the Spec of the parent Ingress.
2. The : delimiter is not respected because ports are not allowed.
Currently the port of an Ingress is implicitly :80 for http and
:443 for https.
Both these may change in the future. Incoming requests are matched against the host before the IngressRuleValue. If the host is unspecified, the Ingress routes all traffic based on the specified IngressRuleValue.
Host can be "precise" which is a domain name without the terminating dot of a network host (e.g. "foo.bar.com") or "wildcard", which is a domain name prefixed with a single wildcard label (e.g. ".foo.com"). The wildcard character '' must appear by itself as the first DNS label and matches only a single label. You cannot have a wildcard label by itself (e.g. Host == "*"). Requests will be matched against the Host field in the following way: 1. If Host is precise, the request matches this rule if the http host header is equal to Host. 2. If Host is a wildcard, then the request matches this rule if the http host header is to equal to the suffix (removing the first label) of the wildcard rule.
rules.http (HTTPIngressRuleValue)
HTTPIngressRuleValue is a list of http selectors pointing to backends. In the example: http:///? -> backend where where parts of the url correspond to RFC 3986, this resource will be used to match against everything after the last '/' and before the first '?' or '#'.
rules.http.paths ([]HTTPIngressPath), required
Atomic: will be replaced during a merge
A collection of paths that map requests to backends.
HTTPIngressPath associates a path with a backend. Incoming urls matching the path are forwarded to the backend.
Backend defines the referenced service endpoint to which the traffic will be forwarded to.
rules.http.paths.pathType (string), required
PathType determines the interpretation of the Path matching. PathType can be one of the following values: * Exact: Matches the URL path exactly. * Prefix: Matches based on a URL path prefix split by '/'. Matching is
done on a path element by element basis. A path element refers is the
list of labels in the path split by the '/' separator. A request is a
match for path p if every p is an element-wise prefix of p of the
request path. Note that if the last element of the path is a substring
of the last element in request path, it is not a match (e.g. /foo/bar
matches /foo/bar/baz, but does not match /foo/barbaz).
ImplementationSpecific: Interpretation of the Path matching is up to
the IngressClass. Implementations can treat this as a separate PathType
or treat it identically to Prefix or Exact path types.
Implementations are required to support all path types.
rules.http.paths.path (string)
Path is matched against the path of an incoming request. Currently it can contain characters disallowed from the conventional "path" part of a URL as defined by RFC 3986. Paths must begin with a '/' and must be present when using PathType with value "Exact" or "Prefix".
tls ([]IngressTLS)
Atomic: will be replaced during a merge
TLS configuration. Currently the Ingress only supports a single TLS port, 443. If multiple members of this list specify different hosts, they will be multiplexed on the same port according to the hostname specified through the SNI TLS extension, if the ingress controller fulfilling the ingress supports SNI.
IngressTLS describes the transport layer security associated with an Ingress.
tls.hosts ([]string)
Atomic: will be replaced during a merge
Hosts are a list of hosts included in the TLS certificate. The values in this list must match the name/s used in the tlsSecret. Defaults to the wildcard host setting for the loadbalancer controller fulfilling this Ingress, if left unspecified.
tls.secretName (string)
SecretName is the name of the secret used to terminate TLS traffic on port 443. Field is left optional to allow TLS routing based on SNI hostname alone. If the SNI host in a listener conflicts with the "Host" header field used by an IngressRule, the SNI host is used for termination and value of the Host header is used for routing.
IngressBackend
IngressBackend describes all endpoints for a given service and port.
Resource is an ObjectRef to another Kubernetes resource in the namespace of the Ingress object. If resource is specified, a service.Name and service.Port must not be specified. This is a mutually exclusive setting with "Service".
service (IngressServiceBackend)
Service references a Service as a Backend. This is a mutually exclusive setting with "Resource".
IngressServiceBackend references a Kubernetes Service as a Backend.
service.name (string), required
Name is the referenced service. The service must exist in the same namespace as the Ingress object.
service.port (ServiceBackendPort)
Port of the referenced service. A port name or port number is required for a IngressServiceBackend.
ServiceBackendPort is the service port being referenced.
service.port.name (string)
Name is the name of the port on the Service. This is a mutually exclusive setting with "Number".
service.port.number (int32)
Number is the numerical port number (e.g. 80) on the Service. This is a mutually exclusive setting with "Name".
IngressStatus
IngressStatus describe the current state of the Ingress.
loadBalancer (LoadBalancerStatus)
LoadBalancer contains the current status of the load-balancer.
LoadBalancerStatus represents the status of a load-balancer.
loadBalancer.ingress ([]LoadBalancerIngress)
Ingress is a list containing ingress points for the load-balancer. Traffic intended for the service should be sent to these ingress points.
LoadBalancerIngress represents the status of a load-balancer ingress point: traffic intended for the service should be sent to an ingress point.
loadBalancer.ingress.hostname (string)
Hostname is set for load-balancer ingress points that are DNS based (typically AWS load-balancers)
loadBalancer.ingress.ip (string)
IP is set for load-balancer ingress points that are IP based (typically GCE or OpenStack load-balancers)
loadBalancer.ingress.ports ([]PortStatus)
Atomic: will be replaced during a merge
Ports is a list of records of service ports If used, every port defined in the service should have an entry in it
**
loadBalancer.ingress.ports.port (int32), required
Port is the port number of the service port of which status is recorded here
Protocol is the protocol of the service port of which status is recorded here The supported values are: "TCP", "UDP", "SCTP"
Possible enum values:
"SCTP" is the SCTP protocol.
"TCP" is the TCP protocol.
"UDP" is the UDP protocol.
loadBalancer.ingress.ports.error (string)
Error is to record the problem with the service port The format of the error shall comply with the following rules: - built-in error values shall be specified in this file and those shall use
CamelCase names
cloud provider specific error values must have names that comply with the
format foo.example.com/CamelCase.
IngressClass represents the class of the Ingress, referenced by the Ingress Spec.
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
import "k8s.io/api/networking/v1"
IngressClass
IngressClass represents the class of the Ingress, referenced by the Ingress Spec. The ingressclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class annotation can be used to indicate that an IngressClass should be considered default. When a single IngressClass resource has this annotation set to true, new Ingress resources without a class specified will be assigned this default class.
IngressClassSpec provides information about the class of an Ingress.
controller (string)
Controller refers to the name of the controller that should handle this class. This allows for different "flavors" that are controlled by the same controller. For example, you may have different Parameters for the same implementing controller. This should be specified as a domain-prefixed path no more than 250 characters in length, e.g. "acme.io/ingress-controller". This field is immutable.
parameters (IngressClassParametersReference)
Parameters is a link to a custom resource containing additional configuration for the controller. This is optional if the controller does not require extra parameters.
IngressClassParametersReference identifies an API object. This can be used to specify a cluster or namespace-scoped resource.
parameters.kind (string), required
Kind is the type of resource being referenced.
parameters.name (string), required
Name is the name of resource being referenced.
parameters.apiGroup (string)
APIGroup is the group for the resource being referenced. If APIGroup is not specified, the specified Kind must be in the core API group. For any other third-party types, APIGroup is required.
parameters.namespace (string)
Namespace is the namespace of the resource being referenced. This field is required when scope is set to "Namespace" and must be unset when scope is set to "Cluster".
parameters.scope (string)
Scope represents if this refers to a cluster or namespace scoped resource. This may be set to "Cluster" (default) or "Namespace".
IngressClassList
IngressClassList is a collection of IngressClasses.
BinaryData contains the binary data. Each key must consist of alphanumeric characters, '-', '_' or '.'. BinaryData can contain byte sequences that are not in the UTF-8 range. The keys stored in BinaryData must not overlap with the ones in the Data field, this is enforced during validation process. Using this field will require 1.10+ apiserver and kubelet.
data (map[string]string)
Data contains the configuration data. Each key must consist of alphanumeric characters, '-', '_' or '.'. Values with non-UTF-8 byte sequences must use the BinaryData field. The keys stored in Data must not overlap with the keys in the BinaryData field, this is enforced during validation process.
immutable (boolean)
Immutable, if set to true, ensures that data stored in the ConfigMap cannot be updated (only object metadata can be modified). If not set to true, the field can be modified at any time. Defaulted to nil.
ConfigMapList
ConfigMapList is a resource containing a list of ConfigMap objects.
Data contains the secret data. Each key must consist of alphanumeric characters, '-', '_' or '.'. The serialized form of the secret data is a base64 encoded string, representing the arbitrary (possibly non-string) data value here. Described in https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648#section-4
immutable (boolean)
Immutable, if set to true, ensures that data stored in the Secret cannot be updated (only object metadata can be modified). If not set to true, the field can be modified at any time. Defaulted to nil.
stringData (map[string]string)
stringData allows specifying non-binary secret data in string form. It is provided as a write-only input field for convenience. All keys and values are merged into the data field on write, overwriting any existing values. The stringData field is never output when reading from the API.
PersistentVolumeClaimVolumeSource references the user's PVC in the same namespace. This volume finds the bound PV and mounts that volume for the pod. A PersistentVolumeClaimVolumeSource is, essentially, a wrapper around another type of volume that is owned by someone else (the system).
Will force the ReadOnly setting in VolumeMounts. Default false.
Projections
configMap (ConfigMapVolumeSource)
ConfigMap represents a configMap that should populate this volume
*Adapts a ConfigMap into a volume.
The contents of the target ConfigMap's Data field will be presented in a volume as files using the keys in the Data field as the file names, unless the items element is populated with specific mappings of keys to paths. ConfigMap volumes support ownership management and SELinux relabeling.*
Specify whether the ConfigMap or its keys must be defined
configMap.defaultMode (int32)
Optional: mode bits used to set permissions on created files by default. Must be an octal value between 0000 and 0777 or a decimal value between 0 and 511. YAML accepts both octal and decimal values, JSON requires decimal values for mode bits. Defaults to 0644. Directories within the path are not affected by this setting. This might be in conflict with other options that affect the file mode, like fsGroup, and the result can be other mode bits set.
If unspecified, each key-value pair in the Data field of the referenced ConfigMap will be projected into the volume as a file whose name is the key and content is the value. If specified, the listed keys will be projected into the specified paths, and unlisted keys will not be present. If a key is specified which is not present in the ConfigMap, the volume setup will error unless it is marked optional. Paths must be relative and may not contain the '..' path or start with '..'.
The contents of the target Secret's Data field will be presented in a volume as files using the keys in the Data field as the file names. Secret volumes support ownership management and SELinux relabeling.*
Specify whether the Secret or its keys must be defined
secret.defaultMode (int32)
Optional: mode bits used to set permissions on created files by default. Must be an octal value between 0000 and 0777 or a decimal value between 0 and 511. YAML accepts both octal and decimal values, JSON requires decimal values for mode bits. Defaults to 0644. Directories within the path are not affected by this setting. This might be in conflict with other options that affect the file mode, like fsGroup, and the result can be other mode bits set.
If unspecified, each key-value pair in the Data field of the referenced Secret will be projected into the volume as a file whose name is the key and content is the value. If specified, the listed keys will be projected into the specified paths, and unlisted keys will not be present. If a key is specified which is not present in the Secret, the volume setup will error unless it is marked optional. Paths must be relative and may not contain the '..' path or start with '..'.
downwardAPI (DownwardAPIVolumeSource)
DownwardAPI represents downward API about the pod that should populate this volume
DownwardAPIVolumeSource represents a volume containing downward API info. Downward API volumes support ownership management and SELinux relabeling.
downwardAPI.defaultMode (int32)
Optional: mode bits to use on created files by default. Must be a Optional: mode bits used to set permissions on created files by default. Must be an octal value between 0000 and 0777 or a decimal value between 0 and 511. YAML accepts both octal and decimal values, JSON requires decimal values for mode bits. Defaults to 0644. Directories within the path are not affected by this setting. This might be in conflict with other options that affect the file mode, like fsGroup, and the result can be other mode bits set.
Items for all in one resources secrets, configmaps, and downward API
Represents a projected volume source
projected.defaultMode (int32)
Mode bits used to set permissions on created files by default. Must be an octal value between 0000 and 0777 or a decimal value between 0 and 511. YAML accepts both octal and decimal values, JSON requires decimal values for mode bits. Directories within the path are not affected by this setting. This might be in conflict with other options that affect the file mode, like fsGroup, and the result can be other mode bits set.
projected.sources ([]VolumeProjection)
list of volume projections
Projection that may be projected along with other supported volume types
projected.sources.configMap (ConfigMapProjection)
information about the configMap data to project
*Adapts a ConfigMap into a projected volume.
The contents of the target ConfigMap's Data field will be presented in a projected volume as files using the keys in the Data field as the file names, unless the items element is populated with specific mappings of keys to paths. Note that this is identical to a configmap volume source without the default mode.*
If unspecified, each key-value pair in the Data field of the referenced ConfigMap will be projected into the volume as a file whose name is the key and content is the value. If specified, the listed keys will be projected into the specified paths, and unlisted keys will not be present. If a key is specified which is not present in the ConfigMap, the volume setup will error unless it is marked optional. Paths must be relative and may not contain the '..' path or start with '..'.
Represents downward API info for projecting into a projected volume. Note that this is identical to a downwardAPI volume source without the default mode.
The contents of the target Secret's Data field will be presented in a projected volume as files using the keys in the Data field as the file names. Note that this is identical to a secret volume source without the default mode.*
If unspecified, each key-value pair in the Data field of the referenced Secret will be projected into the volume as a file whose name is the key and content is the value. If specified, the listed keys will be projected into the specified paths, and unlisted keys will not be present. If a key is specified which is not present in the Secret, the volume setup will error unless it is marked optional. Paths must be relative and may not contain the '..' path or start with '..'.
information about the serviceAccountToken data to project
ServiceAccountTokenProjection represents a projected service account token volume. This projection can be used to insert a service account token into the pods runtime filesystem for use against APIs (Kubernetes API Server or otherwise).
Audience is the intended audience of the token. A recipient of a token must identify itself with an identifier specified in the audience of the token, and otherwise should reject the token. The audience defaults to the identifier of the apiserver.
ExpirationSeconds is the requested duration of validity of the service account token. As the token approaches expiration, the kubelet volume plugin will proactively rotate the service account token. The kubelet will start trying to rotate the token if the token is older than 80 percent of its time to live or if the token is older than 24 hours.Defaults to 1 hour and must be at least 10 minutes.
Total amount of local storage required for this EmptyDir volume. The size limit is also applicable for memory medium. The maximum usage on memory medium EmptyDir would be the minimum value between the SizeLimit specified here and the sum of memory limits of all containers in a pod. The default is nil which means that the limit is undefined. More info: http://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/volumes#emptydir
hostPath (HostPathVolumeSource)
HostPath represents a pre-existing file or directory on the host machine that is directly exposed to the container. This is generally used for system agents or other privileged things that are allowed to see the host machine. Most containers will NOT need this. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes#hostpath
Represents a host path mapped into a pod. Host path volumes do not support ownership management or SELinux relabeling.
An AWS EBS disk must exist before mounting to a container. The disk must also be in the same AWS zone as the kubelet. An AWS EBS disk can only be mounted as read/write once. AWS EBS volumes support ownership management and SELinux relabeling.*
Filesystem type of the volume that you want to mount. Tip: Ensure that the filesystem type is supported by the host operating system. Examples: "ext4", "xfs", "ntfs". Implicitly inferred to be "ext4" if unspecified. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes#awselasticblockstore
awsElasticBlockStore.partition (int32)
The partition in the volume that you want to mount. If omitted, the default is to mount by volume name. Examples: For volume /dev/sda1, you specify the partition as "1". Similarly, the volume partition for /dev/sda is "0" (or you can leave the property empty).
AzureDisk represents an Azure Data Disk mount on the host and bind mount to the pod.
AzureDisk represents an Azure Data Disk mount on the host and bind mount to the pod.
azureDisk.diskName (string), required
The Name of the data disk in the blob storage
azureDisk.diskURI (string), required
The URI the data disk in the blob storage
azureDisk.cachingMode (string)
Host Caching mode: None, Read Only, Read Write.
azureDisk.fsType (string)
Filesystem type to mount. Must be a filesystem type supported by the host operating system. Ex. "ext4", "xfs", "ntfs". Implicitly inferred to be "ext4" if unspecified.
azureDisk.kind (string)
Expected values Shared: multiple blob disks per storage account Dedicated: single blob disk per storage account Managed: azure managed data disk (only in managed availability set). defaults to shared
azureDisk.readOnly (boolean)
Defaults to false (read/write). ReadOnly here will force the ReadOnly setting in VolumeMounts.
azureFile (AzureFileVolumeSource)
AzureFile represents an Azure File Service mount on the host and bind mount to the pod.
AzureFile represents an Azure File Service mount on the host and bind mount to the pod.
azureFile.secretName (string), required
the name of secret that contains Azure Storage Account Name and Key
azureFile.shareName (string), required
Share Name
azureFile.readOnly (boolean)
Defaults to false (read/write). ReadOnly here will force the ReadOnly setting in VolumeMounts.
cephfs (CephFSVolumeSource)
CephFS represents a Ceph FS mount on the host that shares a pod's lifetime
Represents a Ceph Filesystem mount that lasts the lifetime of a pod Cephfs volumes do not support ownership management or SELinux relabeling.
Represents a cinder volume resource in Openstack. A Cinder volume must exist before mounting to a container. The volume must also be in the same region as the kubelet. Cinder volumes support ownership management and SELinux relabeling.
Filesystem type to mount. Must be a filesystem type supported by the host operating system. Examples: "ext4", "xfs", "ntfs". Implicitly inferred to be "ext4" if unspecified. More info: https://examples.k8s.io/mysql-cinder-pd/README.md
Optional: points to a secret object containing parameters used to connect to OpenStack.
csi (CSIVolumeSource)
CSI (Container Storage Interface) represents ephemeral storage that is handled by certain external CSI drivers (Beta feature).
Represents a source location of a volume to mount, managed by an external CSI driver
csi.driver (string), required
Driver is the name of the CSI driver that handles this volume. Consult with your admin for the correct name as registered in the cluster.
csi.fsType (string)
Filesystem type to mount. Ex. "ext4", "xfs", "ntfs". If not provided, the empty value is passed to the associated CSI driver which will determine the default filesystem to apply.
NodePublishSecretRef is a reference to the secret object containing sensitive information to pass to the CSI driver to complete the CSI NodePublishVolume and NodeUnpublishVolume calls. This field is optional, and may be empty if no secret is required. If the secret object contains more than one secret, all secret references are passed.
csi.readOnly (boolean)
Specifies a read-only configuration for the volume. Defaults to false (read/write).
csi.volumeAttributes (map[string]string)
VolumeAttributes stores driver-specific properties that are passed to the CSI driver. Consult your driver's documentation for supported values.
fc (FCVolumeSource)
FC represents a Fibre Channel resource that is attached to a kubelet's host machine and then exposed to the pod.
Represents a Fibre Channel volume. Fibre Channel volumes can only be mounted as read/write once. Fibre Channel volumes support ownership management and SELinux relabeling.
fc.fsType (string)
Filesystem type to mount. Must be a filesystem type supported by the host operating system. Ex. "ext4", "xfs", "ntfs". Implicitly inferred to be "ext4" if unspecified.
fc.lun (int32)
Optional: FC target lun number
fc.readOnly (boolean)
Optional: Defaults to false (read/write). ReadOnly here will force the ReadOnly setting in VolumeMounts.
fc.targetWWNs ([]string)
Optional: FC target worldwide names (WWNs)
fc.wwids ([]string)
Optional: FC volume world wide identifiers (wwids) Either wwids or combination of targetWWNs and lun must be set, but not both simultaneously.
flexVolume (FlexVolumeSource)
FlexVolume represents a generic volume resource that is provisioned/attached using an exec based plugin.
FlexVolume represents a generic volume resource that is provisioned/attached using an exec based plugin.
flexVolume.driver (string), required
Driver is the name of the driver to use for this volume.
flexVolume.fsType (string)
Filesystem type to mount. Must be a filesystem type supported by the host operating system. Ex. "ext4", "xfs", "ntfs". The default filesystem depends on FlexVolume script.
flexVolume.options (map[string]string)
Optional: Extra command options if any.
flexVolume.readOnly (boolean)
Optional: Defaults to false (read/write). ReadOnly here will force the ReadOnly setting in VolumeMounts.
Optional: SecretRef is reference to the secret object containing sensitive information to pass to the plugin scripts. This may be empty if no secret object is specified. If the secret object contains more than one secret, all secrets are passed to the plugin scripts.
flocker (FlockerVolumeSource)
Flocker represents a Flocker volume attached to a kubelet's host machine. This depends on the Flocker control service being running
Represents a Flocker volume mounted by the Flocker agent. One and only one of datasetName and datasetUUID should be set. Flocker volumes do not support ownership management or SELinux relabeling.
flocker.datasetName (string)
Name of the dataset stored as metadata -> name on the dataset for Flocker should be considered as deprecated
flocker.datasetUUID (string)
UUID of the dataset. This is unique identifier of a Flocker dataset
*Represents a Persistent Disk resource in Google Compute Engine.
A GCE PD must exist before mounting to a container. The disk must also be in the same GCE project and zone as the kubelet. A GCE PD can only be mounted as read/write once or read-only many times. GCE PDs support ownership management and SELinux relabeling.*
Filesystem type of the volume that you want to mount. Tip: Ensure that the filesystem type is supported by the host operating system. Examples: "ext4", "xfs", "ntfs". Implicitly inferred to be "ext4" if unspecified. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes#gcepersistentdisk
gcePersistentDisk.partition (int32)
The partition in the volume that you want to mount. If omitted, the default is to mount by volume name. Examples: For volume /dev/sda1, you specify the partition as "1". Similarly, the volume partition for /dev/sda is "0" (or you can leave the property empty). More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes#gcepersistentdisk
Represents an ISCSI disk. ISCSI volumes can only be mounted as read/write once. ISCSI volumes support ownership management and SELinux relabeling.
iscsi.iqn (string), required
Target iSCSI Qualified Name.
iscsi.lun (int32), required
iSCSI Target Lun number.
iscsi.targetPortal (string), required
iSCSI Target Portal. The Portal is either an IP or ip_addr:port if the port is other than default (typically TCP ports 860 and 3260).
iscsi.chapAuthDiscovery (boolean)
whether support iSCSI Discovery CHAP authentication
iscsi.chapAuthSession (boolean)
whether support iSCSI Session CHAP authentication
iscsi.fsType (string)
Filesystem type of the volume that you want to mount. Tip: Ensure that the filesystem type is supported by the host operating system. Examples: "ext4", "xfs", "ntfs". Implicitly inferred to be "ext4" if unspecified. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes#iscsi
iscsi.initiatorName (string)
Custom iSCSI Initiator Name. If initiatorName is specified with iscsiInterface simultaneously, new iSCSI interface <target portal>:<volume name> will be created for the connection.
iscsi.iscsiInterface (string)
iSCSI Interface Name that uses an iSCSI transport. Defaults to 'default' (tcp).
iscsi.portals ([]string)
iSCSI Target Portal List. The portal is either an IP or ip_addr:port if the port is other than default (typically TCP ports 860 and 3260).
iscsi.readOnly (boolean)
ReadOnly here will force the ReadOnly setting in VolumeMounts. Defaults to false.
PhotonPersistentDisk represents a PhotonController persistent disk attached and mounted on kubelets host machine
Represents a Photon Controller persistent disk resource.
photonPersistentDisk.pdID (string), required
ID that identifies Photon Controller persistent disk
photonPersistentDisk.fsType (string)
Filesystem type to mount. Must be a filesystem type supported by the host operating system. Ex. "ext4", "xfs", "ntfs". Implicitly inferred to be "ext4" if unspecified.
portworxVolume (PortworxVolumeSource)
PortworxVolume represents a portworx volume attached and mounted on kubelets host machine
PortworxVolumeSource represents a Portworx volume resource.
portworxVolume.volumeID (string), required
VolumeID uniquely identifies a Portworx volume
portworxVolume.fsType (string)
FSType represents the filesystem type to mount Must be a filesystem type supported by the host operating system. Ex. "ext4", "xfs". Implicitly inferred to be "ext4" if unspecified.
portworxVolume.readOnly (boolean)
Defaults to false (read/write). ReadOnly here will force the ReadOnly setting in VolumeMounts.
quobyte (QuobyteVolumeSource)
Quobyte represents a Quobyte mount on the host that shares a pod's lifetime
Represents a Quobyte mount that lasts the lifetime of a pod. Quobyte volumes do not support ownership management or SELinux relabeling.
quobyte.registry (string), required
Registry represents a single or multiple Quobyte Registry services specified as a string as host:port pair (multiple entries are separated with commas) which acts as the central registry for volumes
quobyte.volume (string), required
Volume is a string that references an already created Quobyte volume by name.
quobyte.group (string)
Group to map volume access to Default is no group
quobyte.readOnly (boolean)
ReadOnly here will force the Quobyte volume to be mounted with read-only permissions. Defaults to false.
quobyte.tenant (string)
Tenant owning the given Quobyte volume in the Backend Used with dynamically provisioned Quobyte volumes, value is set by the plugin
quobyte.user (string)
User to map volume access to Defaults to serivceaccount user
Filesystem type of the volume that you want to mount. Tip: Ensure that the filesystem type is supported by the host operating system. Examples: "ext4", "xfs", "ntfs". Implicitly inferred to be "ext4" if unspecified. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes#rbd
SecretRef references to the secret for ScaleIO user and other sensitive information. If this is not provided, Login operation will fail.
scaleIO.system (string), required
The name of the storage system as configured in ScaleIO.
scaleIO.fsType (string)
Filesystem type to mount. Must be a filesystem type supported by the host operating system. Ex. "ext4", "xfs", "ntfs". Default is "xfs".
scaleIO.protectionDomain (string)
The name of the ScaleIO Protection Domain for the configured storage.
scaleIO.readOnly (boolean)
Defaults to false (read/write). ReadOnly here will force the ReadOnly setting in VolumeMounts.
scaleIO.sslEnabled (boolean)
Flag to enable/disable SSL communication with Gateway, default false
scaleIO.storageMode (string)
Indicates whether the storage for a volume should be ThickProvisioned or ThinProvisioned. Default is ThinProvisioned.
scaleIO.storagePool (string)
The ScaleIO Storage Pool associated with the protection domain.
scaleIO.volumeName (string)
The name of a volume already created in the ScaleIO system that is associated with this volume source.
storageos (StorageOSVolumeSource)
StorageOS represents a StorageOS volume attached and mounted on Kubernetes nodes.
Represents a StorageOS persistent volume resource.
storageos.fsType (string)
Filesystem type to mount. Must be a filesystem type supported by the host operating system. Ex. "ext4", "xfs", "ntfs". Implicitly inferred to be "ext4" if unspecified.
storageos.readOnly (boolean)
Defaults to false (read/write). ReadOnly here will force the ReadOnly setting in VolumeMounts.
SecretRef specifies the secret to use for obtaining the StorageOS API credentials. If not specified, default values will be attempted.
storageos.volumeName (string)
VolumeName is the human-readable name of the StorageOS volume. Volume names are only unique within a namespace.
storageos.volumeNamespace (string)
VolumeNamespace specifies the scope of the volume within StorageOS. If no namespace is specified then the Pod's namespace will be used. This allows the Kubernetes name scoping to be mirrored within StorageOS for tighter integration. Set VolumeName to any name to override the default behaviour. Set to "default" if you are not using namespaces within StorageOS. Namespaces that do not pre-exist within StorageOS will be created.
vsphereVolume (VsphereVirtualDiskVolumeSource)
VsphereVolume represents a vSphere volume attached and mounted on kubelets host machine
Represents a vSphere volume resource.
vsphereVolume.volumePath (string), required
Path that identifies vSphere volume vmdk
vsphereVolume.fsType (string)
Filesystem type to mount. Must be a filesystem type supported by the host operating system. Ex. "ext4", "xfs", "ntfs". Implicitly inferred to be "ext4" if unspecified.
vsphereVolume.storagePolicyID (string)
Storage Policy Based Management (SPBM) profile ID associated with the StoragePolicyName.
vsphereVolume.storagePolicyName (string)
Storage Policy Based Management (SPBM) profile name.
Alpha level
ephemeral (EphemeralVolumeSource)
Ephemeral represents a volume that is handled by a cluster storage driver. The volume's lifecycle is tied to the pod that defines it - it will be created before the pod starts, and deleted when the pod is removed.
Use this if: a) the volume is only needed while the pod runs, b) features of normal volumes like restoring from snapshot or capacity
tracking are needed,
c) the storage driver is specified through a storage class, and d) the storage driver supports dynamic volume provisioning through
a PersistentVolumeClaim (see EphemeralVolumeSource for more
information on the connection between this volume type
and PersistentVolumeClaim).
Use PersistentVolumeClaim or one of the vendor-specific APIs for volumes that persist for longer than the lifecycle of an individual pod.
Use CSI for light-weight local ephemeral volumes if the CSI driver is meant to be used that way - see the documentation of the driver for more information.
A pod can use both types of ephemeral volumes and persistent volumes at the same time.
Represents an ephemeral volume that is handled by a normal storage driver.
Will be used to create a stand-alone PVC to provision the volume. The pod in which this EphemeralVolumeSource is embedded will be the owner of the PVC, i.e. the PVC will be deleted together with the pod. The name of the PVC will be \<pod name>-\<volume name> where \<volume name> is the name from the PodSpec.Volumes array entry. Pod validation will reject the pod if the concatenated name is not valid for a PVC (for example, too long).
An existing PVC with that name that is not owned by the pod will not be used for the pod to avoid using an unrelated volume by mistake. Starting the pod is then blocked until the unrelated PVC is removed. If such a pre-created PVC is meant to be used by the pod, the PVC has to updated with an owner reference to the pod once the pod exists. Normally this should not be necessary, but it may be useful when manually reconstructing a broken cluster.
This field is read-only and no changes will be made by Kubernetes to the PVC after it has been created.
Required, must not be nil.
PersistentVolumeClaimTemplate is used to produce PersistentVolumeClaim objects as part of an EphemeralVolumeSource.
The specification for the PersistentVolumeClaim. The entire content is copied unchanged into the PVC that gets created from this template. The same fields as in a PersistentVolumeClaim are also valid here.
May contain labels and annotations that will be copied into the PVC when creating it. No other fields are allowed and will be rejected during validation.
Deprecated
gitRepo (GitRepoVolumeSource)
GitRepo represents a git repository at a particular revision. DEPRECATED: GitRepo is deprecated. To provision a container with a git repo, mount an EmptyDir into an InitContainer that clones the repo using git, then mount the EmptyDir into the Pod's container.
*Represents a volume that is populated with the contents of a git repository. Git repo volumes do not support ownership management. Git repo volumes support SELinux relabeling.
DEPRECATED: GitRepo is deprecated. To provision a container with a git repo, mount an EmptyDir into an InitContainer that clones the repo using git, then mount the EmptyDir into the Pod's container.*
gitRepo.repository (string), required
Repository URL
gitRepo.directory (string)
Target directory name. Must not contain or start with '..'. If '.' is supplied, the volume directory will be the git repository. Otherwise, if specified, the volume will contain the git repository in the subdirectory with the given name.
gitRepo.revision (string)
Commit hash for the specified revision.
DownwardAPIVolumeFile
DownwardAPIVolumeFile represents information to create the file containing the pod field
path (string), required
Required: Path is the relative path name of the file to be created. Must not be absolute or contain the '..' path. Must be utf-8 encoded. The first item of the relative path must not start with '..'
Required: Selects a field of the pod: only annotations, labels, name and namespace are supported.
mode (int32)
Optional: mode bits used to set permissions on this file, must be an octal value between 0000 and 0777 or a decimal value between 0 and 511. YAML accepts both octal and decimal values, JSON requires decimal values for mode bits. If not specified, the volume defaultMode will be used. This might be in conflict with other options that affect the file mode, like fsGroup, and the result can be other mode bits set.
Selects a resource of the container: only resources limits and requests (limits.cpu, limits.memory, requests.cpu and requests.memory) are currently supported.
KeyToPath
Maps a string key to a path within a volume.
key (string), required
The key to project.
path (string), required
The relative path of the file to map the key to. May not be an absolute path. May not contain the path element '..'. May not start with the string '..'.
mode (int32)
Optional: mode bits used to set permissions on this file. Must be an octal value between 0000 and 0777 or a decimal value between 0 and 511. YAML accepts both octal and decimal values, JSON requires decimal values for mode bits. If not specified, the volume defaultMode will be used. This might be in conflict with other options that affect the file mode, like fsGroup, and the result can be other mode bits set.
5.3.4 - PersistentVolumeClaim
PersistentVolumeClaim is a user's request for and claim to a persistent volume.
apiVersion: v1
import "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
PersistentVolumeClaim
PersistentVolumeClaim is a user's request for and claim to a persistent volume
A label query over volumes to consider for binding.
resources (ResourceRequirements)
Resources represents the minimum resources the volume should have. If RecoverVolumeExpansionFailure feature is enabled users are allowed to specify resource requirements that are lower than previous value but must still be higher than capacity recorded in the status field of the claim. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/persistent-volumes#resources
ResourceRequirements describes the compute resource requirements.
This field can be used to specify either: * An existing VolumeSnapshot object (snapshot.storage.k8s.io/VolumeSnapshot) * An existing PVC (PersistentVolumeClaim) If the provisioner or an external controller can support the specified data source, it will create a new volume based on the contents of the specified data source. If the AnyVolumeDataSource feature gate is enabled, this field will always have the same contents as the DataSourceRef field.
Specifies the object from which to populate the volume with data, if a non-empty volume is desired. This may be any local object from a non-empty API group (non core object) or a PersistentVolumeClaim object. When this field is specified, volume binding will only succeed if the type of the specified object matches some installed volume populator or dynamic provisioner. This field will replace the functionality of the DataSource field and as such if both fields are non-empty, they must have the same value. For backwards compatibility, both fields (DataSource and DataSourceRef) will be set to the same value automatically if one of them is empty and the other is non-empty. There are two important differences between DataSource and DataSourceRef: * While DataSource only allows two specific types of objects, DataSourceRef
allows any non-core object, as well as PersistentVolumeClaim objects.
While DataSource ignores disallowed values (dropping them), DataSourceRef
preserves all values, and generates an error if a disallowed value is
specified.
(Alpha) Using this field requires the AnyVolumeDataSource feature gate to be enabled.
PersistentVolumeClaimStatus
PersistentVolumeClaimStatus is the current status of a persistent volume claim.
The storage resource within AllocatedResources tracks the capacity allocated to a PVC. It may be larger than the actual capacity when a volume expansion operation is requested. For storage quota, the larger value from allocatedResources and PVC.spec.resources is used. If allocatedResources is not set, PVC.spec.resources alone is used for quota calculation. If a volume expansion capacity request is lowered, allocatedResources is only lowered if there are no expansion operations in progress and if the actual volume capacity is equal or lower than the requested capacity. This is an alpha field and requires enabling RecoverVolumeExpansionFailure feature.
Represents the actual resources of the underlying volume.
conditions ([]PersistentVolumeClaimCondition)
Patch strategy: merge on key type
Current Condition of persistent volume claim. If underlying persistent volume is being resized then the Condition will be set to 'ResizeStarted'.
PersistentVolumeClaimCondition contails details about state of pvc
conditions.status (string), required
conditions.type (string), required
Possible enum values:
"FileSystemResizePending" - controller resize is finished and a file system resize is pending on node
"Resizing" - a user trigger resize of pvc has been started
conditions.lastProbeTime (Time)
Last time we probed the condition.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
conditions.lastTransitionTime (Time)
Last time the condition transitioned from one status to another.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
conditions.message (string)
Human-readable message indicating details about last transition.
conditions.reason (string)
Unique, this should be a short, machine understandable string that gives the reason for condition's last transition. If it reports "ResizeStarted" that means the underlying persistent volume is being resized.
phase (string)
Phase represents the current phase of PersistentVolumeClaim.
Possible enum values:
"Bound" used for PersistentVolumeClaims that are bound
"Lost" used for PersistentVolumeClaims that lost their underlying PersistentVolume. The claim was bound to a PersistentVolume and this volume does not exist any longer and all data on it was lost.
"Pending" used for PersistentVolumeClaims that are not yet bound
resizeStatus (string)
ResizeStatus stores status of resize operation. ResizeStatus is not set by default but when expansion is complete resizeStatus is set to empty string by resize controller or kubelet. This is an alpha field and requires enabling RecoverVolumeExpansionFailure feature.
PersistentVolumeClaimList
PersistentVolumeClaimList is a list of PersistentVolumeClaim items.
NodeAffinity defines constraints that limit what nodes this volume can be accessed from. This field influences the scheduling of pods that use this volume.
VolumeNodeAffinity defines constraints that limit what nodes this volume can be accessed from.
nodeAffinity.required (NodeSelector)
Required specifies hard node constraints that must be met.
A node selector represents the union of the results of one or more label queries over a set of nodes; that is, it represents the OR of the selectors represented by the node selector terms.
Required. A list of node selector terms. The terms are ORed.
A null or empty node selector term matches no objects. The requirements of them are ANDed. The TopologySelectorTerm type implements a subset of the NodeSelectorTerm.
A list of node selector requirements by node's fields.
persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy (string)
What happens to a persistent volume when released from its claim. Valid options are Retain (default for manually created PersistentVolumes), Delete (default for dynamically provisioned PersistentVolumes), and Recycle (deprecated). Recycle must be supported by the volume plugin underlying this PersistentVolume. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/persistent-volumes#reclaiming
Possible enum values:
"Delete" means the volume will be deleted from Kubernetes on release from its claim. The volume plugin must support Deletion.
"Recycle" means the volume will be recycled back into the pool of unbound persistent volumes on release from its claim. The volume plugin must support Recycling.
"Retain" means the volume will be left in its current phase (Released) for manual reclamation by the administrator. The default policy is Retain.
storageClassName (string)
Name of StorageClass to which this persistent volume belongs. Empty value means that this volume does not belong to any StorageClass.
volumeMode (string)
volumeMode defines if a volume is intended to be used with a formatted filesystem or to remain in raw block state. Value of Filesystem is implied when not included in spec.
Local
hostPath (HostPathVolumeSource)
HostPath represents a directory on the host. Provisioned by a developer or tester. This is useful for single-node development and testing only! On-host storage is not supported in any way and WILL NOT WORK in a multi-node cluster. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes#hostpath
Represents a host path mapped into a pod. Host path volumes do not support ownership management or SELinux relabeling.
Local represents directly-attached storage with node affinity
Local represents directly-attached storage with node affinity (Beta feature)
local.path (string), required
The full path to the volume on the node. It can be either a directory or block device (disk, partition, ...).
local.fsType (string)
Filesystem type to mount. It applies only when the Path is a block device. Must be a filesystem type supported by the host operating system. Ex. "ext4", "xfs", "ntfs". The default value is to auto-select a filesystem if unspecified.
An AWS EBS disk must exist before mounting to a container. The disk must also be in the same AWS zone as the kubelet. An AWS EBS disk can only be mounted as read/write once. AWS EBS volumes support ownership management and SELinux relabeling.*
Filesystem type of the volume that you want to mount. Tip: Ensure that the filesystem type is supported by the host operating system. Examples: "ext4", "xfs", "ntfs". Implicitly inferred to be "ext4" if unspecified. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes#awselasticblockstore
awsElasticBlockStore.partition (int32)
The partition in the volume that you want to mount. If omitted, the default is to mount by volume name. Examples: For volume /dev/sda1, you specify the partition as "1". Similarly, the volume partition for /dev/sda is "0" (or you can leave the property empty).
AzureDisk represents an Azure Data Disk mount on the host and bind mount to the pod.
AzureDisk represents an Azure Data Disk mount on the host and bind mount to the pod.
azureDisk.diskName (string), required
The Name of the data disk in the blob storage
azureDisk.diskURI (string), required
The URI the data disk in the blob storage
azureDisk.cachingMode (string)
Host Caching mode: None, Read Only, Read Write.
azureDisk.fsType (string)
Filesystem type to mount. Must be a filesystem type supported by the host operating system. Ex. "ext4", "xfs", "ntfs". Implicitly inferred to be "ext4" if unspecified.
azureDisk.kind (string)
Expected values Shared: multiple blob disks per storage account Dedicated: single blob disk per storage account Managed: azure managed data disk (only in managed availability set). defaults to shared
azureDisk.readOnly (boolean)
Defaults to false (read/write). ReadOnly here will force the ReadOnly setting in VolumeMounts.
azureFile (AzureFilePersistentVolumeSource)
AzureFile represents an Azure File Service mount on the host and bind mount to the pod.
AzureFile represents an Azure File Service mount on the host and bind mount to the pod.
azureFile.secretName (string), required
the name of secret that contains Azure Storage Account Name and Key
azureFile.shareName (string), required
Share Name
azureFile.readOnly (boolean)
Defaults to false (read/write). ReadOnly here will force the ReadOnly setting in VolumeMounts.
azureFile.secretNamespace (string)
the namespace of the secret that contains Azure Storage Account Name and Key default is the same as the Pod
cephfs (CephFSPersistentVolumeSource)
CephFS represents a Ceph FS mount on the host that shares a pod's lifetime
Represents a Ceph Filesystem mount that lasts the lifetime of a pod Cephfs volumes do not support ownership management or SELinux relabeling.
Represents a cinder volume resource in Openstack. A Cinder volume must exist before mounting to a container. The volume must also be in the same region as the kubelet. Cinder volumes support ownership management and SELinux relabeling.
Filesystem type to mount. Must be a filesystem type supported by the host operating system. Examples: "ext4", "xfs", "ntfs". Implicitly inferred to be "ext4" if unspecified. More info: https://examples.k8s.io/mysql-cinder-pd/README.md
Optional: points to a secret object containing parameters used to connect to OpenStack.
SecretReference represents a Secret Reference. It has enough information to retrieve secret in any namespace
cinder.secretRef.name (string)
Name is unique within a namespace to reference a secret resource.
cinder.secretRef.namespace (string)
Namespace defines the space within which the secret name must be unique.
csi (CSIPersistentVolumeSource)
CSI represents storage that is handled by an external CSI driver (Beta feature).
Represents storage that is managed by an external CSI volume driver (Beta feature)
csi.driver (string), required
Driver is the name of the driver to use for this volume. Required.
csi.volumeHandle (string), required
VolumeHandle is the unique volume name returned by the CSI volume plugin’s CreateVolume to refer to the volume on all subsequent calls. Required.
csi.controllerExpandSecretRef (SecretReference)
ControllerExpandSecretRef is a reference to the secret object containing sensitive information to pass to the CSI driver to complete the CSI ControllerExpandVolume call. This is an alpha field and requires enabling ExpandCSIVolumes feature gate. This field is optional, and may be empty if no secret is required. If the secret object contains more than one secret, all secrets are passed.
SecretReference represents a Secret Reference. It has enough information to retrieve secret in any namespace
csi.controllerExpandSecretRef.name (string)
Name is unique within a namespace to reference a secret resource.
csi.controllerExpandSecretRef.namespace (string)
Namespace defines the space within which the secret name must be unique.
csi.controllerPublishSecretRef (SecretReference)
ControllerPublishSecretRef is a reference to the secret object containing sensitive information to pass to the CSI driver to complete the CSI ControllerPublishVolume and ControllerUnpublishVolume calls. This field is optional, and may be empty if no secret is required. If the secret object contains more than one secret, all secrets are passed.
SecretReference represents a Secret Reference. It has enough information to retrieve secret in any namespace
csi.controllerPublishSecretRef.name (string)
Name is unique within a namespace to reference a secret resource.
csi.controllerPublishSecretRef.namespace (string)
Namespace defines the space within which the secret name must be unique.
csi.fsType (string)
Filesystem type to mount. Must be a filesystem type supported by the host operating system. Ex. "ext4", "xfs", "ntfs".
csi.nodePublishSecretRef (SecretReference)
NodePublishSecretRef is a reference to the secret object containing sensitive information to pass to the CSI driver to complete the CSI NodePublishVolume and NodeUnpublishVolume calls. This field is optional, and may be empty if no secret is required. If the secret object contains more than one secret, all secrets are passed.
SecretReference represents a Secret Reference. It has enough information to retrieve secret in any namespace
csi.nodePublishSecretRef.name (string)
Name is unique within a namespace to reference a secret resource.
csi.nodePublishSecretRef.namespace (string)
Namespace defines the space within which the secret name must be unique.
csi.nodeStageSecretRef (SecretReference)
NodeStageSecretRef is a reference to the secret object containing sensitive information to pass to the CSI driver to complete the CSI NodeStageVolume and NodeStageVolume and NodeUnstageVolume calls. This field is optional, and may be empty if no secret is required. If the secret object contains more than one secret, all secrets are passed.
SecretReference represents a Secret Reference. It has enough information to retrieve secret in any namespace
csi.nodeStageSecretRef.name (string)
Name is unique within a namespace to reference a secret resource.
csi.nodeStageSecretRef.namespace (string)
Namespace defines the space within which the secret name must be unique.
csi.readOnly (boolean)
Optional: The value to pass to ControllerPublishVolumeRequest. Defaults to false (read/write).
csi.volumeAttributes (map[string]string)
Attributes of the volume to publish.
fc (FCVolumeSource)
FC represents a Fibre Channel resource that is attached to a kubelet's host machine and then exposed to the pod.
Represents a Fibre Channel volume. Fibre Channel volumes can only be mounted as read/write once. Fibre Channel volumes support ownership management and SELinux relabeling.
fc.fsType (string)
Filesystem type to mount. Must be a filesystem type supported by the host operating system. Ex. "ext4", "xfs", "ntfs". Implicitly inferred to be "ext4" if unspecified.
fc.lun (int32)
Optional: FC target lun number
fc.readOnly (boolean)
Optional: Defaults to false (read/write). ReadOnly here will force the ReadOnly setting in VolumeMounts.
fc.targetWWNs ([]string)
Optional: FC target worldwide names (WWNs)
fc.wwids ([]string)
Optional: FC volume world wide identifiers (wwids) Either wwids or combination of targetWWNs and lun must be set, but not both simultaneously.
flexVolume (FlexPersistentVolumeSource)
FlexVolume represents a generic volume resource that is provisioned/attached using an exec based plugin.
FlexPersistentVolumeSource represents a generic persistent volume resource that is provisioned/attached using an exec based plugin.
flexVolume.driver (string), required
Driver is the name of the driver to use for this volume.
flexVolume.fsType (string)
Filesystem type to mount. Must be a filesystem type supported by the host operating system. Ex. "ext4", "xfs", "ntfs". The default filesystem depends on FlexVolume script.
flexVolume.options (map[string]string)
Optional: Extra command options if any.
flexVolume.readOnly (boolean)
Optional: Defaults to false (read/write). ReadOnly here will force the ReadOnly setting in VolumeMounts.
flexVolume.secretRef (SecretReference)
Optional: SecretRef is reference to the secret object containing sensitive information to pass to the plugin scripts. This may be empty if no secret object is specified. If the secret object contains more than one secret, all secrets are passed to the plugin scripts.
SecretReference represents a Secret Reference. It has enough information to retrieve secret in any namespace
flexVolume.secretRef.name (string)
Name is unique within a namespace to reference a secret resource.
flexVolume.secretRef.namespace (string)
Namespace defines the space within which the secret name must be unique.
flocker (FlockerVolumeSource)
Flocker represents a Flocker volume attached to a kubelet's host machine and exposed to the pod for its usage. This depends on the Flocker control service being running
Represents a Flocker volume mounted by the Flocker agent. One and only one of datasetName and datasetUUID should be set. Flocker volumes do not support ownership management or SELinux relabeling.
flocker.datasetName (string)
Name of the dataset stored as metadata -> name on the dataset for Flocker should be considered as deprecated
flocker.datasetUUID (string)
UUID of the dataset. This is unique identifier of a Flocker dataset
*Represents a Persistent Disk resource in Google Compute Engine.
A GCE PD must exist before mounting to a container. The disk must also be in the same GCE project and zone as the kubelet. A GCE PD can only be mounted as read/write once or read-only many times. GCE PDs support ownership management and SELinux relabeling.*
Filesystem type of the volume that you want to mount. Tip: Ensure that the filesystem type is supported by the host operating system. Examples: "ext4", "xfs", "ntfs". Implicitly inferred to be "ext4" if unspecified. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes#gcepersistentdisk
gcePersistentDisk.partition (int32)
The partition in the volume that you want to mount. If omitted, the default is to mount by volume name. Examples: For volume /dev/sda1, you specify the partition as "1". Similarly, the volume partition for /dev/sda is "0" (or you can leave the property empty). More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes#gcepersistentdisk
ISCSI represents an ISCSI Disk resource that is attached to a kubelet's host machine and then exposed to the pod. Provisioned by an admin.
ISCSIPersistentVolumeSource represents an ISCSI disk. ISCSI volumes can only be mounted as read/write once. ISCSI volumes support ownership management and SELinux relabeling.
iscsi.iqn (string), required
Target iSCSI Qualified Name.
iscsi.lun (int32), required
iSCSI Target Lun number.
iscsi.targetPortal (string), required
iSCSI Target Portal. The Portal is either an IP or ip_addr:port if the port is other than default (typically TCP ports 860 and 3260).
iscsi.chapAuthDiscovery (boolean)
whether support iSCSI Discovery CHAP authentication
iscsi.chapAuthSession (boolean)
whether support iSCSI Session CHAP authentication
iscsi.fsType (string)
Filesystem type of the volume that you want to mount. Tip: Ensure that the filesystem type is supported by the host operating system. Examples: "ext4", "xfs", "ntfs". Implicitly inferred to be "ext4" if unspecified. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes#iscsi
iscsi.initiatorName (string)
Custom iSCSI Initiator Name. If initiatorName is specified with iscsiInterface simultaneously, new iSCSI interface <target portal>:<volume name> will be created for the connection.
iscsi.iscsiInterface (string)
iSCSI Interface Name that uses an iSCSI transport. Defaults to 'default' (tcp).
iscsi.portals ([]string)
iSCSI Target Portal List. The Portal is either an IP or ip_addr:port if the port is other than default (typically TCP ports 860 and 3260).
iscsi.readOnly (boolean)
ReadOnly here will force the ReadOnly setting in VolumeMounts. Defaults to false.
iscsi.secretRef (SecretReference)
CHAP Secret for iSCSI target and initiator authentication
SecretReference represents a Secret Reference. It has enough information to retrieve secret in any namespace
iscsi.secretRef.name (string)
Name is unique within a namespace to reference a secret resource.
iscsi.secretRef.namespace (string)
Namespace defines the space within which the secret name must be unique.
PhotonPersistentDisk represents a PhotonController persistent disk attached and mounted on kubelets host machine
Represents a Photon Controller persistent disk resource.
photonPersistentDisk.pdID (string), required
ID that identifies Photon Controller persistent disk
photonPersistentDisk.fsType (string)
Filesystem type to mount. Must be a filesystem type supported by the host operating system. Ex. "ext4", "xfs", "ntfs". Implicitly inferred to be "ext4" if unspecified.
portworxVolume (PortworxVolumeSource)
PortworxVolume represents a portworx volume attached and mounted on kubelets host machine
PortworxVolumeSource represents a Portworx volume resource.
portworxVolume.volumeID (string), required
VolumeID uniquely identifies a Portworx volume
portworxVolume.fsType (string)
FSType represents the filesystem type to mount Must be a filesystem type supported by the host operating system. Ex. "ext4", "xfs". Implicitly inferred to be "ext4" if unspecified.
portworxVolume.readOnly (boolean)
Defaults to false (read/write). ReadOnly here will force the ReadOnly setting in VolumeMounts.
quobyte (QuobyteVolumeSource)
Quobyte represents a Quobyte mount on the host that shares a pod's lifetime
Represents a Quobyte mount that lasts the lifetime of a pod. Quobyte volumes do not support ownership management or SELinux relabeling.
quobyte.registry (string), required
Registry represents a single or multiple Quobyte Registry services specified as a string as host:port pair (multiple entries are separated with commas) which acts as the central registry for volumes
quobyte.volume (string), required
Volume is a string that references an already created Quobyte volume by name.
quobyte.group (string)
Group to map volume access to Default is no group
quobyte.readOnly (boolean)
ReadOnly here will force the Quobyte volume to be mounted with read-only permissions. Defaults to false.
quobyte.tenant (string)
Tenant owning the given Quobyte volume in the Backend Used with dynamically provisioned Quobyte volumes, value is set by the plugin
quobyte.user (string)
User to map volume access to Defaults to serivceaccount user
Filesystem type of the volume that you want to mount. Tip: Ensure that the filesystem type is supported by the host operating system. Examples: "ext4", "xfs", "ntfs". Implicitly inferred to be "ext4" if unspecified. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes#rbd
Represents a StorageOS persistent volume resource.
storageos.fsType (string)
Filesystem type to mount. Must be a filesystem type supported by the host operating system. Ex. "ext4", "xfs", "ntfs". Implicitly inferred to be "ext4" if unspecified.
storageos.readOnly (boolean)
Defaults to false (read/write). ReadOnly here will force the ReadOnly setting in VolumeMounts.
SecretRef specifies the secret to use for obtaining the StorageOS API credentials. If not specified, default values will be attempted.
storageos.volumeName (string)
VolumeName is the human-readable name of the StorageOS volume. Volume names are only unique within a namespace.
storageos.volumeNamespace (string)
VolumeNamespace specifies the scope of the volume within StorageOS. If no namespace is specified then the Pod's namespace will be used. This allows the Kubernetes name scoping to be mirrored within StorageOS for tighter integration. Set VolumeName to any name to override the default behaviour. Set to "default" if you are not using namespaces within StorageOS. Namespaces that do not pre-exist within StorageOS will be created.
vsphereVolume (VsphereVirtualDiskVolumeSource)
VsphereVolume represents a vSphere volume attached and mounted on kubelets host machine
Represents a vSphere volume resource.
vsphereVolume.volumePath (string), required
Path that identifies vSphere volume vmdk
vsphereVolume.fsType (string)
Filesystem type to mount. Must be a filesystem type supported by the host operating system. Ex. "ext4", "xfs", "ntfs". Implicitly inferred to be "ext4" if unspecified.
vsphereVolume.storagePolicyID (string)
Storage Policy Based Management (SPBM) profile ID associated with the StoragePolicyName.
vsphereVolume.storagePolicyName (string)
Storage Policy Based Management (SPBM) profile name.
PersistentVolumeStatus
PersistentVolumeStatus is the current status of a persistent volume.
message (string)
A human-readable message indicating details about why the volume is in this state.
"Available" used for PersistentVolumes that are not yet bound Available volumes are held by the binder and matched to PersistentVolumeClaims
"Bound" used for PersistentVolumes that are bound
"Failed" used for PersistentVolumes that failed to be correctly recycled or deleted after being released from a claim
"Pending" used for PersistentVolumes that are not available
"Released" used for PersistentVolumes where the bound PersistentVolumeClaim was deleted released volumes must be recycled before becoming available again this phase is used by the persistent volume claim binder to signal to another process to reclaim the resource
reason (string)
Reason is a brief CamelCase string that describes any failure and is meant for machine parsing and tidy display in the CLI.
PersistentVolumeList
PersistentVolumeList is a list of PersistentVolume items.
Provisioner indicates the type of the provisioner.
allowVolumeExpansion (boolean)
AllowVolumeExpansion shows whether the storage class allow volume expand
allowedTopologies ([]TopologySelectorTerm)
Atomic: will be replaced during a merge
Restrict the node topologies where volumes can be dynamically provisioned. Each volume plugin defines its own supported topology specifications. An empty TopologySelectorTerm list means there is no topology restriction. This field is only honored by servers that enable the VolumeScheduling feature.
A topology selector term represents the result of label queries. A null or empty topology selector term matches no objects. The requirements of them are ANDed. It provides a subset of functionality as NodeSelectorTerm. This is an alpha feature and may change in the future.
An array of string values. One value must match the label to be selected. Each entry in Values is ORed.
mountOptions ([]string)
Dynamically provisioned PersistentVolumes of this storage class are created with these mountOptions, e.g. ["ro", "soft"]. Not validated - mount of the PVs will simply fail if one is invalid.
parameters (map[string]string)
Parameters holds the parameters for the provisioner that should create volumes of this storage class.
reclaimPolicy (string)
Dynamically provisioned PersistentVolumes of this storage class are created with this reclaimPolicy. Defaults to Delete.
volumeBindingMode (string)
VolumeBindingMode indicates how PersistentVolumeClaims should be provisioned and bound. When unset, VolumeBindingImmediate is used. This field is only honored by servers that enable the VolumeScheduling feature.
StorageClassList
StorageClassList is a collection of storage classes.
Status of the VolumeAttachment request. Populated by the entity completing the attach or detach operation, i.e. the external-attacher.
VolumeAttachmentSpec
VolumeAttachmentSpec is the specification of a VolumeAttachment request.
attacher (string), required
Attacher indicates the name of the volume driver that MUST handle this request. This is the name returned by GetPluginName().
nodeName (string), required
The node that the volume should be attached to.
source (VolumeAttachmentSource), required
Source represents the volume that should be attached.
VolumeAttachmentSource represents a volume that should be attached. Right now only PersistenVolumes can be attached via external attacher, in future we may allow also inline volumes in pods. Exactly one member can be set.
inlineVolumeSpec contains all the information necessary to attach a persistent volume defined by a pod's inline VolumeSource. This field is populated only for the CSIMigration feature. It contains translated fields from a pod's inline VolumeSource to a PersistentVolumeSpec. This field is beta-level and is only honored by servers that enabled the CSIMigration feature.
source.persistentVolumeName (string)
Name of the persistent volume to attach.
VolumeAttachmentStatus
VolumeAttachmentStatus is the status of a VolumeAttachment request.
attached (boolean), required
Indicates the volume is successfully attached. This field must only be set by the entity completing the attach operation, i.e. the external-attacher.
attachError (VolumeError)
The last error encountered during attach operation, if any. This field must only be set by the entity completing the attach operation, i.e. the external-attacher.
VolumeError captures an error encountered during a volume operation.
attachError.message (string)
String detailing the error encountered during Attach or Detach operation. This string may be logged, so it should not contain sensitive information.
attachError.time (Time)
Time the error was encountered.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
attachmentMetadata (map[string]string)
Upon successful attach, this field is populated with any information returned by the attach operation that must be passed into subsequent WaitForAttach or Mount calls. This field must only be set by the entity completing the attach operation, i.e. the external-attacher.
detachError (VolumeError)
The last error encountered during detach operation, if any. This field must only be set by the entity completing the detach operation, i.e. the external-attacher.
VolumeError captures an error encountered during a volume operation.
detachError.message (string)
String detailing the error encountered during Attach or Detach operation. This string may be logged, so it should not contain sensitive information.
detachError.time (Time)
Time the error was encountered.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
VolumeAttachmentList
VolumeAttachmentList is a collection of VolumeAttachment objects.
CSIDriver captures information about a Container Storage Interface (CSI) volume driver deployed on the cluster.
apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1
import "k8s.io/api/storage/v1"
CSIDriver
CSIDriver captures information about a Container Storage Interface (CSI) volume driver deployed on the cluster. Kubernetes attach detach controller uses this object to determine whether attach is required. Kubelet uses this object to determine whether pod information needs to be passed on mount. CSIDriver objects are non-namespaced.
Standard object metadata. metadata.Name indicates the name of the CSI driver that this object refers to; it MUST be the same name returned by the CSI GetPluginName() call for that driver. The driver name must be 63 characters or less, beginning and ending with an alphanumeric character ([a-z0-9A-Z]) with dashes (-), dots (.), and alphanumerics between. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#metadata
CSIDriverSpec is the specification of a CSIDriver.
attachRequired (boolean)
attachRequired indicates this CSI volume driver requires an attach operation (because it implements the CSI ControllerPublishVolume() method), and that the Kubernetes attach detach controller should call the attach volume interface which checks the volumeattachment status and waits until the volume is attached before proceeding to mounting. The CSI external-attacher coordinates with CSI volume driver and updates the volumeattachment status when the attach operation is complete. If the CSIDriverRegistry feature gate is enabled and the value is specified to false, the attach operation will be skipped. Otherwise the attach operation will be called.
This field is immutable.
fsGroupPolicy (string)
Defines if the underlying volume supports changing ownership and permission of the volume before being mounted. Refer to the specific FSGroupPolicy values for additional details.
This field is immutable.
Defaults to ReadWriteOnceWithFSType, which will examine each volume to determine if Kubernetes should modify ownership and permissions of the volume. With the default policy the defined fsGroup will only be applied if a fstype is defined and the volume's access mode contains ReadWriteOnce.
podInfoOnMount (boolean)
If set to true, podInfoOnMount indicates this CSI volume driver requires additional pod information (like podName, podUID, etc.) during mount operations. If set to false, pod information will not be passed on mount. Default is false. The CSI driver specifies podInfoOnMount as part of driver deployment. If true, Kubelet will pass pod information as VolumeContext in the CSI NodePublishVolume() calls. The CSI driver is responsible for parsing and validating the information passed in as VolumeContext. The following VolumeConext will be passed if podInfoOnMount is set to true. This list might grow, but the prefix will be used. "csi.storage.k8s.io/pod.name": pod.Name "csi.storage.k8s.io/pod.namespace": pod.Namespace "csi.storage.k8s.io/pod.uid": string(pod.UID) "csi.storage.k8s.io/ephemeral": "true" if the volume is an ephemeral inline volume
defined by a CSIVolumeSource, otherwise "false"
"csi.storage.k8s.io/ephemeral" is a new feature in Kubernetes 1.16. It is only required for drivers which support both the "Persistent" and "Ephemeral" VolumeLifecycleMode. Other drivers can leave pod info disabled and/or ignore this field. As Kubernetes 1.15 doesn't support this field, drivers can only support one mode when deployed on such a cluster and the deployment determines which mode that is, for example via a command line parameter of the driver.
This field is immutable.
requiresRepublish (boolean)
RequiresRepublish indicates the CSI driver wants NodePublishVolume being periodically called to reflect any possible change in the mounted volume. This field defaults to false.
Note: After a successful initial NodePublishVolume call, subsequent calls to NodePublishVolume should only update the contents of the volume. New mount points will not be seen by a running container.
storageCapacity (boolean)
If set to true, storageCapacity indicates that the CSI volume driver wants pod scheduling to consider the storage capacity that the driver deployment will report by creating CSIStorageCapacity objects with capacity information.
The check can be enabled immediately when deploying a driver. In that case, provisioning new volumes with late binding will pause until the driver deployment has published some suitable CSIStorageCapacity object.
Alternatively, the driver can be deployed with the field unset or false and it can be flipped later when storage capacity information has been published.
This field was immutable in Kubernetes <= 1.22 and now is mutable.
This is a beta field and only available when the CSIStorageCapacity feature is enabled. The default is false.
tokenRequests ([]TokenRequest)
Atomic: will be replaced during a merge
TokenRequests indicates the CSI driver needs pods' service account tokens it is mounting volume for to do necessary authentication. Kubelet will pass the tokens in VolumeContext in the CSI NodePublishVolume calls. The CSI driver should parse and validate the following VolumeContext: "csi.storage.k8s.io/serviceAccount.tokens": {
"<audience>": {
"token": <token>,
"expirationTimestamp": <expiration timestamp in RFC3339>,
},
...
}
Note: Audience in each TokenRequest should be different and at most one token is empty string. To receive a new token after expiry, RequiresRepublish can be used to trigger NodePublishVolume periodically.
TokenRequest contains parameters of a service account token.
tokenRequests.audience (string), required
Audience is the intended audience of the token in "TokenRequestSpec". It will default to the audiences of kube apiserver.
tokenRequests.expirationSeconds (int64)
ExpirationSeconds is the duration of validity of the token in "TokenRequestSpec". It has the same default value of "ExpirationSeconds" in "TokenRequestSpec".
volumeLifecycleModes ([]string)
Set: unique values will be kept during a merge
volumeLifecycleModes defines what kind of volumes this CSI volume driver supports. The default if the list is empty is "Persistent", which is the usage defined by the CSI specification and implemented in Kubernetes via the usual PV/PVC mechanism. The other mode is "Ephemeral". In this mode, volumes are defined inline inside the pod spec with CSIVolumeSource and their lifecycle is tied to the lifecycle of that pod. A driver has to be aware of this because it is only going to get a NodePublishVolume call for such a volume. For more information about implementing this mode, see https://kubernetes-csi.github.io/docs/ephemeral-local-volumes.html A driver can support one or more of these modes and more modes may be added in the future. This field is beta.
This field is immutable.
CSIDriverList
CSIDriverList is a collection of CSIDriver objects.
CSINode holds information about all CSI drivers installed on a node.
apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1
import "k8s.io/api/storage/v1"
CSINode
CSINode holds information about all CSI drivers installed on a node. CSI drivers do not need to create the CSINode object directly. As long as they use the node-driver-registrar sidecar container, the kubelet will automatically populate the CSINode object for the CSI driver as part of kubelet plugin registration. CSINode has the same name as a node. If the object is missing, it means either there are no CSI Drivers available on the node, or the Kubelet version is low enough that it doesn't create this object. CSINode has an OwnerReference that points to the corresponding node object.
CSINodeSpec holds information about the specification of all CSI drivers installed on a node
drivers ([]CSINodeDriver), required
Patch strategy: merge on key name
drivers is a list of information of all CSI Drivers existing on a node. If all drivers in the list are uninstalled, this can become empty.
CSINodeDriver holds information about the specification of one CSI driver installed on a node
drivers.name (string), required
This is the name of the CSI driver that this object refers to. This MUST be the same name returned by the CSI GetPluginName() call for that driver.
drivers.nodeID (string), required
nodeID of the node from the driver point of view. This field enables Kubernetes to communicate with storage systems that do not share the same nomenclature for nodes. For example, Kubernetes may refer to a given node as "node1", but the storage system may refer to the same node as "nodeA". When Kubernetes issues a command to the storage system to attach a volume to a specific node, it can use this field to refer to the node name using the ID that the storage system will understand, e.g. "nodeA" instead of "node1". This field is required.
drivers.allocatable (VolumeNodeResources)
allocatable represents the volume resources of a node that are available for scheduling. This field is beta.
VolumeNodeResources is a set of resource limits for scheduling of volumes.
drivers.allocatable.count (int32)
Maximum number of unique volumes managed by the CSI driver that can be used on a node. A volume that is both attached and mounted on a node is considered to be used once, not twice. The same rule applies for a unique volume that is shared among multiple pods on the same node. If this field is not specified, then the supported number of volumes on this node is unbounded.
drivers.topologyKeys ([]string)
topologyKeys is the list of keys supported by the driver. When a driver is initialized on a cluster, it provides a set of topology keys that it understands (e.g. "company.com/zone", "company.com/region"). When a driver is initialized on a node, it provides the same topology keys along with values. Kubelet will expose these topology keys as labels on its own node object. When Kubernetes does topology aware provisioning, it can use this list to determine which labels it should retrieve from the node object and pass back to the driver. It is possible for different nodes to use different topology keys. This can be empty if driver does not support topology.
CSIStorageCapacity stores the result of one CSI GetCapacity call.
apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1beta1
import "k8s.io/api/storage/v1beta1"
CSIStorageCapacity
CSIStorageCapacity stores the result of one CSI GetCapacity call. For a given StorageClass, this describes the available capacity in a particular topology segment. This can be used when considering where to instantiate new PersistentVolumes.
For example this can express things like: - StorageClass "standard" has "1234 GiB" available in "topology.kubernetes.io/zone=us-east1" - StorageClass "localssd" has "10 GiB" available in "kubernetes.io/hostname=knode-abc123"
The following three cases all imply that no capacity is available for a certain combination: - no object exists with suitable topology and storage class name - such an object exists, but the capacity is unset - such an object exists, but the capacity is zero
The producer of these objects can decide which approach is more suitable.
They are consumed by the kube-scheduler if the CSIStorageCapacity beta feature gate is enabled there and a CSI driver opts into capacity-aware scheduling with CSIDriver.StorageCapacity.
Standard object's metadata. The name has no particular meaning. It must be be a DNS subdomain (dots allowed, 253 characters). To ensure that there are no conflicts with other CSI drivers on the cluster, the recommendation is to use csisc-<uuid>, a generated name, or a reverse-domain name which ends with the unique CSI driver name.
The name of the StorageClass that the reported capacity applies to. It must meet the same requirements as the name of a StorageClass object (non-empty, DNS subdomain). If that object no longer exists, the CSIStorageCapacity object is obsolete and should be removed by its creator. This field is immutable.
Capacity is the value reported by the CSI driver in its GetCapacityResponse for a GetCapacityRequest with topology and parameters that match the previous fields.
The semantic is currently (CSI spec 1.2) defined as: The available capacity, in bytes, of the storage that can be used to provision volumes. If not set, that information is currently unavailable and treated like zero capacity.
MaximumVolumeSize is the value reported by the CSI driver in its GetCapacityResponse for a GetCapacityRequest with topology and parameters that match the previous fields.
This is defined since CSI spec 1.4.0 as the largest size that may be used in a CreateVolumeRequest.capacity_range.required_bytes field to create a volume with the same parameters as those in GetCapacityRequest. The corresponding value in the Kubernetes API is ResourceRequirements.Requests in a volume claim.
NodeTopology defines which nodes have access to the storage for which capacity was reported. If not set, the storage is not accessible from any node in the cluster. If empty, the storage is accessible from all nodes. This field is immutable.
CSIStorageCapacityList
CSIStorageCapacityList is a collection of CSIStorageCapacity objects.
ServiceAccount binds together: * a name, understood by users, and perhaps by peripheral systems, for an identity * a principal that can be authenticated and authorized * a set of secrets.
apiVersion: v1
import "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
ServiceAccount
ServiceAccount binds together: * a name, understood by users, and perhaps by peripheral systems, for an identity * a principal that can be authenticated and authorized * a set of secrets
AutomountServiceAccountToken indicates whether pods running as this service account should have an API token automatically mounted. Can be overridden at the pod level.
ImagePullSecrets is a list of references to secrets in the same namespace to use for pulling any images in pods that reference this ServiceAccount. ImagePullSecrets are distinct from Secrets because Secrets can be mounted in the pod, but ImagePullSecrets are only accessed by the kubelet. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/containers/images/#specifying-imagepullsecrets-on-a-pod
Status is filled in by the server and indicates whether the token can be authenticated.
TokenRequestSpec
TokenRequestSpec contains client provided parameters of a token request.
audiences ([]string), required
Audiences are the intendend audiences of the token. A recipient of a token must identitfy themself with an identifier in the list of audiences of the token, and otherwise should reject the token. A token issued for multiple audiences may be used to authenticate against any of the audiences listed but implies a high degree of trust between the target audiences.
boundObjectRef (BoundObjectReference)
BoundObjectRef is a reference to an object that the token will be bound to. The token will only be valid for as long as the bound object exists. NOTE: The API server's TokenReview endpoint will validate the BoundObjectRef, but other audiences may not. Keep ExpirationSeconds small if you want prompt revocation.
BoundObjectReference is a reference to an object that a token is bound to.
boundObjectRef.apiVersion (string)
API version of the referent.
boundObjectRef.kind (string)
Kind of the referent. Valid kinds are 'Pod' and 'Secret'.
boundObjectRef.name (string)
Name of the referent.
boundObjectRef.uid (string)
UID of the referent.
expirationSeconds (int64)
ExpirationSeconds is the requested duration of validity of the request. The token issuer may return a token with a different validity duration so a client needs to check the 'expiration' field in a response.
TokenRequestStatus
TokenRequestStatus is the result of a token request.
expirationTimestamp (Time), required
ExpirationTimestamp is the time of expiration of the returned token.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
token (string), required
Token is the opaque bearer token.
Operations
create create token of a ServiceAccount
HTTP Request
POST /api/v1/namespaces/{namespace}/serviceaccounts/{name}/token
TokenReview attempts to authenticate a token to a known user.
apiVersion: authentication.k8s.io/v1
import "k8s.io/api/authentication/v1"
TokenReview
TokenReview attempts to authenticate a token to a known user. Note: TokenReview requests may be cached by the webhook token authenticator plugin in the kube-apiserver.
Status is filled in by the server and indicates whether the request can be authenticated.
TokenReviewSpec
TokenReviewSpec is a description of the token authentication request.
audiences ([]string)
Audiences is a list of the identifiers that the resource server presented with the token identifies as. Audience-aware token authenticators will verify that the token was intended for at least one of the audiences in this list. If no audiences are provided, the audience will default to the audience of the Kubernetes apiserver.
token (string)
Token is the opaque bearer token.
TokenReviewStatus
TokenReviewStatus is the result of the token authentication request.
audiences ([]string)
Audiences are audience identifiers chosen by the authenticator that are compatible with both the TokenReview and token. An identifier is any identifier in the intersection of the TokenReviewSpec audiences and the token's audiences. A client of the TokenReview API that sets the spec.audiences field should validate that a compatible audience identifier is returned in the status.audiences field to ensure that the TokenReview server is audience aware. If a TokenReview returns an empty status.audience field where status.authenticated is "true", the token is valid against the audience of the Kubernetes API server.
authenticated (boolean)
Authenticated indicates that the token was associated with a known user.
error (string)
Error indicates that the token couldn't be checked
user (UserInfo)
User is the UserInfo associated with the provided token.
UserInfo holds the information about the user needed to implement the user.Info interface.
user.extra (map[string][]string)
Any additional information provided by the authenticator.
user.groups ([]string)
The names of groups this user is a part of.
user.uid (string)
A unique value that identifies this user across time. If this user is deleted and another user by the same name is added, they will have different UIDs.
user.username (string)
The name that uniquely identifies this user among all active users.
CertificateSigningRequest objects provide a mechanism to obtain x509 certificates by submitting a certificate signing request, and having it asynchronously approved and issued.
apiVersion: certificates.k8s.io/v1
import "k8s.io/api/certificates/v1"
CertificateSigningRequest
CertificateSigningRequest objects provide a mechanism to obtain x509 certificates by submitting a certificate signing request, and having it asynchronously approved and issued.
Kubelets use this API to obtain:
client certificates to authenticate to kube-apiserver (with the "kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client-kubelet" signerName).
serving certificates for TLS endpoints kube-apiserver can connect to securely (with the "kubernetes.io/kubelet-serving" signerName).
This API can be used to request client certificates to authenticate to kube-apiserver (with the "kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client" signerName), or to obtain certificates from custom non-Kubernetes signers.
spec contains the certificate request, and is immutable after creation. Only the request, signerName, expirationSeconds, and usages fields can be set on creation. Other fields are derived by Kubernetes and cannot be modified by users.
status contains information about whether the request is approved or denied, and the certificate issued by the signer, or the failure condition indicating signer failure.
CertificateSigningRequestSpec
CertificateSigningRequestSpec contains the certificate request.
request ([]byte), required
Atomic: will be replaced during a merge
request contains an x509 certificate signing request encoded in a "CERTIFICATE REQUEST" PEM block. When serialized as JSON or YAML, the data is additionally base64-encoded.
signerName (string), required
signerName indicates the requested signer, and is a qualified name.
List/watch requests for CertificateSigningRequests can filter on this field using a "spec.signerName=NAME" fieldSelector.
Well-known Kubernetes signers are:
"kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client": issues client certificates that can be used to authenticate to kube-apiserver.
Requests for this signer are never auto-approved by kube-controller-manager, can be issued by the "csrsigning" controller in kube-controller-manager.
"kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client-kubelet": issues client certificates that kubelets use to authenticate to kube-apiserver.
Requests for this signer can be auto-approved by the "csrapproving" controller in kube-controller-manager, and can be issued by the "csrsigning" controller in kube-controller-manager.
"kubernetes.io/kubelet-serving" issues serving certificates that kubelets use to serve TLS endpoints, which kube-apiserver can connect to securely.
Requests for this signer are never auto-approved by kube-controller-manager, and can be issued by the "csrsigning" controller in kube-controller-manager.
Custom signerNames can also be specified. The signer defines:
Trust distribution: how trust (CA bundles) are distributed.
Permitted subjects: and behavior when a disallowed subject is requested.
Required, permitted, or forbidden x509 extensions in the request (including whether subjectAltNames are allowed, which types, restrictions on allowed values) and behavior when a disallowed extension is requested.
Required, permitted, or forbidden key usages / extended key usages.
Expiration/certificate lifetime: whether it is fixed by the signer, configurable by the admin.
Whether or not requests for CA certificates are allowed.
expirationSeconds (int32)
expirationSeconds is the requested duration of validity of the issued certificate. The certificate signer may issue a certificate with a different validity duration so a client must check the delta between the notBefore and and notAfter fields in the issued certificate to determine the actual duration.
The v1.22+ in-tree implementations of the well-known Kubernetes signers will honor this field as long as the requested duration is not greater than the maximum duration they will honor per the --cluster-signing-duration CLI flag to the Kubernetes controller manager.
Certificate signers may not honor this field for various reasons:
Old signer that is unaware of the field (such as the in-tree
implementations prior to v1.22)
Signer whose configured maximum is shorter than the requested duration
Signer whose configured minimum is longer than the requested duration
The minimum valid value for expirationSeconds is 600, i.e. 10 minutes.
As of v1.22, this field is beta and is controlled via the CSRDuration feature gate.
extra (map[string][]string)
extra contains extra attributes of the user that created the CertificateSigningRequest. Populated by the API server on creation and immutable.
groups ([]string)
Atomic: will be replaced during a merge
groups contains group membership of the user that created the CertificateSigningRequest. Populated by the API server on creation and immutable.
uid (string)
uid contains the uid of the user that created the CertificateSigningRequest. Populated by the API server on creation and immutable.
usages ([]string)
Atomic: will be replaced during a merge
usages specifies a set of key usages requested in the issued certificate.
Requests for TLS client certificates typically request: "digital signature", "key encipherment", "client auth".
Requests for TLS serving certificates typically request: "key encipherment", "digital signature", "server auth".
username contains the name of the user that created the CertificateSigningRequest. Populated by the API server on creation and immutable.
CertificateSigningRequestStatus
CertificateSigningRequestStatus contains conditions used to indicate approved/denied/failed status of the request, and the issued certificate.
certificate ([]byte)
Atomic: will be replaced during a merge
certificate is populated with an issued certificate by the signer after an Approved condition is present. This field is set via the /status subresource. Once populated, this field is immutable.
If the certificate signing request is denied, a condition of type "Denied" is added and this field remains empty. If the signer cannot issue the certificate, a condition of type "Failed" is added and this field remains empty.
Validation requirements:
certificate must contain one or more PEM blocks.
All PEM blocks must have the "CERTIFICATE" label, contain no headers, and the encoded data
must be a BER-encoded ASN.1 Certificate structure as described in section 4 of RFC5280.
Non-PEM content may appear before or after the "CERTIFICATE" PEM blocks and is unvalidated,
to allow for explanatory text as described in section 5.2 of RFC7468.
If more than one PEM block is present, and the definition of the requested spec.signerName does not indicate otherwise, the first block is the issued certificate, and subsequent blocks should be treated as intermediate certificates and presented in TLS handshakes.
The certificate is encoded in PEM format.
When serialized as JSON or YAML, the data is additionally base64-encoded, so it consists of:
Map: unique values on key type will be kept during a merge
conditions applied to the request. Known conditions are "Approved", "Denied", and "Failed".
CertificateSigningRequestCondition describes a condition of a CertificateSigningRequest object
conditions.status (string), required
status of the condition, one of True, False, Unknown. Approved, Denied, and Failed conditions may not be "False" or "Unknown".
conditions.type (string), required
type of the condition. Known conditions are "Approved", "Denied", and "Failed".
An "Approved" condition is added via the /approval subresource, indicating the request was approved and should be issued by the signer.
A "Denied" condition is added via the /approval subresource, indicating the request was denied and should not be issued by the signer.
A "Failed" condition is added via the /status subresource, indicating the signer failed to issue the certificate.
Approved and Denied conditions are mutually exclusive. Approved, Denied, and Failed conditions cannot be removed once added.
Only one condition of a given type is allowed.
Possible enum values:
"Approved" Approved indicates the request was approved and should be issued by the signer.
"Denied" Denied indicates the request was denied and should not be issued by the signer.
"Failed" Failed indicates the signer failed to issue the certificate.
conditions.lastTransitionTime (Time)
lastTransitionTime is the time the condition last transitioned from one status to another. If unset, when a new condition type is added or an existing condition's status is changed, the server defaults this to the current time.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
conditions.lastUpdateTime (Time)
lastUpdateTime is the time of the last update to this condition
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
conditions.message (string)
message contains a human readable message with details about the request state
conditions.reason (string)
reason indicates a brief reason for the request state
CertificateSigningRequestList
CertificateSigningRequestList is a collection of CertificateSigningRequest objects
LocalSubjectAccessReview checks whether or not a user or group can perform an action in a given namespace.
apiVersion: authorization.k8s.io/v1
import "k8s.io/api/authorization/v1"
LocalSubjectAccessReview
LocalSubjectAccessReview checks whether or not a user or group can perform an action in a given namespace. Having a namespace scoped resource makes it much easier to grant namespace scoped policy that includes permissions checking.
Spec holds information about the request being evaluated. spec.namespace must be equal to the namespace you made the request against. If empty, it is defaulted.
SelfSubjectAccessReview checks whether or the current user can perform an action.
apiVersion: authorization.k8s.io/v1
import "k8s.io/api/authorization/v1"
SelfSubjectAccessReview
SelfSubjectAccessReview checks whether or the current user can perform an action. Not filling in a spec.namespace means "in all namespaces". Self is a special case, because users should always be able to check whether they can perform an action
Status is filled in by the server and indicates whether the request is allowed or not
SelfSubjectAccessReviewSpec
SelfSubjectAccessReviewSpec is a description of the access request. Exactly one of ResourceAuthorizationAttributes and NonResourceAuthorizationAttributes must be set
nonResourceAttributes (NonResourceAttributes)
NonResourceAttributes describes information for a non-resource access request
NonResourceAttributes includes the authorization attributes available for non-resource requests to the Authorizer interface
nonResourceAttributes.path (string)
Path is the URL path of the request
nonResourceAttributes.verb (string)
Verb is the standard HTTP verb
resourceAttributes (ResourceAttributes)
ResourceAuthorizationAttributes describes information for a resource access request
ResourceAttributes includes the authorization attributes available for resource requests to the Authorizer interface
resourceAttributes.group (string)
Group is the API Group of the Resource. "*" means all.
resourceAttributes.name (string)
Name is the name of the resource being requested for a "get" or deleted for a "delete". "" (empty) means all.
resourceAttributes.namespace (string)
Namespace is the namespace of the action being requested. Currently, there is no distinction between no namespace and all namespaces "" (empty) is defaulted for LocalSubjectAccessReviews "" (empty) is empty for cluster-scoped resources "" (empty) means "all" for namespace scoped resources from a SubjectAccessReview or SelfSubjectAccessReview
resourceAttributes.resource (string)
Resource is one of the existing resource types. "*" means all.
resourceAttributes.subresource (string)
Subresource is one of the existing resource types. "" means none.
resourceAttributes.verb (string)
Verb is a kubernetes resource API verb, like: get, list, watch, create, update, delete, proxy. "*" means all.
resourceAttributes.version (string)
Version is the API Version of the Resource. "*" means all.
Operations
create create a SelfSubjectAccessReview
HTTP Request
POST /apis/authorization.k8s.io/v1/selfsubjectaccessreviews
SelfSubjectRulesReview enumerates the set of actions the current user can perform within a namespace.
apiVersion: authorization.k8s.io/v1
import "k8s.io/api/authorization/v1"
SelfSubjectRulesReview
SelfSubjectRulesReview enumerates the set of actions the current user can perform within a namespace. The returned list of actions may be incomplete depending on the server's authorization mode, and any errors experienced during the evaluation. SelfSubjectRulesReview should be used by UIs to show/hide actions, or to quickly let an end user reason about their permissions. It should NOT Be used by external systems to drive authorization decisions as this raises confused deputy, cache lifetime/revocation, and correctness concerns. SubjectAccessReview, and LocalAccessReview are the correct way to defer authorization decisions to the API server.
Spec holds information about the request being evaluated.
status (SubjectRulesReviewStatus)
Status is filled in by the server and indicates the set of actions a user can perform.
SubjectRulesReviewStatus contains the result of a rules check. This check can be incomplete depending on the set of authorizers the server is configured with and any errors experienced during evaluation. Because authorization rules are additive, if a rule appears in a list it's safe to assume the subject has that permission, even if that list is incomplete.
status.incomplete (boolean), required
Incomplete is true when the rules returned by this call are incomplete. This is most commonly encountered when an authorizer, such as an external authorizer, doesn't support rules evaluation.
NonResourceRules is the list of actions the subject is allowed to perform on non-resources. The list ordering isn't significant, may contain duplicates, and possibly be incomplete.
NonResourceRule holds information that describes a rule for the non-resource
NonResourceURLs is a set of partial urls that a user should have access to. s are allowed, but only as the full, final step in the path. "" means all.
status.resourceRules ([]ResourceRule), required
ResourceRules is the list of actions the subject is allowed to perform on resources. The list ordering isn't significant, may contain duplicates, and possibly be incomplete.
ResourceRule is the list of actions the subject is allowed to perform on resources. The list ordering isn't significant, may contain duplicates, and possibly be incomplete.
status.resourceRules.verbs ([]string), required
Verb is a list of kubernetes resource API verbs, like: get, list, watch, create, update, delete, proxy. "*" means all.
status.resourceRules.apiGroups ([]string)
APIGroups is the name of the APIGroup that contains the resources. If multiple API groups are specified, any action requested against one of the enumerated resources in any API group will be allowed. "*" means all.
status.resourceRules.resourceNames ([]string)
ResourceNames is an optional white list of names that the rule applies to. An empty set means that everything is allowed. "*" means all.
status.resourceRules.resources ([]string)
Resources is a list of resources this rule applies to. "" means all in the specified apiGroups.
"/foo" represents the subresource 'foo' for all resources in the specified apiGroups.
status.evaluationError (string)
EvaluationError can appear in combination with Rules. It indicates an error occurred during rule evaluation, such as an authorizer that doesn't support rule evaluation, and that ResourceRules and/or NonResourceRules may be incomplete.
SelfSubjectRulesReviewSpec
SelfSubjectRulesReviewSpec defines the specification for SelfSubjectRulesReview.
namespace (string)
Namespace to evaluate rules for. Required.
Operations
create create a SelfSubjectRulesReview
HTTP Request
POST /apis/authorization.k8s.io/v1/selfsubjectrulesreviews
Status is filled in by the server and indicates whether the request is allowed or not
SubjectAccessReviewSpec
SubjectAccessReviewSpec is a description of the access request. Exactly one of ResourceAuthorizationAttributes and NonResourceAuthorizationAttributes must be set
extra (map[string][]string)
Extra corresponds to the user.Info.GetExtra() method from the authenticator. Since that is input to the authorizer it needs a reflection here.
groups ([]string)
Groups is the groups you're testing for.
nonResourceAttributes (NonResourceAttributes)
NonResourceAttributes describes information for a non-resource access request
NonResourceAttributes includes the authorization attributes available for non-resource requests to the Authorizer interface
nonResourceAttributes.path (string)
Path is the URL path of the request
nonResourceAttributes.verb (string)
Verb is the standard HTTP verb
resourceAttributes (ResourceAttributes)
ResourceAuthorizationAttributes describes information for a resource access request
ResourceAttributes includes the authorization attributes available for resource requests to the Authorizer interface
resourceAttributes.group (string)
Group is the API Group of the Resource. "*" means all.
resourceAttributes.name (string)
Name is the name of the resource being requested for a "get" or deleted for a "delete". "" (empty) means all.
resourceAttributes.namespace (string)
Namespace is the namespace of the action being requested. Currently, there is no distinction between no namespace and all namespaces "" (empty) is defaulted for LocalSubjectAccessReviews "" (empty) is empty for cluster-scoped resources "" (empty) means "all" for namespace scoped resources from a SubjectAccessReview or SelfSubjectAccessReview
resourceAttributes.resource (string)
Resource is one of the existing resource types. "*" means all.
resourceAttributes.subresource (string)
Subresource is one of the existing resource types. "" means none.
resourceAttributes.verb (string)
Verb is a kubernetes resource API verb, like: get, list, watch, create, update, delete, proxy. "*" means all.
resourceAttributes.version (string)
Version is the API Version of the Resource. "*" means all.
uid (string)
UID information about the requesting user.
user (string)
User is the user you're testing for. If you specify "User" but not "Groups", then is it interpreted as "What if User were not a member of any groups
SubjectAccessReviewStatus
SubjectAccessReviewStatus
allowed (boolean), required
Allowed is required. True if the action would be allowed, false otherwise.
denied (boolean)
Denied is optional. True if the action would be denied, otherwise false. If both allowed is false and denied is false, then the authorizer has no opinion on whether to authorize the action. Denied may not be true if Allowed is true.
evaluationError (string)
EvaluationError is an indication that some error occurred during the authorization check. It is entirely possible to get an error and be able to continue determine authorization status in spite of it. For instance, RBAC can be missing a role, but enough roles are still present and bound to reason about the request.
reason (string)
Reason is optional. It indicates why a request was allowed or denied.
Operations
create create a SubjectAccessReview
HTTP Request
POST /apis/authorization.k8s.io/v1/subjectaccessreviews
AggregationRule is an optional field that describes how to build the Rules for this ClusterRole. If AggregationRule is set, then the Rules are controller managed and direct changes to Rules will be stomped by the controller.
AggregationRule describes how to locate ClusterRoles to aggregate into the ClusterRole
ClusterRoleSelectors holds a list of selectors which will be used to find ClusterRoles and create the rules. If any of the selectors match, then the ClusterRole's permissions will be added
rules ([]PolicyRule)
Rules holds all the PolicyRules for this ClusterRole
PolicyRule holds information that describes a policy rule, but does not contain information about who the rule applies to or which namespace the rule applies to.
rules.apiGroups ([]string)
APIGroups is the name of the APIGroup that contains the resources. If multiple API groups are specified, any action requested against one of the enumerated resources in any API group will be allowed.
rules.resources ([]string)
Resources is a list of resources this rule applies to. '*' represents all resources.
rules.verbs ([]string), required
Verbs is a list of Verbs that apply to ALL the ResourceKinds contained in this rule. '*' represents all verbs.
rules.resourceNames ([]string)
ResourceNames is an optional white list of names that the rule applies to. An empty set means that everything is allowed.
rules.nonResourceURLs ([]string)
NonResourceURLs is a set of partial urls that a user should have access to. *s are allowed, but only as the full, final step in the path Since non-resource URLs are not namespaced, this field is only applicable for ClusterRoles referenced from a ClusterRoleBinding. Rules can either apply to API resources (such as "pods" or "secrets") or non-resource URL paths (such as "/api"), but not both.
ClusterRoleBinding references a ClusterRole, but not contain it.
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
import "k8s.io/api/rbac/v1"
ClusterRoleBinding
ClusterRoleBinding references a ClusterRole, but not contain it. It can reference a ClusterRole in the global namespace, and adds who information via Subject.
RoleRef can only reference a ClusterRole in the global namespace. If the RoleRef cannot be resolved, the Authorizer must return an error.
RoleRef contains information that points to the role being used
roleRef.apiGroup (string), required
APIGroup is the group for the resource being referenced
roleRef.kind (string), required
Kind is the type of resource being referenced
roleRef.name (string), required
Name is the name of resource being referenced
subjects ([]Subject)
Subjects holds references to the objects the role applies to.
Subject contains a reference to the object or user identities a role binding applies to. This can either hold a direct API object reference, or a value for non-objects such as user and group names.
subjects.kind (string), required
Kind of object being referenced. Values defined by this API group are "User", "Group", and "ServiceAccount". If the Authorizer does not recognized the kind value, the Authorizer should report an error.
subjects.name (string), required
Name of the object being referenced.
subjects.apiGroup (string)
APIGroup holds the API group of the referenced subject. Defaults to "" for ServiceAccount subjects. Defaults to "rbac.authorization.k8s.io" for User and Group subjects.
subjects.namespace (string)
Namespace of the referenced object. If the object kind is non-namespace, such as "User" or "Group", and this value is not empty the Authorizer should report an error.
ClusterRoleBindingList
ClusterRoleBindingList is a collection of ClusterRoleBindings
PolicyRule holds information that describes a policy rule, but does not contain information about who the rule applies to or which namespace the rule applies to.
rules.apiGroups ([]string)
APIGroups is the name of the APIGroup that contains the resources. If multiple API groups are specified, any action requested against one of the enumerated resources in any API group will be allowed.
rules.resources ([]string)
Resources is a list of resources this rule applies to. '*' represents all resources.
rules.verbs ([]string), required
Verbs is a list of Verbs that apply to ALL the ResourceKinds contained in this rule. '*' represents all verbs.
rules.resourceNames ([]string)
ResourceNames is an optional white list of names that the rule applies to. An empty set means that everything is allowed.
rules.nonResourceURLs ([]string)
NonResourceURLs is a set of partial urls that a user should have access to. *s are allowed, but only as the full, final step in the path Since non-resource URLs are not namespaced, this field is only applicable for ClusterRoles referenced from a ClusterRoleBinding. Rules can either apply to API resources (such as "pods" or "secrets") or non-resource URL paths (such as "/api"), but not both.
RoleBinding references a role, but does not contain it.
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
import "k8s.io/api/rbac/v1"
RoleBinding
RoleBinding references a role, but does not contain it. It can reference a Role in the same namespace or a ClusterRole in the global namespace. It adds who information via Subjects and namespace information by which namespace it exists in. RoleBindings in a given namespace only have effect in that namespace.
RoleRef can reference a Role in the current namespace or a ClusterRole in the global namespace. If the RoleRef cannot be resolved, the Authorizer must return an error.
RoleRef contains information that points to the role being used
roleRef.apiGroup (string), required
APIGroup is the group for the resource being referenced
roleRef.kind (string), required
Kind is the type of resource being referenced
roleRef.name (string), required
Name is the name of resource being referenced
subjects ([]Subject)
Subjects holds references to the objects the role applies to.
Subject contains a reference to the object or user identities a role binding applies to. This can either hold a direct API object reference, or a value for non-objects such as user and group names.
subjects.kind (string), required
Kind of object being referenced. Values defined by this API group are "User", "Group", and "ServiceAccount". If the Authorizer does not recognized the kind value, the Authorizer should report an error.
subjects.name (string), required
Name of the object being referenced.
subjects.apiGroup (string)
APIGroup holds the API group of the referenced subject. Defaults to "" for ServiceAccount subjects. Defaults to "rbac.authorization.k8s.io" for User and Group subjects.
subjects.namespace (string)
Namespace of the referenced object. If the object kind is non-namespace, such as "User" or "Group", and this value is not empty the Authorizer should report an error.
MaxLimitRequestRatio if specified, the named resource must have a request and limit that are both non-zero where limit divided by request is less than or equal to the enumerated value; this represents the max burst for the named resource.
scopeSelector is also a collection of filters like scopes that must match each object tracked by a quota but expressed using ScopeSelectorOperator in combination with possible values. For a resource to match, both scopes AND scopeSelector (if specified in spec), must be matched.
A scope selector represents the AND of the selectors represented by the scoped-resource selector requirements.
The name of the scope that the selector applies to.
Possible enum values:
"BestEffort" Match all pod objects that have best effort quality of service
"CrossNamespacePodAffinity" Match all pod objects that have cross-namespace pod (anti)affinity mentioned. This is a beta feature enabled by the PodAffinityNamespaceSelector feature flag.
"NotBestEffort" Match all pod objects that do not have best effort quality of service
"NotTerminating" Match all pod objects where spec.activeDeadlineSeconds is nil
"PriorityClass" Match all pod objects that have priority class mentioned
"Terminating" Match all pod objects where spec.activeDeadlineSeconds >=0
scopeSelector.matchExpressions.values ([]string)
An array of string values. If the operator is In or NotIn, the values array must be non-empty. If the operator is Exists or DoesNotExist, the values array must be empty. This array is replaced during a strategic merge patch.
scopes ([]string)
A collection of filters that must match each object tracked by a quota. If not specified, the quota matches all objects.
ResourceQuotaStatus
ResourceQuotaStatus defines the enforced hard limits and observed use.
Selects the pods to which this NetworkPolicy object applies. The array of ingress rules is applied to any pods selected by this field. Multiple network policies can select the same set of pods. In this case, the ingress rules for each are combined additively. This field is NOT optional and follows standard label selector semantics. An empty podSelector matches all pods in this namespace.
policyTypes ([]string)
List of rule types that the NetworkPolicy relates to. Valid options are ["Ingress"], ["Egress"], or ["Ingress", "Egress"]. If this field is not specified, it will default based on the existence of Ingress or Egress rules; policies that contain an Egress section are assumed to affect Egress, and all policies (whether or not they contain an Ingress section) are assumed to affect Ingress. If you want to write an egress-only policy, you must explicitly specify policyTypes [ "Egress" ]. Likewise, if you want to write a policy that specifies that no egress is allowed, you must specify a policyTypes value that include "Egress" (since such a policy would not include an Egress section and would otherwise default to just [ "Ingress" ]). This field is beta-level in 1.8
ingress ([]NetworkPolicyIngressRule)
List of ingress rules to be applied to the selected pods. Traffic is allowed to a pod if there are no NetworkPolicies selecting the pod (and cluster policy otherwise allows the traffic), OR if the traffic source is the pod's local node, OR if the traffic matches at least one ingress rule across all of the NetworkPolicy objects whose podSelector matches the pod. If this field is empty then this NetworkPolicy does not allow any traffic (and serves solely to ensure that the pods it selects are isolated by default)
NetworkPolicyIngressRule describes a particular set of traffic that is allowed to the pods matched by a NetworkPolicySpec's podSelector. The traffic must match both ports and from.
ingress.from ([]NetworkPolicyPeer)
List of sources which should be able to access the pods selected for this rule. Items in this list are combined using a logical OR operation. If this field is empty or missing, this rule matches all sources (traffic not restricted by source). If this field is present and contains at least one item, this rule allows traffic only if the traffic matches at least one item in the from list.
NetworkPolicyPeer describes a peer to allow traffic to/from. Only certain combinations of fields are allowed
ingress.from.ipBlock (IPBlock)
IPBlock defines policy on a particular IPBlock. If this field is set then neither of the other fields can be.
IPBlock describes a particular CIDR (Ex. "192.168.1.1/24","2001:db9::/64") that is allowed to the pods matched by a NetworkPolicySpec's podSelector. The except entry describes CIDRs that should not be included within this rule.
ingress.from.ipBlock.cidr (string), required
CIDR is a string representing the IP Block Valid examples are "192.168.1.1/24" or "2001:db9::/64"
ingress.from.ipBlock.except ([]string)
Except is a slice of CIDRs that should not be included within an IP Block Valid examples are "192.168.1.1/24" or "2001:db9::/64" Except values will be rejected if they are outside the CIDR range
Selects Namespaces using cluster-scoped labels. This field follows standard label selector semantics; if present but empty, it selects all namespaces.
If PodSelector is also set, then the NetworkPolicyPeer as a whole selects the Pods matching PodSelector in the Namespaces selected by NamespaceSelector. Otherwise it selects all Pods in the Namespaces selected by NamespaceSelector.
This is a label selector which selects Pods. This field follows standard label selector semantics; if present but empty, it selects all pods.
If NamespaceSelector is also set, then the NetworkPolicyPeer as a whole selects the Pods matching PodSelector in the Namespaces selected by NamespaceSelector. Otherwise it selects the Pods matching PodSelector in the policy's own Namespace.
ingress.ports ([]NetworkPolicyPort)
List of ports which should be made accessible on the pods selected for this rule. Each item in this list is combined using a logical OR. If this field is empty or missing, this rule matches all ports (traffic not restricted by port). If this field is present and contains at least one item, then this rule allows traffic only if the traffic matches at least one port in the list.
NetworkPolicyPort describes a port to allow traffic on
ingress.ports.port (IntOrString)
The port on the given protocol. This can either be a numerical or named port on a pod. If this field is not provided, this matches all port names and numbers. If present, only traffic on the specified protocol AND port will be matched.
IntOrString is a type that can hold an int32 or a string. When used in JSON or YAML marshalling and unmarshalling, it produces or consumes the inner type. This allows you to have, for example, a JSON field that can accept a name or number.
ingress.ports.endPort (int32)
If set, indicates that the range of ports from port to endPort, inclusive, should be allowed by the policy. This field cannot be defined if the port field is not defined or if the port field is defined as a named (string) port. The endPort must be equal or greater than port. This feature is in Beta state and is enabled by default. It can be disabled using the Feature Gate "NetworkPolicyEndPort".
ingress.ports.protocol (string)
The protocol (TCP, UDP, or SCTP) which traffic must match. If not specified, this field defaults to TCP.
egress ([]NetworkPolicyEgressRule)
List of egress rules to be applied to the selected pods. Outgoing traffic is allowed if there are no NetworkPolicies selecting the pod (and cluster policy otherwise allows the traffic), OR if the traffic matches at least one egress rule across all of the NetworkPolicy objects whose podSelector matches the pod. If this field is empty then this NetworkPolicy limits all outgoing traffic (and serves solely to ensure that the pods it selects are isolated by default). This field is beta-level in 1.8
NetworkPolicyEgressRule describes a particular set of traffic that is allowed out of pods matched by a NetworkPolicySpec's podSelector. The traffic must match both ports and to. This type is beta-level in 1.8
egress.to ([]NetworkPolicyPeer)
List of destinations for outgoing traffic of pods selected for this rule. Items in this list are combined using a logical OR operation. If this field is empty or missing, this rule matches all destinations (traffic not restricted by destination). If this field is present and contains at least one item, this rule allows traffic only if the traffic matches at least one item in the to list.
NetworkPolicyPeer describes a peer to allow traffic to/from. Only certain combinations of fields are allowed
egress.to.ipBlock (IPBlock)
IPBlock defines policy on a particular IPBlock. If this field is set then neither of the other fields can be.
IPBlock describes a particular CIDR (Ex. "192.168.1.1/24","2001:db9::/64") that is allowed to the pods matched by a NetworkPolicySpec's podSelector. The except entry describes CIDRs that should not be included within this rule.
egress.to.ipBlock.cidr (string), required
CIDR is a string representing the IP Block Valid examples are "192.168.1.1/24" or "2001:db9::/64"
egress.to.ipBlock.except ([]string)
Except is a slice of CIDRs that should not be included within an IP Block Valid examples are "192.168.1.1/24" or "2001:db9::/64" Except values will be rejected if they are outside the CIDR range
Selects Namespaces using cluster-scoped labels. This field follows standard label selector semantics; if present but empty, it selects all namespaces.
If PodSelector is also set, then the NetworkPolicyPeer as a whole selects the Pods matching PodSelector in the Namespaces selected by NamespaceSelector. Otherwise it selects all Pods in the Namespaces selected by NamespaceSelector.
This is a label selector which selects Pods. This field follows standard label selector semantics; if present but empty, it selects all pods.
If NamespaceSelector is also set, then the NetworkPolicyPeer as a whole selects the Pods matching PodSelector in the Namespaces selected by NamespaceSelector. Otherwise it selects the Pods matching PodSelector in the policy's own Namespace.
egress.ports ([]NetworkPolicyPort)
List of destination ports for outgoing traffic. Each item in this list is combined using a logical OR. If this field is empty or missing, this rule matches all ports (traffic not restricted by port). If this field is present and contains at least one item, then this rule allows traffic only if the traffic matches at least one port in the list.
NetworkPolicyPort describes a port to allow traffic on
egress.ports.port (IntOrString)
The port on the given protocol. This can either be a numerical or named port on a pod. If this field is not provided, this matches all port names and numbers. If present, only traffic on the specified protocol AND port will be matched.
IntOrString is a type that can hold an int32 or a string. When used in JSON or YAML marshalling and unmarshalling, it produces or consumes the inner type. This allows you to have, for example, a JSON field that can accept a name or number.
egress.ports.endPort (int32)
If set, indicates that the range of ports from port to endPort, inclusive, should be allowed by the policy. This field cannot be defined if the port field is not defined or if the port field is defined as a named (string) port. The endPort must be equal or greater than port. This feature is in Beta state and is enabled by default. It can be disabled using the Feature Gate "NetworkPolicyEndPort".
egress.ports.protocol (string)
The protocol (TCP, UDP, or SCTP) which traffic must match. If not specified, this field defaults to TCP.
NetworkPolicyList
NetworkPolicyList is a list of NetworkPolicy objects.
Most recently observed status of the PodDisruptionBudget.
PodDisruptionBudgetSpec
PodDisruptionBudgetSpec is a description of a PodDisruptionBudget.
maxUnavailable (IntOrString)
An eviction is allowed if at most "maxUnavailable" pods selected by "selector" are unavailable after the eviction, i.e. even in absence of the evicted pod. For example, one can prevent all voluntary evictions by specifying 0. This is a mutually exclusive setting with "minAvailable".
IntOrString is a type that can hold an int32 or a string. When used in JSON or YAML marshalling and unmarshalling, it produces or consumes the inner type. This allows you to have, for example, a JSON field that can accept a name or number.
minAvailable (IntOrString)
An eviction is allowed if at least "minAvailable" pods selected by "selector" will still be available after the eviction, i.e. even in the absence of the evicted pod. So for example you can prevent all voluntary evictions by specifying "100%".
IntOrString is a type that can hold an int32 or a string. When used in JSON or YAML marshalling and unmarshalling, it produces or consumes the inner type. This allows you to have, for example, a JSON field that can accept a name or number.
Label query over pods whose evictions are managed by the disruption budget. A null selector will match no pods, while an empty ({}) selector will select all pods within the namespace.
PodDisruptionBudgetStatus
PodDisruptionBudgetStatus represents information about the status of a PodDisruptionBudget. Status may trail the actual state of a system.
currentHealthy (int32), required
current number of healthy pods
desiredHealthy (int32), required
minimum desired number of healthy pods
disruptionsAllowed (int32), required
Number of pod disruptions that are currently allowed.
expectedPods (int32), required
total number of pods counted by this disruption budget
conditions ([]Condition)
Patch strategy: merge on key type
Map: unique values on key type will be kept during a merge
Conditions contain conditions for PDB. The disruption controller sets the DisruptionAllowed condition. The following are known values for the reason field (additional reasons could be added in the future): - SyncFailed: The controller encountered an error and wasn't able to compute
the number of allowed disruptions. Therefore no disruptions are
allowed and the status of the condition will be False.
InsufficientPods: The number of pods are either at or below the number
required by the PodDisruptionBudget. No disruptions are
allowed and the status of the condition will be False.
SufficientPods: There are more pods than required by the PodDisruptionBudget.
The condition will be True, and the number of allowed
disruptions are provided by the disruptionsAllowed property.
Condition contains details for one aspect of the current state of this API Resource.
conditions.lastTransitionTime (Time), required
lastTransitionTime is the last time the condition transitioned from one status to another. This should be when the underlying condition changed. If that is not known, then using the time when the API field changed is acceptable.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
conditions.message (string), required
message is a human readable message indicating details about the transition. This may be an empty string.
conditions.reason (string), required
reason contains a programmatic identifier indicating the reason for the condition's last transition. Producers of specific condition types may define expected values and meanings for this field, and whether the values are considered a guaranteed API. The value should be a CamelCase string. This field may not be empty.
conditions.status (string), required
status of the condition, one of True, False, Unknown.
conditions.type (string), required
type of condition in CamelCase or in foo.example.com/CamelCase.
conditions.observedGeneration (int64)
observedGeneration represents the .metadata.generation that the condition was set based upon. For instance, if .metadata.generation is currently 12, but the .status.conditions[x].observedGeneration is 9, the condition is out of date with respect to the current state of the instance.
disruptedPods (map[string]Time)
DisruptedPods contains information about pods whose eviction was processed by the API server eviction subresource handler but has not yet been observed by the PodDisruptionBudget controller. A pod will be in this map from the time when the API server processed the eviction request to the time when the pod is seen by PDB controller as having been marked for deletion (or after a timeout). The key in the map is the name of the pod and the value is the time when the API server processed the eviction request. If the deletion didn't occur and a pod is still there it will be removed from the list automatically by PodDisruptionBudget controller after some time. If everything goes smooth this map should be empty for the most of the time. Large number of entries in the map may indicate problems with pod deletions.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
observedGeneration (int64)
Most recent generation observed when updating this PDB status. DisruptionsAllowed and other status information is valid only if observedGeneration equals to PDB's object generation.
PodDisruptionBudgetList
PodDisruptionBudgetList is a collection of PodDisruptionBudgets.
PodSecurityPolicy governs the ability to make requests that affect the Security Context that will be applied to a pod and container.
apiVersion: policy/v1beta1
import "k8s.io/api/policy/v1beta1"
PodSecurityPolicy
PodSecurityPolicy governs the ability to make requests that affect the Security Context that will be applied to a pod and container. Deprecated in 1.21.
PodSecurityPolicySpec defines the policy enforced.
runAsUser (RunAsUserStrategyOptions), required
runAsUser is the strategy that will dictate the allowable RunAsUser values that may be set.
RunAsUserStrategyOptions defines the strategy type and any options used to create the strategy.
runAsUser.rule (string), required
rule is the strategy that will dictate the allowable RunAsUser values that may be set.
runAsUser.ranges ([]IDRange)
ranges are the allowed ranges of uids that may be used. If you would like to force a single uid then supply a single range with the same start and end. Required for MustRunAs.
IDRange provides a min/max of an allowed range of IDs.
runAsUser.ranges.max (int64), required
max is the end of the range, inclusive.
runAsUser.ranges.min (int64), required
min is the start of the range, inclusive.
runAsGroup (RunAsGroupStrategyOptions)
RunAsGroup is the strategy that will dictate the allowable RunAsGroup values that may be set. If this field is omitted, the pod's RunAsGroup can take any value. This field requires the RunAsGroup feature gate to be enabled.
RunAsGroupStrategyOptions defines the strategy type and any options used to create the strategy.
runAsGroup.rule (string), required
rule is the strategy that will dictate the allowable RunAsGroup values that may be set.
runAsGroup.ranges ([]IDRange)
ranges are the allowed ranges of gids that may be used. If you would like to force a single gid then supply a single range with the same start and end. Required for MustRunAs.
IDRange provides a min/max of an allowed range of IDs.
runAsGroup.ranges.max (int64), required
max is the end of the range, inclusive.
runAsGroup.ranges.min (int64), required
min is the start of the range, inclusive.
fsGroup (FSGroupStrategyOptions), required
fsGroup is the strategy that will dictate what fs group is used by the SecurityContext.
FSGroupStrategyOptions defines the strategy type and options used to create the strategy.
fsGroup.ranges ([]IDRange)
ranges are the allowed ranges of fs groups. If you would like to force a single fs group then supply a single range with the same start and end. Required for MustRunAs.
IDRange provides a min/max of an allowed range of IDs.
fsGroup.ranges.max (int64), required
max is the end of the range, inclusive.
fsGroup.ranges.min (int64), required
min is the start of the range, inclusive.
fsGroup.rule (string)
rule is the strategy that will dictate what FSGroup is used in the SecurityContext.
supplementalGroups is the strategy that will dictate what supplemental groups are used by the SecurityContext.
SupplementalGroupsStrategyOptions defines the strategy type and options used to create the strategy.
supplementalGroups.ranges ([]IDRange)
ranges are the allowed ranges of supplemental groups. If you would like to force a single supplemental group then supply a single range with the same start and end. Required for MustRunAs.
IDRange provides a min/max of an allowed range of IDs.
supplementalGroups.ranges.max (int64), required
max is the end of the range, inclusive.
supplementalGroups.ranges.min (int64), required
min is the start of the range, inclusive.
supplementalGroups.rule (string)
rule is the strategy that will dictate what supplemental groups is used in the SecurityContext.
seLinux (SELinuxStrategyOptions), required
seLinux is the strategy that will dictate the allowable labels that may be set.
SELinuxStrategyOptions defines the strategy type and any options used to create the strategy.
seLinux.rule (string), required
rule is the strategy that will dictate the allowable labels that may be set.
SELinuxOptions are the labels to be applied to the container
seLinux.seLinuxOptions.level (string)
Level is SELinux level label that applies to the container.
seLinux.seLinuxOptions.role (string)
Role is a SELinux role label that applies to the container.
seLinux.seLinuxOptions.type (string)
Type is a SELinux type label that applies to the container.
seLinux.seLinuxOptions.user (string)
User is a SELinux user label that applies to the container.
readOnlyRootFilesystem (boolean)
readOnlyRootFilesystem when set to true will force containers to run with a read only root file system. If the container specifically requests to run with a non-read only root file system the PSP should deny the pod. If set to false the container may run with a read only root file system if it wishes but it will not be forced to.
privileged (boolean)
privileged determines if a pod can request to be run as privileged.
allowPrivilegeEscalation (boolean)
allowPrivilegeEscalation determines if a pod can request to allow privilege escalation. If unspecified, defaults to true.
defaultAllowPrivilegeEscalation (boolean)
defaultAllowPrivilegeEscalation controls the default setting for whether a process can gain more privileges than its parent process.
allowedCSIDrivers ([]AllowedCSIDriver)
AllowedCSIDrivers is an allowlist of inline CSI drivers that must be explicitly set to be embedded within a pod spec. An empty value indicates that any CSI driver can be used for inline ephemeral volumes. This is a beta field, and is only honored if the API server enables the CSIInlineVolume feature gate.
AllowedCSIDriver represents a single inline CSI Driver that is allowed to be used.
allowedCSIDrivers.name (string), required
Name is the registered name of the CSI driver
allowedCapabilities ([]string)
allowedCapabilities is a list of capabilities that can be requested to add to the container. Capabilities in this field may be added at the pod author's discretion. You must not list a capability in both allowedCapabilities and requiredDropCapabilities.
requiredDropCapabilities ([]string)
requiredDropCapabilities are the capabilities that will be dropped from the container. These are required to be dropped and cannot be added.
defaultAddCapabilities ([]string)
defaultAddCapabilities is the default set of capabilities that will be added to the container unless the pod spec specifically drops the capability. You may not list a capability in both defaultAddCapabilities and requiredDropCapabilities. Capabilities added here are implicitly allowed, and need not be included in the allowedCapabilities list.
allowedFlexVolumes ([]AllowedFlexVolume)
allowedFlexVolumes is an allowlist of Flexvolumes. Empty or nil indicates that all Flexvolumes may be used. This parameter is effective only when the usage of the Flexvolumes is allowed in the "volumes" field.
AllowedFlexVolume represents a single Flexvolume that is allowed to be used.
allowedFlexVolumes.driver (string), required
driver is the name of the Flexvolume driver.
allowedHostPaths ([]AllowedHostPath)
allowedHostPaths is an allowlist of host paths. Empty indicates that all host paths may be used.
AllowedHostPath defines the host volume conditions that will be enabled by a policy for pods to use. It requires the path prefix to be defined.
allowedHostPaths.pathPrefix (string)
pathPrefix is the path prefix that the host volume must match. It does not support *. Trailing slashes are trimmed when validating the path prefix with a host path.
Examples: /foo would allow /foo, /foo/ and /foo/bar/foo would not allow /food or /etc/foo
allowedHostPaths.readOnly (boolean)
when set to true, will allow host volumes matching the pathPrefix only if all volume mounts are readOnly.
allowedProcMountTypes ([]string)
AllowedProcMountTypes is an allowlist of allowed ProcMountTypes. Empty or nil indicates that only the DefaultProcMountType may be used. This requires the ProcMountType feature flag to be enabled.
allowedUnsafeSysctls ([]string)
allowedUnsafeSysctls is a list of explicitly allowed unsafe sysctls, defaults to none. Each entry is either a plain sysctl name or ends in "*" in which case it is considered as a prefix of allowed sysctls. Single * means all unsafe sysctls are allowed. Kubelet has to allowlist all allowed unsafe sysctls explicitly to avoid rejection.
Examples: e.g. "foo/" allows "foo/bar", "foo/baz", etc. e.g. "foo." allows "foo.bar", "foo.baz", etc.
forbiddenSysctls ([]string)
forbiddenSysctls is a list of explicitly forbidden sysctls, defaults to none. Each entry is either a plain sysctl name or ends in "*" in which case it is considered as a prefix of forbidden sysctls. Single * means all sysctls are forbidden.
Examples: e.g. "foo/" forbids "foo/bar", "foo/baz", etc. e.g. "foo." forbids "foo.bar", "foo.baz", etc.
hostIPC (boolean)
hostIPC determines if the policy allows the use of HostIPC in the pod spec.
hostNetwork (boolean)
hostNetwork determines if the policy allows the use of HostNetwork in the pod spec.
hostPID (boolean)
hostPID determines if the policy allows the use of HostPID in the pod spec.
hostPorts ([]HostPortRange)
hostPorts determines which host port ranges are allowed to be exposed.
HostPortRange defines a range of host ports that will be enabled by a policy for pods to use. It requires both the start and end to be defined.
hostPorts.max (int32), required
max is the end of the range, inclusive.
hostPorts.min (int32), required
min is the start of the range, inclusive.
runtimeClass (RuntimeClassStrategyOptions)
runtimeClass is the strategy that will dictate the allowable RuntimeClasses for a pod. If this field is omitted, the pod's runtimeClassName field is unrestricted. Enforcement of this field depends on the RuntimeClass feature gate being enabled.
RuntimeClassStrategyOptions define the strategy that will dictate the allowable RuntimeClasses for a pod.
allowedRuntimeClassNames is an allowlist of RuntimeClass names that may be specified on a pod. A value of "*" means that any RuntimeClass name is allowed, and must be the only item in the list. An empty list requires the RuntimeClassName field to be unset.
runtimeClass.defaultRuntimeClassName (string)
defaultRuntimeClassName is the default RuntimeClassName to set on the pod. The default MUST be allowed by the allowedRuntimeClassNames list. A value of nil does not mutate the Pod.
volumes ([]string)
volumes is an allowlist of volume plugins. Empty indicates that no volumes may be used. To allow all volumes you may use '*'.
PodSecurityPolicyList
PodSecurityPolicyList is a list of PodSecurityPolicy objects.
status indicates the actual state of the CustomResourceDefinition
CustomResourceDefinitionSpec
CustomResourceDefinitionSpec describes how a user wants their resource to appear
group (string), required
group is the API group of the defined custom resource. The custom resources are served under /apis/\<group>/.... Must match the name of the CustomResourceDefinition (in the form \<names.plural>.\<group>).
names (CustomResourceDefinitionNames), required
names specify the resource and kind names for the custom resource.
CustomResourceDefinitionNames indicates the names to serve this CustomResourceDefinition
names.kind (string), required
kind is the serialized kind of the resource. It is normally CamelCase and singular. Custom resource instances will use this value as the kind attribute in API calls.
names.plural (string), required
plural is the plural name of the resource to serve. The custom resources are served under /apis/\<group>/\<version>/.../\<plural>. Must match the name of the CustomResourceDefinition (in the form \<names.plural>.\<group>). Must be all lowercase.
names.categories ([]string)
categories is a list of grouped resources this custom resource belongs to (e.g. 'all'). This is published in API discovery documents, and used by clients to support invocations like kubectl get all.
names.listKind (string)
listKind is the serialized kind of the list for this resource. Defaults to "kindList".
names.shortNames ([]string)
shortNames are short names for the resource, exposed in API discovery documents, and used by clients to support invocations like kubectl get \<shortname>. It must be all lowercase.
names.singular (string)
singular is the singular name of the resource. It must be all lowercase. Defaults to lowercased kind.
scope (string), required
scope indicates whether the defined custom resource is cluster- or namespace-scoped. Allowed values are Cluster and Namespaced.
versions is the list of all API versions of the defined custom resource. Version names are used to compute the order in which served versions are listed in API discovery. If the version string is "kube-like", it will sort above non "kube-like" version strings, which are ordered lexicographically. "Kube-like" versions start with a "v", then are followed by a number (the major version), then optionally the string "alpha" or "beta" and another number (the minor version). These are sorted first by GA > beta > alpha (where GA is a version with no suffix such as beta or alpha), and then by comparing major version, then minor version. An example sorted list of versions: v10, v2, v1, v11beta2, v10beta3, v3beta1, v12alpha1, v11alpha2, foo1, foo10.
CustomResourceDefinitionVersion describes a version for CRD.
versions.name (string), required
name is the version name, e.g. “v1”, “v2beta1”, etc. The custom resources are served under this version at /apis/\<group>/\<version>/... if served is true.
versions.served (boolean), required
served is a flag enabling/disabling this version from being served via REST APIs
versions.storage (boolean), required
storage indicates this version should be used when persisting custom resources to storage. There must be exactly one version with storage=true.
priority is an integer defining the relative importance of this column compared to others. Lower numbers are considered higher priority. Columns that may be omitted in limited space scenarios should be given a priority greater than 0.
versions.deprecated (boolean)
deprecated indicates this version of the custom resource API is deprecated. When set to true, API requests to this version receive a warning header in the server response. Defaults to false.
versions.deprecationWarning (string)
deprecationWarning overrides the default warning returned to API clients. May only be set when deprecated is true. The default warning indicates this version is deprecated and recommends use of the newest served version of equal or greater stability, if one exists.
versions.schema (CustomResourceValidation)
schema describes the schema used for validation, pruning, and defaulting of this version of the custom resource.
CustomResourceValidation is a list of validation methods for CustomResources.
specReplicasPath defines the JSON path inside of a custom resource that corresponds to Scale spec.replicas. Only JSON paths without the array notation are allowed. Must be a JSON Path under .spec. If there is no value under the given path in the custom resource, the /scale subresource will return an error on GET.
statusReplicasPath defines the JSON path inside of a custom resource that corresponds to Scale status.replicas. Only JSON paths without the array notation are allowed. Must be a JSON Path under .status. If there is no value under the given path in the custom resource, the status.replicas value in the /scale subresource will default to 0.
labelSelectorPath defines the JSON path inside of a custom resource that corresponds to Scale status.selector. Only JSON paths without the array notation are allowed. Must be a JSON Path under .status or .spec. Must be set to work with HorizontalPodAutoscaler. The field pointed by this JSON path must be a string field (not a complex selector struct) which contains a serialized label selector in string form. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/access-kubernetes-api/custom-resources/custom-resource-definitions#scale-subresource If there is no value under the given path in the custom resource, the status.selector value in the /scale subresource will default to the empty string.
status indicates the custom resource should serve a /status subresource. When enabled: 1. requests to the custom resource primary endpoint ignore changes to the status stanza of the object. 2. requests to the custom resource /status subresource ignore changes to anything other than the status stanza of the object.
CustomResourceSubresourceStatus defines how to serve the status subresource for CustomResources. Status is represented by the .status JSON path inside of a CustomResource. When set, * exposes a /status subresource for the custom resource * PUT requests to the /status subresource take a custom resource object, and ignore changes to anything except the status stanza * PUT/POST/PATCH requests to the custom resource ignore changes to the status stanza
conversion (CustomResourceConversion)
conversion defines conversion settings for the CRD.
CustomResourceConversion describes how to convert different versions of a CR.
conversion.strategy (string), required
strategy specifies how custom resources are converted between versions. Allowed values are: - None: The converter only change the apiVersion and would not touch any other field in the custom resource. - Webhook: API Server will call to an external webhook to do the conversion. Additional information
is needed for this option. This requires spec.preserveUnknownFields to be false, and spec.conversion.webhook to be set.
conversion.webhook (WebhookConversion)
webhook describes how to call the conversion webhook. Required when strategy is set to Webhook.
WebhookConversion describes how to call a conversion webhook
conversionReviewVersions is an ordered list of preferred ConversionReview versions the Webhook expects. The API server will use the first version in the list which it supports. If none of the versions specified in this list are supported by API server, conversion will fail for the custom resource. If a persisted Webhook configuration specifies allowed versions and does not include any versions known to the API Server, calls to the webhook will fail.
clientConfig is the instructions for how to call the webhook if strategy is Webhook.
WebhookClientConfig contains the information to make a TLS connection with the webhook.
conversion.webhook.clientConfig.caBundle ([]byte)
caBundle is a PEM encoded CA bundle which will be used to validate the webhook's server certificate. If unspecified, system trust roots on the apiserver are used.
port is an optional service port at which the webhook will be contacted. port should be a valid port number (1-65535, inclusive). Defaults to 443 for backward compatibility.
conversion.webhook.clientConfig.url (string)
url gives the location of the webhook, in standard URL form (scheme://host:port/path). Exactly one of url or service must be specified.
The host should not refer to a service running in the cluster; use the service field instead. The host might be resolved via external DNS in some apiservers (e.g., kube-apiserver cannot resolve in-cluster DNS as that would be a layering violation). host may also be an IP address.
Please note that using localhost or 127.0.0.1 as a host is risky unless you take great care to run this webhook on all hosts which run an apiserver which might need to make calls to this webhook. Such installs are likely to be non-portable, i.e., not easy to turn up in a new cluster.
The scheme must be "https"; the URL must begin with "https://".
A path is optional, and if present may be any string permissible in a URL. You may use the path to pass an arbitrary string to the webhook, for example, a cluster identifier.
Attempting to use a user or basic auth e.g. "user:password@" is not allowed. Fragments ("#...") and query parameters ("?...") are not allowed, either.
default is a default value for undefined object fields. Defaulting is a beta feature under the CustomResourceDefaulting feature gate. Defaulting requires spec.preserveUnknownFields to be false.
JSON represents any valid JSON value. These types are supported: bool, int64, float64, string, []interface{}, map[string]interface{} and nil.
JSONSchemaPropsOrStringArray represents a JSONSchemaProps or a string array.
description (string)
enum ([]JSON)
JSON represents any valid JSON value. These types are supported: bool, int64, float64, string, []interface{}, map[string]interface{} and nil.
example (JSON)
JSON represents any valid JSON value. These types are supported: bool, int64, float64, string, []interface{}, map[string]interface{} and nil.
exclusiveMaximum (boolean)
exclusiveMinimum (boolean)
externalDocs (ExternalDocumentation)
ExternalDocumentation allows referencing an external resource for extended documentation.
externalDocs.description (string)
externalDocs.url (string)
format (string)
format is an OpenAPI v3 format string. Unknown formats are ignored. The following formats are validated:
bsonobjectid: a bson object ID, i.e. a 24 characters hex string - uri: an URI as parsed by Golang net/url.ParseRequestURI - email: an email address as parsed by Golang net/mail.ParseAddress - hostname: a valid representation for an Internet host name, as defined by RFC 1034, section 3.1 [RFC1034]. - ipv4: an IPv4 IP as parsed by Golang net.ParseIP - ipv6: an IPv6 IP as parsed by Golang net.ParseIP - cidr: a CIDR as parsed by Golang net.ParseCIDR - mac: a MAC address as parsed by Golang net.ParseMAC - uuid: an UUID that allows uppercase defined by the regex (?i)^[0-9a-f]{8}-?[0-9a-f]{4}-?[0-9a-f]{4}-?[0-9a-f]{4}-?[0-9a-f]{12}$ - uuid3: an UUID3 that allows uppercase defined by the regex (?i)^[0-9a-f]{8}-?[0-9a-f]{4}-?3[0-9a-f]{3}-?[0-9a-f]{4}-?[0-9a-f]{12}$ - uuid4: an UUID4 that allows uppercase defined by the regex (?i)^[0-9a-f]{8}-?[0-9a-f]{4}-?4[0-9a-f]{3}-?[89ab][0-9a-f]{3}-?[0-9a-f]{12}$ - uuid5: an UUID5 that allows uppercase defined by the regex (?i)^[0-9a-f]{8}-?[0-9a-f]{4}-?5[0-9a-f]{3}-?[89ab][0-9a-f]{3}-?[0-9a-f]{12}$ - isbn: an ISBN10 or ISBN13 number string like "0321751043" or "978-0321751041" - isbn10: an ISBN10 number string like "0321751043" - isbn13: an ISBN13 number string like "978-0321751041" - creditcard: a credit card number defined by the regex ^(?:4[0-9]{12}(?:[0-9]{3})?|5[1-5][0-9]{14}|6(?:011|5[0-9][0-9])[0-9]{12}|3[47][0-9]{13}|3(?:0[0-5]|[68][0-9])[0-9]{11}|(?:2131|1800|35\d{3})\d{11})$ with any non digit characters mixed in - ssn: a U.S. social security number following the regex ^\d{3}[- ]?\d{2}[- ]?\d{4}$ - hexcolor: an hexadecimal color code like "#FFFFFF: following the regex ^#?([0-9a-fA-F]{3}|[0-9a-fA-F]{6})$ - rgbcolor: an RGB color code like rgb like "rgb(255,255,2559" - byte: base64 encoded binary data - password: any kind of string - date: a date string like "2006-01-02" as defined by full-date in RFC3339 - duration: a duration string like "22 ns" as parsed by Golang time.ParseDuration or compatible with Scala duration format - datetime: a date time string like "2014-12-15T19:30:20.000Z" as defined by date-time in RFC3339.
id (string)
items (JSONSchemaPropsOrArray)
JSONSchemaPropsOrArray represents a value that can either be a JSONSchemaProps or an array of JSONSchemaProps. Mainly here for serialization purposes.
x-kubernetes-embedded-resource defines that the value is an embedded Kubernetes runtime.Object, with TypeMeta and ObjectMeta. The type must be object. It is allowed to further restrict the embedded object. kind, apiVersion and metadata are validated automatically. x-kubernetes-preserve-unknown-fields is allowed to be true, but does not have to be if the object is fully specified (up to kind, apiVersion, metadata).
x-kubernetes-int-or-string (boolean)
x-kubernetes-int-or-string specifies that this value is either an integer or a string. If this is true, an empty type is allowed and type as child of anyOf is permitted if following one of the following patterns:
anyOf:
type: integer
type: string
allOf:
anyOf:
type: integer
type: string
... zero or more
x-kubernetes-list-map-keys ([]string)
x-kubernetes-list-map-keys annotates an array with the x-kubernetes-list-type map by specifying the keys used as the index of the map.
This tag MUST only be used on lists that have the "x-kubernetes-list-type" extension set to "map". Also, the values specified for this attribute must be a scalar typed field of the child structure (no nesting is supported).
The properties specified must either be required or have a default value, to ensure those properties are present for all list items.
x-kubernetes-list-type (string)
x-kubernetes-list-type annotates an array to further describe its topology. This extension must only be used on lists and may have 3 possible values:
atomic: the list is treated as a single entity, like a scalar.
Atomic lists will be entirely replaced when updated. This extension
may be used on any type of list (struct, scalar, ...).
set:
Sets are lists that must not have multiple items with the same value. Each
value must be a scalar, an object with x-kubernetes-map-type atomic or an
array with x-kubernetes-list-type atomic.
map:
These lists are like maps in that their elements have a non-index key
used to identify them. Order is preserved upon merge. The map tag
must only be used on a list with elements of type object.
Defaults to atomic for arrays.
x-kubernetes-map-type (string)
x-kubernetes-map-type annotates an object to further describe its topology. This extension must only be used when type is object and may have 2 possible values:
granular:
These maps are actual maps (key-value pairs) and each fields are independent
from each other (they can each be manipulated by separate actors). This is
the default behaviour for all maps.
atomic: the list is treated as a single entity, like a scalar.
Atomic maps will be entirely replaced when updated.
x-kubernetes-preserve-unknown-fields (boolean)
x-kubernetes-preserve-unknown-fields stops the API server decoding step from pruning fields which are not specified in the validation schema. This affects fields recursively, but switches back to normal pruning behaviour if nested properties or additionalProperties are specified in the schema. This can either be true or undefined. False is forbidden.
x-kubernetes-validations ([]ValidationRule)
Patch strategy: merge on key rule
Map: unique values on key rule will be kept during a merge
x-kubernetes-validations describes a list of validation rules written in the CEL expression language. This field is an alpha-level. Using this field requires the feature gate CustomResourceValidationExpressions to be enabled.
ValidationRule describes a validation rule written in the CEL expression language.
x-kubernetes-validations.rule (string), required
Rule represents the expression which will be evaluated by CEL. ref: https://github.com/google/cel-spec The Rule is scoped to the location of the x-kubernetes-validations extension in the schema. The self variable in the CEL expression is bound to the scoped value. Example: - Rule scoped to the root of a resource with a status subresource: {"rule": "self.status.actual <= self.spec.maxDesired"}
If the Rule is scoped to an object with properties, the accessible properties of the object are field selectable via self.field and field presence can be checked via has(self.field). Null valued fields are treated as absent fields in CEL expressions. If the Rule is scoped to an object with additionalProperties (i.e. a map) the value of the map are accessible via self[mapKey], map containment can be checked via mapKey in self and all entries of the map are accessible via CEL macros and functions such as self.all(...). If the Rule is scoped to an array, the elements of the array are accessible via self[i] and also by macros and functions. If the Rule is scoped to a scalar, self is bound to the scalar value. Examples: - Rule scoped to a map of objects: {"rule": "self.components['Widget'].priority < 10"} - Rule scoped to a list of integers: {"rule": "self.values.all(value, value >= 0 && value < 100)"} - Rule scoped to a string value: {"rule": "self.startsWith('kube')"}
The apiVersion, kind, metadata.name and metadata.generateName are always accessible from the root of the object and from any x-kubernetes-embedded-resource annotated objects. No other metadata properties are accessible.
Unknown data preserved in custom resources via x-kubernetes-preserve-unknown-fields is not accessible in CEL expressions. This includes: - Unknown field values that are preserved by object schemas with x-kubernetes-preserve-unknown-fields. - Object properties where the property schema is of an "unknown type". An "unknown type" is recursively defined as:
A schema with no type and x-kubernetes-preserve-unknown-fields set to true
An array where the items schema is of an "unknown type"
An object where the additionalProperties schema is of an "unknown type"
Only property names of the form [a-zA-Z_.-/][a-zA-Z0-9_.-/]* are accessible. Accessible property names are escaped according to the following rules when accessed in the expression: - '' escapes to 'underscores' - '.' escapes to 'dot' - '-' escapes to 'dash' - '/' escapes to 'slash' - Property names that exactly match a CEL RESERVED keyword escape to '{keyword}__'. The keywords are:
"true", "false", "null", "in", "as", "break", "const", "continue", "else", "for", "function", "if",
"import", "let", "loop", "package", "namespace", "return".
Examples:
Rule accessing a property named "namespace": {"rule": "self.namespace > 0"}
Rule accessing a property named "x-prop": {"rule": "self.x__dash__prop > 0"}
Rule accessing a property named "redact__d": {"rule": "self.redact__underscores__d > 0"}
Equality on arrays with x-kubernetes-list-type of 'set' or 'map' ignores element order, i.e. [1, 2] == [2, 1]. Concatenation on arrays with x-kubernetes-list-type use the semantics of the list type:
'set': X + Y performs a union where the array positions of all elements in X are preserved and
non-intersecting elements in Y are appended, retaining their partial order.
'map': X + Y performs a merge where the array positions of all keys in X are preserved but the values
are overwritten by values in Y when the key sets of X and Y intersect. Elements in Y with
non-intersecting keys are appended, retaining their partial order.
x-kubernetes-validations.message (string)
Message represents the message displayed when validation fails. The message is required if the Rule contains line breaks. The message must not contain line breaks. If unset, the message is "failed rule: {Rule}". e.g. "must be a URL with the host matching spec.host"
CustomResourceDefinitionStatus
CustomResourceDefinitionStatus indicates the state of the CustomResourceDefinition
acceptedNames (CustomResourceDefinitionNames)
acceptedNames are the names that are actually being used to serve discovery. They may be different than the names in spec.
CustomResourceDefinitionNames indicates the names to serve this CustomResourceDefinition
acceptedNames.kind (string), required
kind is the serialized kind of the resource. It is normally CamelCase and singular. Custom resource instances will use this value as the kind attribute in API calls.
acceptedNames.plural (string), required
plural is the plural name of the resource to serve. The custom resources are served under /apis/\<group>/\<version>/.../\<plural>. Must match the name of the CustomResourceDefinition (in the form \<names.plural>.\<group>). Must be all lowercase.
acceptedNames.categories ([]string)
categories is a list of grouped resources this custom resource belongs to (e.g. 'all'). This is published in API discovery documents, and used by clients to support invocations like kubectl get all.
acceptedNames.listKind (string)
listKind is the serialized kind of the list for this resource. Defaults to "kindList".
acceptedNames.shortNames ([]string)
shortNames are short names for the resource, exposed in API discovery documents, and used by clients to support invocations like kubectl get \<shortname>. It must be all lowercase.
acceptedNames.singular (string)
singular is the singular name of the resource. It must be all lowercase. Defaults to lowercased kind.
conditions ([]CustomResourceDefinitionCondition)
Map: unique values on key type will be kept during a merge
conditions indicate state for particular aspects of a CustomResourceDefinition
CustomResourceDefinitionCondition contains details for the current condition of this pod.
conditions.status (string), required
status is the status of the condition. Can be True, False, Unknown.
conditions.type (string), required
type is the type of the condition. Types include Established, NamesAccepted and Terminating.
conditions.lastTransitionTime (Time)
lastTransitionTime last time the condition transitioned from one status to another.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
conditions.message (string)
message is a human-readable message indicating details about last transition.
conditions.reason (string)
reason is a unique, one-word, CamelCase reason for the condition's last transition.
storedVersions ([]string)
storedVersions lists all versions of CustomResources that were ever persisted. Tracking these versions allows a migration path for stored versions in etcd. The field is mutable so a migration controller can finish a migration to another version (ensuring no old objects are left in storage), and then remove the rest of the versions from this list. Versions may not be removed from spec.versions while they exist in this list.
CustomResourceDefinitionList
CustomResourceDefinitionList is a list of CustomResourceDefinition objects.
AdmissionReviewVersions is an ordered list of preferred AdmissionReview versions the Webhook expects. API server will try to use first version in the list which it supports. If none of the versions specified in this list supported by API server, validation will fail for this object. If a persisted webhook configuration specifies allowed versions and does not include any versions known to the API Server, calls to the webhook will fail and be subject to the failure policy.
ClientConfig defines how to communicate with the hook. Required
WebhookClientConfig contains the information to make a TLS connection with the webhook
webhooks.clientConfig.caBundle ([]byte)
caBundle is a PEM encoded CA bundle which will be used to validate the webhook's server certificate. If unspecified, system trust roots on the apiserver are used.
webhooks.clientConfig.service (ServiceReference)
service is a reference to the service for this webhook. Either service or url must be specified.
If the webhook is running within the cluster, then you should use service.
ServiceReference holds a reference to Service.legacy.k8s.io
namespace is the namespace of the service. Required
webhooks.clientConfig.service.path (string)
path is an optional URL path which will be sent in any request to this service.
webhooks.clientConfig.service.port (int32)
If specified, the port on the service that hosting webhook. Default to 443 for backward compatibility. port should be a valid port number (1-65535, inclusive).
webhooks.clientConfig.url (string)
url gives the location of the webhook, in standard URL form (scheme://host:port/path). Exactly one of url or service must be specified.
The host should not refer to a service running in the cluster; use the service field instead. The host might be resolved via external DNS in some apiservers (e.g., kube-apiserver cannot resolve in-cluster DNS as that would be a layering violation). host may also be an IP address.
Please note that using localhost or 127.0.0.1 as a host is risky unless you take great care to run this webhook on all hosts which run an apiserver which might need to make calls to this webhook. Such installs are likely to be non-portable, i.e., not easy to turn up in a new cluster.
The scheme must be "https"; the URL must begin with "https://".
A path is optional, and if present may be any string permissible in a URL. You may use the path to pass an arbitrary string to the webhook, for example, a cluster identifier.
Attempting to use a user or basic auth e.g. "user:password@" is not allowed. Fragments ("#...") and query parameters ("?...") are not allowed, either.
webhooks.name (string), required
The name of the admission webhook. Name should be fully qualified, e.g., imagepolicy.kubernetes.io, where "imagepolicy" is the name of the webhook, and kubernetes.io is the name of the organization. Required.
webhooks.sideEffects (string), required
SideEffects states whether this webhook has side effects. Acceptable values are: None, NoneOnDryRun (webhooks created via v1beta1 may also specify Some or Unknown). Webhooks with side effects MUST implement a reconciliation system, since a request may be rejected by a future step in the admission chain and the side effects therefore need to be undone. Requests with the dryRun attribute will be auto-rejected if they match a webhook with sideEffects == Unknown or Some.
webhooks.failurePolicy (string)
FailurePolicy defines how unrecognized errors from the admission endpoint are handled - allowed values are Ignore or Fail. Defaults to Fail.
webhooks.matchPolicy (string)
matchPolicy defines how the "rules" list is used to match incoming requests. Allowed values are "Exact" or "Equivalent".
Exact: match a request only if it exactly matches a specified rule. For example, if deployments can be modified via apps/v1, apps/v1beta1, and extensions/v1beta1, but "rules" only included apiGroups:["apps"], apiVersions:["v1"], resources: ["deployments"], a request to apps/v1beta1 or extensions/v1beta1 would not be sent to the webhook.
Equivalent: match a request if modifies a resource listed in rules, even via another API group or version. For example, if deployments can be modified via apps/v1, apps/v1beta1, and extensions/v1beta1, and "rules" only included apiGroups:["apps"], apiVersions:["v1"], resources: ["deployments"], a request to apps/v1beta1 or extensions/v1beta1 would be converted to apps/v1 and sent to the webhook.
NamespaceSelector decides whether to run the webhook on an object based on whether the namespace for that object matches the selector. If the object itself is a namespace, the matching is performed on object.metadata.labels. If the object is another cluster scoped resource, it never skips the webhook.
For example, to run the webhook on any objects whose namespace is not associated with "runlevel" of "0" or "1"; you will set the selector as follows: "namespaceSelector": {
"matchExpressions": [
{
"key": "runlevel",
"operator": "NotIn",
"values": [
"0",
"1"
]
}
]
}
If instead you want to only run the webhook on any objects whose namespace is associated with the "environment" of "prod" or "staging"; you will set the selector as follows: "namespaceSelector": {
"matchExpressions": [
{
"key": "environment",
"operator": "In",
"values": [
"prod",
"staging"
]
}
]
}
ObjectSelector decides whether to run the webhook based on if the object has matching labels. objectSelector is evaluated against both the oldObject and newObject that would be sent to the webhook, and is considered to match if either object matches the selector. A null object (oldObject in the case of create, or newObject in the case of delete) or an object that cannot have labels (like a DeploymentRollback or a PodProxyOptions object) is not considered to match. Use the object selector only if the webhook is opt-in, because end users may skip the admission webhook by setting the labels. Default to the empty LabelSelector, which matches everything.
webhooks.reinvocationPolicy (string)
reinvocationPolicy indicates whether this webhook should be called multiple times as part of a single admission evaluation. Allowed values are "Never" and "IfNeeded".
Never: the webhook will not be called more than once in a single admission evaluation.
IfNeeded: the webhook will be called at least one additional time as part of the admission evaluation if the object being admitted is modified by other admission plugins after the initial webhook call. Webhooks that specify this option must be idempotent, able to process objects they previously admitted. Note: * the number of additional invocations is not guaranteed to be exactly one. * if additional invocations result in further modifications to the object, webhooks are not guaranteed to be invoked again. * webhooks that use this option may be reordered to minimize the number of additional invocations. * to validate an object after all mutations are guaranteed complete, use a validating admission webhook instead.
Defaults to "Never".
webhooks.rules ([]RuleWithOperations)
Rules describes what operations on what resources/subresources the webhook cares about. The webhook cares about an operation if it matches any Rule. However, in order to prevent ValidatingAdmissionWebhooks and MutatingAdmissionWebhooks from putting the cluster in a state which cannot be recovered from without completely disabling the plugin, ValidatingAdmissionWebhooks and MutatingAdmissionWebhooks are never called on admission requests for ValidatingWebhookConfiguration and MutatingWebhookConfiguration objects.
RuleWithOperations is a tuple of Operations and Resources. It is recommended to make sure that all the tuple expansions are valid.
webhooks.rules.apiGroups ([]string)
APIGroups is the API groups the resources belong to. '' is all groups. If '' is present, the length of the slice must be one. Required.
webhooks.rules.apiVersions ([]string)
APIVersions is the API versions the resources belong to. '' is all versions. If '' is present, the length of the slice must be one. Required.
webhooks.rules.operations ([]string)
Operations is the operations the admission hook cares about - CREATE, UPDATE, DELETE, CONNECT or * for all of those operations and any future admission operations that are added. If '*' is present, the length of the slice must be one. Required.
webhooks.rules.resources ([]string)
Resources is a list of resources this rule applies to.
For example: 'pods' means pods. 'pods/log' means the log subresource of pods. '' means all resources, but not subresources. 'pods/' means all subresources of pods. '/scale' means all scale subresources. '/*' means all resources and their subresources.
If wildcard is present, the validation rule will ensure resources do not overlap with each other.
Depending on the enclosing object, subresources might not be allowed. Required.
webhooks.rules.scope (string)
scope specifies the scope of this rule. Valid values are "Cluster", "Namespaced", and "" "Cluster" means that only cluster-scoped resources will match this rule. Namespace API objects are cluster-scoped. "Namespaced" means that only namespaced resources will match this rule. "" means that there are no scope restrictions. Subresources match the scope of their parent resource. Default is "*".
webhooks.timeoutSeconds (int32)
TimeoutSeconds specifies the timeout for this webhook. After the timeout passes, the webhook call will be ignored or the API call will fail based on the failure policy. The timeout value must be between 1 and 30 seconds. Default to 10 seconds.
MutatingWebhookConfigurationList
MutatingWebhookConfigurationList is a list of MutatingWebhookConfiguration.
AdmissionReviewVersions is an ordered list of preferred AdmissionReview versions the Webhook expects. API server will try to use first version in the list which it supports. If none of the versions specified in this list supported by API server, validation will fail for this object. If a persisted webhook configuration specifies allowed versions and does not include any versions known to the API Server, calls to the webhook will fail and be subject to the failure policy.
ClientConfig defines how to communicate with the hook. Required
WebhookClientConfig contains the information to make a TLS connection with the webhook
webhooks.clientConfig.caBundle ([]byte)
caBundle is a PEM encoded CA bundle which will be used to validate the webhook's server certificate. If unspecified, system trust roots on the apiserver are used.
webhooks.clientConfig.service (ServiceReference)
service is a reference to the service for this webhook. Either service or url must be specified.
If the webhook is running within the cluster, then you should use service.
ServiceReference holds a reference to Service.legacy.k8s.io
namespace is the namespace of the service. Required
webhooks.clientConfig.service.path (string)
path is an optional URL path which will be sent in any request to this service.
webhooks.clientConfig.service.port (int32)
If specified, the port on the service that hosting webhook. Default to 443 for backward compatibility. port should be a valid port number (1-65535, inclusive).
webhooks.clientConfig.url (string)
url gives the location of the webhook, in standard URL form (scheme://host:port/path). Exactly one of url or service must be specified.
The host should not refer to a service running in the cluster; use the service field instead. The host might be resolved via external DNS in some apiservers (e.g., kube-apiserver cannot resolve in-cluster DNS as that would be a layering violation). host may also be an IP address.
Please note that using localhost or 127.0.0.1 as a host is risky unless you take great care to run this webhook on all hosts which run an apiserver which might need to make calls to this webhook. Such installs are likely to be non-portable, i.e., not easy to turn up in a new cluster.
The scheme must be "https"; the URL must begin with "https://".
A path is optional, and if present may be any string permissible in a URL. You may use the path to pass an arbitrary string to the webhook, for example, a cluster identifier.
Attempting to use a user or basic auth e.g. "user:password@" is not allowed. Fragments ("#...") and query parameters ("?...") are not allowed, either.
webhooks.name (string), required
The name of the admission webhook. Name should be fully qualified, e.g., imagepolicy.kubernetes.io, where "imagepolicy" is the name of the webhook, and kubernetes.io is the name of the organization. Required.
webhooks.sideEffects (string), required
SideEffects states whether this webhook has side effects. Acceptable values are: None, NoneOnDryRun (webhooks created via v1beta1 may also specify Some or Unknown). Webhooks with side effects MUST implement a reconciliation system, since a request may be rejected by a future step in the admission chain and the side effects therefore need to be undone. Requests with the dryRun attribute will be auto-rejected if they match a webhook with sideEffects == Unknown or Some.
webhooks.failurePolicy (string)
FailurePolicy defines how unrecognized errors from the admission endpoint are handled - allowed values are Ignore or Fail. Defaults to Fail.
webhooks.matchPolicy (string)
matchPolicy defines how the "rules" list is used to match incoming requests. Allowed values are "Exact" or "Equivalent".
Exact: match a request only if it exactly matches a specified rule. For example, if deployments can be modified via apps/v1, apps/v1beta1, and extensions/v1beta1, but "rules" only included apiGroups:["apps"], apiVersions:["v1"], resources: ["deployments"], a request to apps/v1beta1 or extensions/v1beta1 would not be sent to the webhook.
Equivalent: match a request if modifies a resource listed in rules, even via another API group or version. For example, if deployments can be modified via apps/v1, apps/v1beta1, and extensions/v1beta1, and "rules" only included apiGroups:["apps"], apiVersions:["v1"], resources: ["deployments"], a request to apps/v1beta1 or extensions/v1beta1 would be converted to apps/v1 and sent to the webhook.
NamespaceSelector decides whether to run the webhook on an object based on whether the namespace for that object matches the selector. If the object itself is a namespace, the matching is performed on object.metadata.labels. If the object is another cluster scoped resource, it never skips the webhook.
For example, to run the webhook on any objects whose namespace is not associated with "runlevel" of "0" or "1"; you will set the selector as follows: "namespaceSelector": {
"matchExpressions": [
{
"key": "runlevel",
"operator": "NotIn",
"values": [
"0",
"1"
]
}
]
}
If instead you want to only run the webhook on any objects whose namespace is associated with the "environment" of "prod" or "staging"; you will set the selector as follows: "namespaceSelector": {
"matchExpressions": [
{
"key": "environment",
"operator": "In",
"values": [
"prod",
"staging"
]
}
]
}
ObjectSelector decides whether to run the webhook based on if the object has matching labels. objectSelector is evaluated against both the oldObject and newObject that would be sent to the webhook, and is considered to match if either object matches the selector. A null object (oldObject in the case of create, or newObject in the case of delete) or an object that cannot have labels (like a DeploymentRollback or a PodProxyOptions object) is not considered to match. Use the object selector only if the webhook is opt-in, because end users may skip the admission webhook by setting the labels. Default to the empty LabelSelector, which matches everything.
webhooks.rules ([]RuleWithOperations)
Rules describes what operations on what resources/subresources the webhook cares about. The webhook cares about an operation if it matches any Rule. However, in order to prevent ValidatingAdmissionWebhooks and MutatingAdmissionWebhooks from putting the cluster in a state which cannot be recovered from without completely disabling the plugin, ValidatingAdmissionWebhooks and MutatingAdmissionWebhooks are never called on admission requests for ValidatingWebhookConfiguration and MutatingWebhookConfiguration objects.
RuleWithOperations is a tuple of Operations and Resources. It is recommended to make sure that all the tuple expansions are valid.
webhooks.rules.apiGroups ([]string)
APIGroups is the API groups the resources belong to. '' is all groups. If '' is present, the length of the slice must be one. Required.
webhooks.rules.apiVersions ([]string)
APIVersions is the API versions the resources belong to. '' is all versions. If '' is present, the length of the slice must be one. Required.
webhooks.rules.operations ([]string)
Operations is the operations the admission hook cares about - CREATE, UPDATE, DELETE, CONNECT or * for all of those operations and any future admission operations that are added. If '*' is present, the length of the slice must be one. Required.
webhooks.rules.resources ([]string)
Resources is a list of resources this rule applies to.
For example: 'pods' means pods. 'pods/log' means the log subresource of pods. '' means all resources, but not subresources. 'pods/' means all subresources of pods. '/scale' means all scale subresources. '/*' means all resources and their subresources.
If wildcard is present, the validation rule will ensure resources do not overlap with each other.
Depending on the enclosing object, subresources might not be allowed. Required.
webhooks.rules.scope (string)
scope specifies the scope of this rule. Valid values are "Cluster", "Namespaced", and "" "Cluster" means that only cluster-scoped resources will match this rule. Namespace API objects are cluster-scoped. "Namespaced" means that only namespaced resources will match this rule. "" means that there are no scope restrictions. Subresources match the scope of their parent resource. Default is "*".
webhooks.timeoutSeconds (int32)
TimeoutSeconds specifies the timeout for this webhook. After the timeout passes, the webhook call will be ignored or the API call will fail based on the failure policy. The timeout value must be between 1 and 30 seconds. Default to 10 seconds.
ValidatingWebhookConfigurationList
ValidatingWebhookConfigurationList is a list of ValidatingWebhookConfiguration.
NodeConfigSource specifies a source of node configuration. Exactly one subfield (excluding metadata) must be non-nil. This API is deprecated since 1.22
PodCIDR represents the pod IP range assigned to the node.
podCIDRs ([]string)
podCIDRs represents the IP ranges assigned to the node for usage by Pods on that node. If this field is specified, the 0th entry must match the podCIDR field. It may contain at most 1 value for each of IPv4 and IPv6.
providerID (string)
ID of the node assigned by the cloud provider in the format: <ProviderName>://<ProviderSpecificNodeID>
taints ([]Taint)
If specified, the node's taints.
The node this Taint is attached to has the "effect" on any pod that does not tolerate the Taint.
taints.effect (string), required
Required. The effect of the taint on pods that do not tolerate the taint. Valid effects are NoSchedule, PreferNoSchedule and NoExecute.
Possible enum values:
"NoExecute" Evict any already-running pods that do not tolerate the taint. Currently enforced by NodeController.
"NoSchedule" Do not allow new pods to schedule onto the node unless they tolerate the taint, but allow all pods submitted to Kubelet without going through the scheduler to start, and allow all already-running pods to continue running. Enforced by the scheduler.
"PreferNoSchedule" Like TaintEffectNoSchedule, but the scheduler tries not to schedule new pods onto the node, rather than prohibiting new pods from scheduling onto the node entirely. Enforced by the scheduler.
taints.key (string), required
Required. The taint key to be applied to a node.
taints.timeAdded (Time)
TimeAdded represents the time at which the taint was added. It is only written for NoExecute taints.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
NodeStatus is information about the current status of a node.
addresses ([]NodeAddress)
Patch strategy: merge on key type
List of addresses reachable to the node. Queried from cloud provider, if available. More info: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/nodes/node/#addresses Note: This field is declared as mergeable, but the merge key is not sufficiently unique, which can cause data corruption when it is merged. Callers should instead use a full-replacement patch. See http://pr.k8s.io/79391 for an example.
NodeAddress contains information for the node's address.
addresses.address (string), required
The node address.
addresses.type (string), required
Node address type, one of Hostname, ExternalIP or InternalIP.
Possible enum values:
"ExternalDNS" identifies a DNS name which resolves to an IP address which has the characteristics of a NodeExternalIP. The IP it resolves to may or may not be a listed NodeExternalIP address.
"ExternalIP" identifies an IP address which is, in some way, intended to be more usable from outside the cluster then an internal IP, though no specific semantics are defined. It may be a globally routable IP, though it is not required to be. External IPs may be assigned directly to an interface on the node, like a NodeInternalIP, or alternatively, packets sent to the external IP may be NAT'ed to an internal node IP rather than being delivered directly (making the IP less efficient for node-to-node traffic than a NodeInternalIP).
"Hostname" identifies a name of the node. Although every node can be assumed to have a NodeAddress of this type, its exact syntax and semantics are not defined, and are not consistent between different clusters.
"InternalDNS" identifies a DNS name which resolves to an IP address which has the characteristics of a NodeInternalIP. The IP it resolves to may or may not be a listed NodeInternalIP address.
"InternalIP" identifies an IP address which is assigned to one of the node's network interfaces. Every node should have at least one address of this type. An internal IP is normally expected to be reachable from every other node, but may not be visible to hosts outside the cluster. By default it is assumed that kube-apiserver can reach node internal IPs, though it is possible to configure clusters where this is not the case. NodeInternalIP is the default type of node IP, and does not necessarily imply that the IP is ONLY reachable internally. If a node has multiple internal IPs, no specific semantics are assigned to the additional IPs.
NodeCondition contains condition information for a node.
conditions.status (string), required
Status of the condition, one of True, False, Unknown.
conditions.type (string), required
Type of node condition.
Possible enum values:
"DiskPressure" means the kubelet is under pressure due to insufficient available disk.
"MemoryPressure" means the kubelet is under pressure due to insufficient available memory.
"NetworkUnavailable" means that network for the node is not correctly configured.
"PIDPressure" means the kubelet is under pressure due to insufficient available PID.
"Ready" means kubelet is healthy and ready to accept pods.
conditions.lastHeartbeatTime (Time)
Last time we got an update on a given condition.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
conditions.lastTransitionTime (Time)
Last time the condition transit from one status to another.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
conditions.message (string)
Human readable message indicating details about last transition.
conditions.reason (string)
(brief) reason for the condition's last transition.
config (NodeConfigStatus)
Status of the config assigned to the node via the dynamic Kubelet config feature.
NodeConfigStatus describes the status of the config assigned by Node.Spec.ConfigSource.
config.active (NodeConfigSource)
Active reports the checkpointed config the node is actively using. Active will represent either the current version of the Assigned config, or the current LastKnownGood config, depending on whether attempting to use the Assigned config results in an error.
NodeConfigSource specifies a source of node configuration. Exactly one subfield (excluding metadata) must be non-nil. This API is deprecated since 1.22
Namespace is the metadata.namespace of the referenced ConfigMap. This field is required in all cases.
config.active.configMap.resourceVersion (string)
ResourceVersion is the metadata.ResourceVersion of the referenced ConfigMap. This field is forbidden in Node.Spec, and required in Node.Status.
config.active.configMap.uid (string)
UID is the metadata.UID of the referenced ConfigMap. This field is forbidden in Node.Spec, and required in Node.Status.
config.assigned (NodeConfigSource)
Assigned reports the checkpointed config the node will try to use. When Node.Spec.ConfigSource is updated, the node checkpoints the associated config payload to local disk, along with a record indicating intended config. The node refers to this record to choose its config checkpoint, and reports this record in Assigned. Assigned only updates in the status after the record has been checkpointed to disk. When the Kubelet is restarted, it tries to make the Assigned config the Active config by loading and validating the checkpointed payload identified by Assigned.
NodeConfigSource specifies a source of node configuration. Exactly one subfield (excluding metadata) must be non-nil. This API is deprecated since 1.22
ResourceVersion is the metadata.ResourceVersion of the referenced ConfigMap. This field is forbidden in Node.Spec, and required in Node.Status.
config.assigned.configMap.uid (string)
UID is the metadata.UID of the referenced ConfigMap. This field is forbidden in Node.Spec, and required in Node.Status.
config.error (string)
Error describes any problems reconciling the Spec.ConfigSource to the Active config. Errors may occur, for example, attempting to checkpoint Spec.ConfigSource to the local Assigned record, attempting to checkpoint the payload associated with Spec.ConfigSource, attempting to load or validate the Assigned config, etc. Errors may occur at different points while syncing config. Earlier errors (e.g. download or checkpointing errors) will not result in a rollback to LastKnownGood, and may resolve across Kubelet retries. Later errors (e.g. loading or validating a checkpointed config) will result in a rollback to LastKnownGood. In the latter case, it is usually possible to resolve the error by fixing the config assigned in Spec.ConfigSource. You can find additional information for debugging by searching the error message in the Kubelet log. Error is a human-readable description of the error state; machines can check whether or not Error is empty, but should not rely on the stability of the Error text across Kubelet versions.
config.lastKnownGood (NodeConfigSource)
LastKnownGood reports the checkpointed config the node will fall back to when it encounters an error attempting to use the Assigned config. The Assigned config becomes the LastKnownGood config when the node determines that the Assigned config is stable and correct. This is currently implemented as a 10-minute soak period starting when the local record of Assigned config is updated. If the Assigned config is Active at the end of this period, it becomes the LastKnownGood. Note that if Spec.ConfigSource is reset to nil (use local defaults), the LastKnownGood is also immediately reset to nil, because the local default config is always assumed good. You should not make assumptions about the node's method of determining config stability and correctness, as this may change or become configurable in the future.
NodeConfigSource specifies a source of node configuration. Exactly one subfield (excluding metadata) must be non-nil. This API is deprecated since 1.22
NamespaceStatus is information about the current status of a Namespace.
conditions ([]NamespaceCondition)
Patch strategy: merge on key type
Represents the latest available observations of a namespace's current state.
NamespaceCondition contains details about state of namespace.
conditions.status (string), required
Status of the condition, one of True, False, Unknown.
conditions.type (string), required
Type of namespace controller condition.
Possible enum values:
"NamespaceContentRemaining" contains information about resources remaining in a namespace.
"NamespaceDeletionContentFailure" contains information about namespace deleter errors during deletion of resources.
"NamespaceDeletionDiscoveryFailure" contains information about namespace deleter errors during resource discovery.
"NamespaceDeletionGroupVersionParsingFailure" contains information about namespace deleter errors parsing GV for legacy types.
"NamespaceFinalizersRemaining" contains information about which finalizers are on resources remaining in a namespace.
conditions.lastTransitionTime (Time)
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
Event is a report of an event somewhere in the cluster.
apiVersion: events.k8s.io/v1
import "k8s.io/api/events/v1"
Event
Event is a report of an event somewhere in the cluster. It generally denotes some state change in the system. Events have a limited retention time and triggers and messages may evolve with time. Event consumers should not rely on the timing of an event with a given Reason reflecting a consistent underlying trigger, or the continued existence of events with that Reason. Events should be treated as informative, best-effort, supplemental data.
eventTime is the time when this Event was first observed. It is required.
MicroTime is version of Time with microsecond level precision.
action (string)
action is what action was taken/failed regarding to the regarding object. It is machine-readable. This field cannot be empty for new Events and it can have at most 128 characters.
deprecatedCount (int32)
deprecatedCount is the deprecated field assuring backward compatibility with core.v1 Event type.
deprecatedFirstTimestamp (Time)
deprecatedFirstTimestamp is the deprecated field assuring backward compatibility with core.v1 Event type.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
deprecatedLastTimestamp (Time)
deprecatedLastTimestamp is the deprecated field assuring backward compatibility with core.v1 Event type.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
deprecatedSource (EventSource)
deprecatedSource is the deprecated field assuring backward compatibility with core.v1 Event type.
EventSource contains information for an event.
deprecatedSource.component (string)
Component from which the event is generated.
deprecatedSource.host (string)
Node name on which the event is generated.
note (string)
note is a human-readable description of the status of this operation. Maximal length of the note is 1kB, but libraries should be prepared to handle values up to 64kB.
reason (string)
reason is why the action was taken. It is human-readable. This field cannot be empty for new Events and it can have at most 128 characters.
regarding contains the object this Event is about. In most cases it's an Object reporting controller implements, e.g. ReplicaSetController implements ReplicaSets and this event is emitted because it acts on some changes in a ReplicaSet object.
related is the optional secondary object for more complex actions. E.g. when regarding object triggers a creation or deletion of related object.
reportingController (string)
reportingController is the name of the controller that emitted this Event, e.g. kubernetes.io/kubelet. This field cannot be empty for new Events.
reportingInstance (string)
reportingInstance is the ID of the controller instance, e.g. kubelet-xyzf. This field cannot be empty for new Events and it can have at most 128 characters.
series (EventSeries)
series is data about the Event series this event represents or nil if it's a singleton Event.
EventSeries contain information on series of events, i.e. thing that was/is happening continuously for some time. How often to update the EventSeries is up to the event reporters. The default event reporter in "k8s.io/client-go/tools/events/event_broadcaster.go" shows how this struct is updated on heartbeats and can guide customized reporter implementations.
series.count (int32), required
count is the number of occurrences in this series up to the last heartbeat time.
series.lastObservedTime (MicroTime), required
lastObservedTime is the time when last Event from the series was seen before last heartbeat.
MicroTime is version of Time with microsecond level precision.
type (string)
type is the type of this event (Normal, Warning), new types could be added in the future. It is machine-readable. This field cannot be empty for new Events.
Status contains derived information about an API server
APIServiceSpec
APIServiceSpec contains information for locating and communicating with a server. Only https is supported, though you are able to disable certificate verification.
groupPriorityMinimum (int32), required
GroupPriorityMininum is the priority this group should have at least. Higher priority means that the group is preferred by clients over lower priority ones. Note that other versions of this group might specify even higher GroupPriorityMininum values such that the whole group gets a higher priority. The primary sort is based on GroupPriorityMinimum, ordered highest number to lowest (20 before 10). The secondary sort is based on the alphabetical comparison of the name of the object. (v1.bar before v1.foo) We'd recommend something like: *.k8s.io (except extensions) at 18000 and PaaSes (OpenShift, Deis) are recommended to be in the 2000s
versionPriority (int32), required
VersionPriority controls the ordering of this API version inside of its group. Must be greater than zero. The primary sort is based on VersionPriority, ordered highest to lowest (20 before 10). Since it's inside of a group, the number can be small, probably in the 10s. In case of equal version priorities, the version string will be used to compute the order inside a group. If the version string is "kube-like", it will sort above non "kube-like" version strings, which are ordered lexicographically. "Kube-like" versions start with a "v", then are followed by a number (the major version), then optionally the string "alpha" or "beta" and another number (the minor version). These are sorted first by GA > beta > alpha (where GA is a version with no suffix such as beta or alpha), and then by comparing major version, then minor version. An example sorted list of versions: v10, v2, v1, v11beta2, v10beta3, v3beta1, v12alpha1, v11alpha2, foo1, foo10.
caBundle ([]byte)
Atomic: will be replaced during a merge
CABundle is a PEM encoded CA bundle which will be used to validate an API server's serving certificate. If unspecified, system trust roots on the apiserver are used.
group (string)
Group is the API group name this server hosts
insecureSkipTLSVerify (boolean)
InsecureSkipTLSVerify disables TLS certificate verification when communicating with this server. This is strongly discouraged. You should use the CABundle instead.
service (ServiceReference)
Service is a reference to the service for this API server. It must communicate on port 443. If the Service is nil, that means the handling for the API groupversion is handled locally on this server. The call will simply delegate to the normal handler chain to be fulfilled.
ServiceReference holds a reference to Service.legacy.k8s.io
service.name (string)
Name is the name of the service
service.namespace (string)
Namespace is the namespace of the service
service.port (int32)
If specified, the port on the service that hosting webhook. Default to 443 for backward compatibility. port should be a valid port number (1-65535, inclusive).
version (string)
Version is the API version this server hosts. For example, "v1"
APIServiceStatus
APIServiceStatus contains derived information about an API server
conditions ([]APIServiceCondition)
Patch strategy: merge on key type
Map: unique values on key type will be kept during a merge
Current service state of apiService.
APIServiceCondition describes the state of an APIService at a particular point
conditions.status (string), required
Status is the status of the condition. Can be True, False, Unknown.
conditions.type (string), required
Type is the type of the condition.
conditions.lastTransitionTime (Time)
Last time the condition transitioned from one status to another.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
conditions.message (string)
Human-readable message indicating details about last transition.
conditions.reason (string)
Unique, one-word, CamelCase reason for the condition's last transition.
acquireTime is a time when the current lease was acquired.
MicroTime is version of Time with microsecond level precision.
holderIdentity (string)
holderIdentity contains the identity of the holder of a current lease.
leaseDurationSeconds (int32)
leaseDurationSeconds is a duration that candidates for a lease need to wait to force acquire it. This is measure against time of last observed RenewTime.
leaseTransitions (int32)
leaseTransitions is the number of transitions of a lease between holders.
renewTime (MicroTime)
renewTime is a time when the current holder of a lease has last updated the lease.
MicroTime is version of Time with microsecond level precision.
RuntimeClass defines a class of container runtime supported in the cluster.
apiVersion: node.k8s.io/v1
import "k8s.io/api/node/v1"
RuntimeClass
RuntimeClass defines a class of container runtime supported in the cluster. The RuntimeClass is used to determine which container runtime is used to run all containers in a pod. RuntimeClasses are manually defined by a user or cluster provisioner, and referenced in the PodSpec. The Kubelet is responsible for resolving the RuntimeClassName reference before running the pod. For more details, see https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/containers/runtime-class/
Handler specifies the underlying runtime and configuration that the CRI implementation will use to handle pods of this class. The possible values are specific to the node & CRI configuration. It is assumed that all handlers are available on every node, and handlers of the same name are equivalent on every node. For example, a handler called "runc" might specify that the runc OCI runtime (using native Linux containers) will be used to run the containers in a pod. The Handler must be lowercase, conform to the DNS Label (RFC 1123) requirements, and is immutable.
overhead (Overhead)
Overhead represents the resource overhead associated with running a pod for a given RuntimeClass. For more details, see
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/scheduling-eviction/pod-overhead/
This field is in beta starting v1.18 and is only honored by servers that enable the PodOverhead feature.
Overhead structure represents the resource overhead associated with running a pod.
PodFixed represents the fixed resource overhead associated with running a pod.
scheduling (Scheduling)
Scheduling holds the scheduling constraints to ensure that pods running with this RuntimeClass are scheduled to nodes that support it. If scheduling is nil, this RuntimeClass is assumed to be supported by all nodes.
Scheduling specifies the scheduling constraints for nodes supporting a RuntimeClass.
scheduling.nodeSelector (map[string]string)
nodeSelector lists labels that must be present on nodes that support this RuntimeClass. Pods using this RuntimeClass can only be scheduled to a node matched by this selector. The RuntimeClass nodeSelector is merged with a pod's existing nodeSelector. Any conflicts will cause the pod to be rejected in admission.
scheduling.tolerations ([]Toleration)
Atomic: will be replaced during a merge
tolerations are appended (excluding duplicates) to pods running with this RuntimeClass during admission, effectively unioning the set of nodes tolerated by the pod and the RuntimeClass.
The pod this Toleration is attached to tolerates any taint that matches the triple <key,value,effect> using the matching operator .
scheduling.tolerations.key (string)
Key is the taint key that the toleration applies to. Empty means match all taint keys. If the key is empty, operator must be Exists; this combination means to match all values and all keys.
scheduling.tolerations.operator (string)
Operator represents a key's relationship to the value. Valid operators are Exists and Equal. Defaults to Equal. Exists is equivalent to wildcard for value, so that a pod can tolerate all taints of a particular category.
Possible enum values:
"Equal"
"Exists"
scheduling.tolerations.value (string)
Value is the taint value the toleration matches to. If the operator is Exists, the value should be empty, otherwise just a regular string.
scheduling.tolerations.effect (string)
Effect indicates the taint effect to match. Empty means match all taint effects. When specified, allowed values are NoSchedule, PreferNoSchedule and NoExecute.
Possible enum values:
"NoExecute" Evict any already-running pods that do not tolerate the taint. Currently enforced by NodeController.
"NoSchedule" Do not allow new pods to schedule onto the node unless they tolerate the taint, but allow all pods submitted to Kubelet without going through the scheduler to start, and allow all already-running pods to continue running. Enforced by the scheduler.
"PreferNoSchedule" Like TaintEffectNoSchedule, but the scheduler tries not to schedule new pods onto the node, rather than prohibiting new pods from scheduling onto the node entirely. Enforced by the scheduler.
scheduling.tolerations.tolerationSeconds (int64)
TolerationSeconds represents the period of time the toleration (which must be of effect NoExecute, otherwise this field is ignored) tolerates the taint. By default, it is not set, which means tolerate the taint forever (do not evict). Zero and negative values will be treated as 0 (evict immediately) by the system.
RuntimeClassList
RuntimeClassList is a list of RuntimeClass objects.
FlowSchema defines the schema of a group of flows.
apiVersion: flowcontrol.apiserver.k8s.io/v1beta2
import "k8s.io/api/flowcontrol/v1beta2"
FlowSchema
FlowSchema defines the schema of a group of flows. Note that a flow is made up of a set of inbound API requests with similar attributes and is identified by a pair of strings: the name of the FlowSchema and a "flow distinguisher".
priorityLevelConfiguration should reference a PriorityLevelConfiguration in the cluster. If the reference cannot be resolved, the FlowSchema will be ignored and marked as invalid in its status. Required.
PriorityLevelConfigurationReference contains information that points to the "request-priority" being used.
name is the name of the priority level configuration being referenced Required.
distinguisherMethod (FlowDistinguisherMethod)
distinguisherMethod defines how to compute the flow distinguisher for requests that match this schema. nil specifies that the distinguisher is disabled and thus will always be the empty string.
FlowDistinguisherMethod specifies the method of a flow distinguisher.
distinguisherMethod.type (string), required
type is the type of flow distinguisher method The supported types are "ByUser" and "ByNamespace". Required.
matchingPrecedence (int32)
matchingPrecedence is used to choose among the FlowSchemas that match a given request. The chosen FlowSchema is among those with the numerically lowest (which we take to be logically highest) MatchingPrecedence. Each MatchingPrecedence value must be ranged in [1,10000]. Note that if the precedence is not specified, it will be set to 1000 as default.
rules ([]PolicyRulesWithSubjects)
Atomic: will be replaced during a merge
rules describes which requests will match this flow schema. This FlowSchema matches a request if and only if at least one member of rules matches the request. if it is an empty slice, there will be no requests matching the FlowSchema.
PolicyRulesWithSubjects prescribes a test that applies to a request to an apiserver. The test considers the subject making the request, the verb being requested, and the resource to be acted upon. This PolicyRulesWithSubjects matches a request if and only if both (a) at least one member of subjects matches the request and (b) at least one member of resourceRules or nonResourceRules matches the request.
rules.subjects ([]Subject), required
Atomic: will be replaced during a merge
subjects is the list of normal user, serviceaccount, or group that this rule cares about. There must be at least one member in this slice. A slice that includes both the system:authenticated and system:unauthenticated user groups matches every request. Required.
Subject matches the originator of a request, as identified by the request authentication system. There are three ways of matching an originator; by user, group, or service account.
rules.subjects.kind (string), required
kind indicates which one of the other fields is non-empty. Required
rules.subjects.group (GroupSubject)
group matches based on user group name.
GroupSubject holds detailed information for group-kind subject.
namespace is the namespace of matching ServiceAccount objects. Required.
rules.subjects.user (UserSubject)
user matches based on username.
UserSubject holds detailed information for user-kind subject.
rules.subjects.user.name (string), required
name is the username that matches, or "*" to match all usernames. Required.
rules.nonResourceRules ([]NonResourcePolicyRule)
Atomic: will be replaced during a merge
nonResourceRules is a list of NonResourcePolicyRules that identify matching requests according to their verb and the target non-resource URL.
NonResourcePolicyRule is a predicate that matches non-resource requests according to their verb and the target non-resource URL. A NonResourcePolicyRule matches a request if and only if both (a) at least one member of verbs matches the request and (b) at least one member of nonResourceURLs matches the request.
nonResourceURLs is a set of url prefixes that a user should have access to and may not be empty. For example:
"/healthz" is legal
"/hea*" is illegal
"/hea" is legal but matches nothing
"/hea/*" also matches nothing
"/healthz/" matches all per-component health checks.
"" matches all non-resource urls. if it is present, it must be the only entry. Required.
rules.nonResourceRules.verbs ([]string), required
Set: unique values will be kept during a merge
verbs is a list of matching verbs and may not be empty. "*" matches all verbs. If it is present, it must be the only entry. Required.
rules.resourceRules ([]ResourcePolicyRule)
Atomic: will be replaced during a merge
resourceRules is a slice of ResourcePolicyRules that identify matching requests according to their verb and the target resource. At least one of resourceRules and nonResourceRules has to be non-empty.
ResourcePolicyRule is a predicate that matches some resource requests, testing the request's verb and the target resource. A ResourcePolicyRule matches a resource request if and only if: (a) at least one member of verbs matches the request, (b) at least one member of apiGroups matches the request, (c) at least one member of resources matches the request, and (d) either (d1) the request does not specify a namespace (i.e., Namespace=="") and clusterScope is true or (d2) the request specifies a namespace and least one member of namespaces matches the request's namespace.
resources is a list of matching resources (i.e., lowercase and plural) with, if desired, subresource. For example, [ "services", "nodes/status" ]. This list may not be empty. "*" matches all resources and, if present, must be the only entry. Required.
rules.resourceRules.verbs ([]string), required
Set: unique values will be kept during a merge
verbs is a list of matching verbs and may not be empty. "*" matches all verbs and, if present, must be the only entry. Required.
rules.resourceRules.clusterScope (boolean)
clusterScope indicates whether to match requests that do not specify a namespace (which happens either because the resource is not namespaced or the request targets all namespaces). If this field is omitted or false then the namespaces field must contain a non-empty list.
rules.resourceRules.namespaces ([]string)
Set: unique values will be kept during a merge
namespaces is a list of target namespaces that restricts matches. A request that specifies a target namespace matches only if either (a) this list contains that target namespace or (b) this list contains "". Note that "" matches any specified namespace but does not match a request that does not specify a namespace (see the clusterScope field for that). This list may be empty, but only if clusterScope is true.
FlowSchemaStatus
FlowSchemaStatus represents the current state of a FlowSchema.
conditions ([]FlowSchemaCondition)
Map: unique values on key type will be kept during a merge
conditions is a list of the current states of FlowSchema.
FlowSchemaCondition describes conditions for a FlowSchema.
conditions.lastTransitionTime (Time)
lastTransitionTime is the last time the condition transitioned from one status to another.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
conditions.message (string)
message is a human-readable message indicating details about last transition.
conditions.reason (string)
reason is a unique, one-word, CamelCase reason for the condition's last transition.
conditions.status (string)
status is the status of the condition. Can be True, False, Unknown. Required.
PriorityLevelConfigurationSpec specifies the configuration of a priority level.
type (string), required
type indicates whether this priority level is subject to limitation on request execution. A value of "Exempt" means that requests of this priority level are not subject to a limit (and thus are never queued) and do not detract from the capacity made available to other priority levels. A value of "Limited" means that (a) requests of this priority level are subject to limits and (b) some of the server's limited capacity is made available exclusively to this priority level. Required.
limited (LimitedPriorityLevelConfiguration)
limited specifies how requests are handled for a Limited priority level. This field must be non-empty if and only if type is "Limited".
*LimitedPriorityLevelConfiguration specifies how to handle requests that are subject to limits. It addresses two issues:
How are requests for this priority level limited?
What should be done with requests that exceed the limit?*
limited.assuredConcurrencyShares (int32)
assuredConcurrencyShares (ACS) configures the execution limit, which is a limit on the number of requests of this priority level that may be exeucting at a given time. ACS must be a positive number. The server's concurrency limit (SCL) is divided among the concurrency-controlled priority levels in proportion to their assured concurrency shares. This produces the assured concurrency value (ACV) --- the number of requests that may be executing at a time --- for each such priority level:
bigger numbers of ACS mean more reserved concurrent requests (at the expense of every other PL). This field has a default value of 30.
limited.limitResponse (LimitResponse)
limitResponse indicates what to do with requests that can not be executed right now
LimitResponse defines how to handle requests that can not be executed right now.
limited.limitResponse.type (string), required
type is "Queue" or "Reject". "Queue" means that requests that can not be executed upon arrival are held in a queue until they can be executed or a queuing limit is reached. "Reject" means that requests that can not be executed upon arrival are rejected. Required.
queuing holds the configuration parameters for queuing. This field may be non-empty only if type is "Queue".
QueuingConfiguration holds the configuration parameters for queuing
limited.limitResponse.queuing.handSize (int32)
handSize is a small positive number that configures the shuffle sharding of requests into queues. When enqueuing a request at this priority level the request's flow identifier (a string pair) is hashed and the hash value is used to shuffle the list of queues and deal a hand of the size specified here. The request is put into one of the shortest queues in that hand. handSize must be no larger than queues, and should be significantly smaller (so that a few heavy flows do not saturate most of the queues). See the user-facing documentation for more extensive guidance on setting this field. This field has a default value of 8.
queueLengthLimit is the maximum number of requests allowed to be waiting in a given queue of this priority level at a time; excess requests are rejected. This value must be positive. If not specified, it will be defaulted to 50.
limited.limitResponse.queuing.queues (int32)
queues is the number of queues for this priority level. The queues exist independently at each apiserver. The value must be positive. Setting it to 1 effectively precludes shufflesharding and thus makes the distinguisher method of associated flow schemas irrelevant. This field has a default value of 64.
PriorityLevelConfigurationStatus
PriorityLevelConfigurationStatus represents the current state of a "request-priority".
Map: unique values on key type will be kept during a merge
conditions is the current state of "request-priority".
PriorityLevelConfigurationCondition defines the condition of priority level.
conditions.lastTransitionTime (Time)
lastTransitionTime is the last time the condition transitioned from one status to another.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
conditions.message (string)
message is a human-readable message indicating details about last transition.
conditions.reason (string)
reason is a unique, one-word, CamelCase reason for the condition's last transition.
conditions.status (string)
status is the status of the condition. Can be True, False, Unknown. Required.
conditions.type (string)
type is the type of the condition. Required.
PriorityLevelConfigurationList
PriorityLevelConfigurationList is a list of PriorityLevelConfiguration objects.
Binding ties one object to another; for example, a pod is bound to a node by a scheduler.
apiVersion: v1
import "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
Binding
Binding ties one object to another; for example, a pod is bound to a node by a scheduler. Deprecated in 1.7, please use the bindings subresource of pods instead.
When present, indicates that modifications should not be persisted. An invalid or unrecognized dryRun directive will result in an error response and no further processing of the request. Valid values are: - All: all dry run stages will be processed
gracePeriodSeconds (int64)
The duration in seconds before the object should be deleted. Value must be non-negative integer. The value zero indicates delete immediately. If this value is nil, the default grace period for the specified type will be used. Defaults to a per object value if not specified. zero means delete immediately.
Deprecated: please use the PropagationPolicy, this field will be deprecated in 1.7. Should the dependent objects be orphaned. If true/false, the "orphan" finalizer will be added to/removed from the object's finalizers list. Either this field or PropagationPolicy may be set, but not both.
preconditions (Preconditions)
Must be fulfilled before a deletion is carried out. If not possible, a 409 Conflict status will be returned.
Preconditions must be fulfilled before an operation (update, delete, etc.) is carried out.
preconditions.resourceVersion (string)
Specifies the target ResourceVersion
preconditions.uid (string)
Specifies the target UID.
propagationPolicy (string)
Whether and how garbage collection will be performed. Either this field or OrphanDependents may be set, but not both. The default policy is decided by the existing finalizer set in the metadata.finalizers and the resource-specific default policy. Acceptable values are: 'Orphan' - orphan the dependents; 'Background' - allow the garbage collector to delete the dependents in the background; 'Foreground' - a cascading policy that deletes all dependents in the foreground.
5.9.2 - LabelSelector
A label selector is a label query over a set of resources.
import "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1"
A label selector is a label query over a set of resources. The result of matchLabels and matchExpressions are ANDed. An empty label selector matches all objects. A null label selector matches no objects.
matchExpressions ([]LabelSelectorRequirement)
matchExpressions is a list of label selector requirements. The requirements are ANDed.
A label selector requirement is a selector that contains values, a key, and an operator that relates the key and values.
matchExpressions.key (string), required
Patch strategy: merge on key key
key is the label key that the selector applies to.
matchExpressions.operator (string), required
operator represents a key's relationship to a set of values. Valid operators are In, NotIn, Exists and DoesNotExist.
matchExpressions.values ([]string)
values is an array of string values. If the operator is In or NotIn, the values array must be non-empty. If the operator is Exists or DoesNotExist, the values array must be empty. This array is replaced during a strategic merge patch.
matchLabels (map[string]string)
matchLabels is a map of {key,value} pairs. A single {key,value} in the matchLabels map is equivalent to an element of matchExpressions, whose key field is "key", the operator is "In", and the values array contains only "value". The requirements are ANDed.
5.9.3 - ListMeta
ListMeta describes metadata that synthetic resources must have, including lists and various status objects.
import "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1"
ListMeta describes metadata that synthetic resources must have, including lists and various status objects. A resource may have only one of {ObjectMeta, ListMeta}.
continue (string)
continue may be set if the user set a limit on the number of items returned, and indicates that the server has more data available. The value is opaque and may be used to issue another request to the endpoint that served this list to retrieve the next set of available objects. Continuing a consistent list may not be possible if the server configuration has changed or more than a few minutes have passed. The resourceVersion field returned when using this continue value will be identical to the value in the first response, unless you have received this token from an error message.
remainingItemCount (int64)
remainingItemCount is the number of subsequent items in the list which are not included in this list response. If the list request contained label or field selectors, then the number of remaining items is unknown and the field will be left unset and omitted during serialization. If the list is complete (either because it is not chunking or because this is the last chunk), then there are no more remaining items and this field will be left unset and omitted during serialization. Servers older than v1.15 do not set this field. The intended use of the remainingItemCount is estimating the size of a collection. Clients should not rely on the remainingItemCount to be set or to be exact.
A node selector requirement is a selector that contains values, a key, and an operator that relates the key and values.
import "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
A node selector requirement is a selector that contains values, a key, and an operator that relates the key and values.
key (string), required
The label key that the selector applies to.
operator (string), required
Represents a key's relationship to a set of values. Valid operators are In, NotIn, Exists, DoesNotExist. Gt, and Lt.
Possible enum values:
"DoesNotExist"
"Exists"
"Gt"
"In"
"Lt"
"NotIn"
values ([]string)
An array of string values. If the operator is In or NotIn, the values array must be non-empty. If the operator is Exists or DoesNotExist, the values array must be empty. If the operator is Gt or Lt, the values array must have a single element, which will be interpreted as an integer. This array is replaced during a strategic merge patch.
5.9.6 - ObjectFieldSelector
ObjectFieldSelector selects an APIVersioned field of an object.
import "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
ObjectFieldSelector selects an APIVersioned field of an object.
fieldPath (string), required
Path of the field to select in the specified API version.
apiVersion (string)
Version of the schema the FieldPath is written in terms of, defaults to "v1".
5.9.7 - ObjectMeta
ObjectMeta is metadata that all persisted resources must have, which includes all objects users must create.
import "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1"
ObjectMeta is metadata that all persisted resources must have, which includes all objects users must create.
name (string)
Name must be unique within a namespace. Is required when creating resources, although some resources may allow a client to request the generation of an appropriate name automatically. Name is primarily intended for creation idempotence and configuration definition. Cannot be updated. More info: http://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/identifiers#names
generateName (string)
GenerateName is an optional prefix, used by the server, to generate a unique name ONLY IF the Name field has not been provided. If this field is used, the name returned to the client will be different than the name passed. This value will also be combined with a unique suffix. The provided value has the same validation rules as the Name field, and may be truncated by the length of the suffix required to make the value unique on the server.
If this field is specified and the generated name exists, the server will NOT return a 409 - instead, it will either return 201 Created or 500 with Reason ServerTimeout indicating a unique name could not be found in the time allotted, and the client should retry (optionally after the time indicated in the Retry-After header).
Namespace defines the space within which each name must be unique. An empty namespace is equivalent to the "default" namespace, but "default" is the canonical representation. Not all objects are required to be scoped to a namespace - the value of this field for those objects will be empty.
Map of string keys and values that can be used to organize and categorize (scope and select) objects. May match selectors of replication controllers and services. More info: http://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/labels
annotations (map[string]string)
Annotations is an unstructured key value map stored with a resource that may be set by external tools to store and retrieve arbitrary metadata. They are not queryable and should be preserved when modifying objects. More info: http://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/annotations
System
finalizers ([]string)
Must be empty before the object is deleted from the registry. Each entry is an identifier for the responsible component that will remove the entry from the list. If the deletionTimestamp of the object is non-nil, entries in this list can only be removed. Finalizers may be processed and removed in any order. Order is NOT enforced because it introduces significant risk of stuck finalizers. finalizers is a shared field, any actor with permission can reorder it. If the finalizer list is processed in order, then this can lead to a situation in which the component responsible for the first finalizer in the list is waiting for a signal (field value, external system, or other) produced by a component responsible for a finalizer later in the list, resulting in a deadlock. Without enforced ordering finalizers are free to order amongst themselves and are not vulnerable to ordering changes in the list.
managedFields ([]ManagedFieldsEntry)
ManagedFields maps workflow-id and version to the set of fields that are managed by that workflow. This is mostly for internal housekeeping, and users typically shouldn't need to set or understand this field. A workflow can be the user's name, a controller's name, or the name of a specific apply path like "ci-cd". The set of fields is always in the version that the workflow used when modifying the object.
ManagedFieldsEntry is a workflow-id, a FieldSet and the group version of the resource that the fieldset applies to.
managedFields.apiVersion (string)
APIVersion defines the version of this resource that this field set applies to. The format is "group/version" just like the top-level APIVersion field. It is necessary to track the version of a field set because it cannot be automatically converted.
managedFields.fieldsType (string)
FieldsType is the discriminator for the different fields format and version. There is currently only one possible value: "FieldsV1"
managedFields.fieldsV1 (FieldsV1)
FieldsV1 holds the first JSON version format as described in the "FieldsV1" type.
*FieldsV1 stores a set of fields in a data structure like a Trie, in JSON format.
Each key is either a '.' representing the field itself, and will always map to an empty set, or a string representing a sub-field or item. The string will follow one of these four formats: 'f:', where is the name of a field in a struct, or key in a map 'v:', where is the exact json formatted value of a list item 'i:', where is position of a item in a list 'k:', where is a map of a list item's key fields to their unique values If a key maps to an empty Fields value, the field that key represents is part of the set.
The exact format is defined in sigs.k8s.io/structured-merge-diff*
managedFields.manager (string)
Manager is an identifier of the workflow managing these fields.
managedFields.operation (string)
Operation is the type of operation which lead to this ManagedFieldsEntry being created. The only valid values for this field are 'Apply' and 'Update'.
managedFields.subresource (string)
Subresource is the name of the subresource used to update that object, or empty string if the object was updated through the main resource. The value of this field is used to distinguish between managers, even if they share the same name. For example, a status update will be distinct from a regular update using the same manager name. Note that the APIVersion field is not related to the Subresource field and it always corresponds to the version of the main resource.
managedFields.time (Time)
Time is timestamp of when these fields were set. It should always be empty if Operation is 'Apply'
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
ownerReferences ([]OwnerReference)
Patch strategy: merge on key uid
List of objects depended by this object. If ALL objects in the list have been deleted, this object will be garbage collected. If this object is managed by a controller, then an entry in this list will point to this controller, with the controller field set to true. There cannot be more than one managing controller.
OwnerReference contains enough information to let you identify an owning object. An owning object must be in the same namespace as the dependent, or be cluster-scoped, so there is no namespace field.
If true, AND if the owner has the "foregroundDeletion" finalizer, then the owner cannot be deleted from the key-value store until this reference is removed. Defaults to false. To set this field, a user needs "delete" permission of the owner, otherwise 422 (Unprocessable Entity) will be returned.
ownerReferences.controller (boolean)
If true, this reference points to the managing controller.
Read-only
creationTimestamp (Time)
CreationTimestamp is a timestamp representing the server time when this object was created. It is not guaranteed to be set in happens-before order across separate operations. Clients may not set this value. It is represented in RFC3339 form and is in UTC.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
deletionGracePeriodSeconds (int64)
Number of seconds allowed for this object to gracefully terminate before it will be removed from the system. Only set when deletionTimestamp is also set. May only be shortened. Read-only.
deletionTimestamp (Time)
DeletionTimestamp is RFC 3339 date and time at which this resource will be deleted. This field is set by the server when a graceful deletion is requested by the user, and is not directly settable by a client. The resource is expected to be deleted (no longer visible from resource lists, and not reachable by name) after the time in this field, once the finalizers list is empty. As long as the finalizers list contains items, deletion is blocked. Once the deletionTimestamp is set, this value may not be unset or be set further into the future, although it may be shortened or the resource may be deleted prior to this time. For example, a user may request that a pod is deleted in 30 seconds. The Kubelet will react by sending a graceful termination signal to the containers in the pod. After that 30 seconds, the Kubelet will send a hard termination signal (SIGKILL) to the container and after cleanup, remove the pod from the API. In the presence of network partitions, this object may still exist after this timestamp, until an administrator or automated process can determine the resource is fully terminated. If not set, graceful deletion of the object has not been requested.
Time is a wrapper around time.Time which supports correct marshaling to YAML and JSON. Wrappers are provided for many of the factory methods that the time package offers.
generation (int64)
A sequence number representing a specific generation of the desired state. Populated by the system. Read-only.
resourceVersion (string)
An opaque value that represents the internal version of this object that can be used by clients to determine when objects have changed. May be used for optimistic concurrency, change detection, and the watch operation on a resource or set of resources. Clients must treat these values as opaque and passed unmodified back to the server. They may only be valid for a particular resource or set of resources.
SelfLink is a URL representing this object. Populated by the system. Read-only.
DEPRECATED Kubernetes will stop propagating this field in 1.20 release and the field is planned to be removed in 1.21 release.
uid (string)
UID is the unique in time and space value for this object. It is typically generated by the server on successful creation of a resource and is not allowed to change on PUT operations.
The name of the cluster which the object belongs to. This is used to distinguish resources with same name and namespace in different clusters. This field is not set anywhere right now and apiserver is going to ignore it if set in create or update request.
5.9.8 - ObjectReference
ObjectReference contains enough information to let you inspect or modify the referred object.
import "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
ObjectReference contains enough information to let you inspect or modify the referred object.
apiVersion (string)
API version of the referent.
fieldPath (string)
If referring to a piece of an object instead of an entire object, this string should contain a valid JSON/Go field access statement, such as desiredState.manifest.containers[2]. For example, if the object reference is to a container within a pod, this would take on a value like: "spec.containers{name}" (where "name" refers to the name of the container that triggered the event) or if no container name is specified "spec.containers[2]" (container with index 2 in this pod). This syntax is chosen only to have some well-defined way of referencing a part of an object.
Patch is provided to give a concrete name and type to the Kubernetes PATCH request body.
import "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1"
Patch is provided to give a concrete name and type to the Kubernetes PATCH request body.
5.9.10 - Quantity
Quantity is a fixed-point representation of a number.
import "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/api/resource"
Quantity is a fixed-point representation of a number. It provides convenient marshaling/unmarshaling in JSON and YAML, in addition to String() and AsInt64() accessors.
The serialization format is:
<quantity> ::= <signedNumber><suffix>
(Note that <suffix> may be empty, from the "" case in <decimalSI>.)
<digit> ::= 0 | 1 | ... | 9 <digits> ::= <digit> | <digit><digits> <number> ::= <digits> | <digits>.<digits> | <digits>. | .<digits> <sign> ::= "+" | "-" <signedNumber> ::= <number> | <sign><number> <suffix> ::= <binarySI> | <decimalExponent> | <decimalSI> <binarySI> ::= Ki | Mi | Gi | Ti | Pi | Ei
(International System of units; See: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html)
<decimalSI> ::= m | "" | k | M | G | T | P | E
(Note that 1024 = 1Ki but 1000 = 1k; I didn't choose the capitalization.)
<decimalExponent> ::= "e" <signedNumber> | "E" <signedNumber>
No matter which of the three exponent forms is used, no quantity may represent a number greater than 2^63-1 in magnitude, nor may it have more than 3 decimal places. Numbers larger or more precise will be capped or rounded up. (E.g.: 0.1m will rounded up to 1m.) This may be extended in the future if we require larger or smaller quantities.
When a Quantity is parsed from a string, it will remember the type of suffix it had, and will use the same type again when it is serialized.
Before serializing, Quantity will be put in "canonical form". This means that Exponent/suffix will be adjusted up or down (with a corresponding increase or decrease in Mantissa) such that:
a. No precision is lost
b. No fractional digits will be emitted
c. The exponent (or suffix) is as large as possible.
The sign will be omitted unless the number is negative.
Examples:
1.5 will be serialized as "1500m"
1.5Gi will be serialized as "1536Mi"
Note that the quantity will NEVER be internally represented by a floating point number. That is the whole point of this exercise.
Non-canonical values will still parse as long as they are well formed, but will be re-emitted in their canonical form. (So always use canonical form, or don't diff.)
This format is intended to make it difficult to use these numbers without writing some sort of special handling code in the hopes that that will cause implementors to also use a fixed point implementation.
5.9.11 - ResourceFieldSelector
ResourceFieldSelector represents container resources (cpu, memory) and their output format.
import "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
ResourceFieldSelector represents container resources (cpu, memory) and their output format
resource (string), required
Required: resource to select
containerName (string)
Container name: required for volumes, optional for env vars
Suggested HTTP return code for this status, 0 if not set.
details (StatusDetails)
Extended data associated with the reason. Each reason may define its own extended details. This field is optional and the data returned is not guaranteed to conform to any schema except that defined by the reason type.
StatusDetails is a set of additional properties that MAY be set by the server to provide additional information about a response. The Reason field of a Status object defines what attributes will be set. Clients must ignore fields that do not match the defined type of each attribute, and should assume that any attribute may be empty, invalid, or under defined.
details.causes ([]StatusCause)
The Causes array includes more details associated with the StatusReason failure. Not all StatusReasons may provide detailed causes.
StatusCause provides more information about an api.Status failure, including cases when multiple errors are encountered.
details.causes.field (string)
The field of the resource that has caused this error, as named by its JSON serialization. May include dot and postfix notation for nested attributes. Arrays are zero-indexed. Fields may appear more than once in an array of causes due to fields having multiple errors. Optional.
Examples:
"name" - the field "name" on the current resource
"items[0].name" - the field "name" on the first array entry in "items"
details.causes.message (string)
A human-readable description of the cause of the error. This field may be presented as-is to a reader.
details.causes.reason (string)
A machine-readable description of the cause of the error. If this value is empty there is no information available.
details.group (string)
The group attribute of the resource associated with the status StatusReason.
The name attribute of the resource associated with the status StatusReason (when there is a single name which can be described).
details.retryAfterSeconds (int32)
If specified, the time in seconds before the operation should be retried. Some errors may indicate the client must take an alternate action - for those errors this field may indicate how long to wait before taking the alternate action.
A machine-readable description of why this operation is in the "Failure" status. If this value is empty there is no information available. A Reason clarifies an HTTP status code but does not override it.
TypedLocalObjectReference contains enough information to let you locate the typed referenced object inside the same namespace.
import "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
TypedLocalObjectReference contains enough information to let you locate the typed referenced object inside the same namespace.
kind (string), required
Kind is the type of resource being referenced
name (string), required
Name is the name of resource being referenced
apiGroup (string)
APIGroup is the group for the resource being referenced. If APIGroup is not specified, the specified Kind must be in the core API group. For any other third-party types, APIGroup is required.
5.10 - Common Parameters
allowWatchBookmarks
allowWatchBookmarks requests watch events with type "BOOKMARK". Servers that do not implement bookmarks may ignore this flag and bookmarks are sent at the server's discretion. Clients should not assume bookmarks are returned at any specific interval, nor may they assume the server will send any BOOKMARK event during a session. If this is not a watch, this field is ignored.
continue
The continue option should be set when retrieving more results from the server. Since this value is server defined, clients may only use the continue value from a previous query result with identical query parameters (except for the value of continue) and the server may reject a continue value it does not recognize. If the specified continue value is no longer valid whether due to expiration (generally five to fifteen minutes) or a configuration change on the server, the server will respond with a 410 ResourceExpired error together with a continue token. If the client needs a consistent list, it must restart their list without the continue field. Otherwise, the client may send another list request with the token received with the 410 error, the server will respond with a list starting from the next key, but from the latest snapshot, which is inconsistent from the previous list results - objects that are created, modified, or deleted after the first list request will be included in the response, as long as their keys are after the "next key".
This field is not supported when watch is true. Clients may start a watch from the last resourceVersion value returned by the server and not miss any modifications.
dryRun
When present, indicates that modifications should not be persisted. An invalid or unrecognized dryRun directive will result in an error response and no further processing of the request. Valid values are: - All: all dry run stages will be processed
fieldManager
fieldManager is a name associated with the actor or entity that is making these changes. The value must be less than or 128 characters long, and only contain printable characters, as defined by https://golang.org/pkg/unicode/#IsPrint.
fieldSelector
A selector to restrict the list of returned objects by their fields. Defaults to everything.
fieldValidation
fieldValidation determines how the server should respond to unknown/duplicate fields in the object in the request. Introduced as alpha in 1.23, older servers or servers with the ServerSideFieldValidation feature disabled will discard valid values specified in this param and not perform any server side field validation. Valid values are: - Ignore: ignores unknown/duplicate fields. - Warn: responds with a warning for each unknown/duplicate field, but successfully serves the request. - Strict: fails the request on unknown/duplicate fields.
force
Force is going to "force" Apply requests. It means user will re-acquire conflicting fields owned by other people. Force flag must be unset for non-apply patch requests.
gracePeriodSeconds
The duration in seconds before the object should be deleted. Value must be non-negative integer. The value zero indicates delete immediately. If this value is nil, the default grace period for the specified type will be used. Defaults to a per object value if not specified. zero means delete immediately.
labelSelector
A selector to restrict the list of returned objects by their labels. Defaults to everything.
limit
limit is a maximum number of responses to return for a list call. If more items exist, the server will set the continue field on the list metadata to a value that can be used with the same initial query to retrieve the next set of results. Setting a limit may return fewer than the requested amount of items (up to zero items) in the event all requested objects are filtered out and clients should only use the presence of the continue field to determine whether more results are available. Servers may choose not to support the limit argument and will return all of the available results. If limit is specified and the continue field is empty, clients may assume that no more results are available. This field is not supported if watch is true.
The server guarantees that the objects returned when using continue will be identical to issuing a single list call without a limit - that is, no objects created, modified, or deleted after the first request is issued will be included in any subsequent continued requests. This is sometimes referred to as a consistent snapshot, and ensures that a client that is using limit to receive smaller chunks of a very large result can ensure they see all possible objects. If objects are updated during a chunked list the version of the object that was present at the time the first list result was calculated is returned.
namespace
object name and auth scope, such as for teams and projects
pretty
If 'true', then the output is pretty printed.
propagationPolicy
Whether and how garbage collection will be performed. Either this field or OrphanDependents may be set, but not both. The default policy is decided by the existing finalizer set in the metadata.finalizers and the resource-specific default policy. Acceptable values are: 'Orphan' - orphan the dependents; 'Background' - allow the garbage collector to delete the dependents in the background; 'Foreground' - a cascading policy that deletes all dependents in the foreground.
We're extremely grateful for security researchers and users that report vulnerabilities to the Kubernetes Open Source Community. All reports are thoroughly investigated by a set of community volunteers.
To make a report, submit your vulnerability to the Kubernetes bug bounty program. This allows triage and handling of the vulnerability with standardized response times.
You may encrypt your email to this list using the GPG keys of the Security Response Committee members. Encryption using GPG is NOT required to make a disclosure.
When Should I Report a Vulnerability?
You think you discovered a potential security vulnerability in Kubernetes
You are unsure how a vulnerability affects Kubernetes
You think you discovered a vulnerability in another project that Kubernetes depends on
For projects with their own vulnerability reporting and disclosure process, please report it directly there
When Should I NOT Report a Vulnerability?
You need help tuning Kubernetes components for security
You need help applying security related updates
Your issue is not security related
Security Vulnerability Response
Each report is acknowledged and analyzed by Security Response Committee members within 3 working days. This will set off the Security Release Process.
Any vulnerability information shared with Security Response Committee stays within Kubernetes project and will not be disseminated to other projects unless it is necessary to get the issue fixed.
As the security issue moves from triage, to identified fix, to release planning we will keep the reporter updated.
Public Disclosure Timing
A public disclosure date is negotiated by the Kubernetes Security Response Committee and the bug submitter. We prefer to fully disclose the bug as soon as possible once a user mitigation is available. It is reasonable to delay disclosure when the bug or the fix is not yet fully understood, the solution is not well-tested, or for vendor coordination. The timeframe for disclosure is from immediate (especially if it's already publicly known) to a few weeks. For a vulnerability with a straightforward mitigation, we expect report date to disclosure date to be on the order of 7 days. The Kubernetes Security Response Committee holds the final say when setting a disclosure date.
7 - Node Reference Information
7.1 - Articles on dockershim Removal and on Using CRI-compatible Runtimes
This is a list of articles and other pages that are either
about the Kubernetes' deprecation and removal of dockershim,
or about using CRI-compatible container runtimes, in connection
with that removal.
When running Kubernetes in an environment with strict network boundaries, such
as on-premises datacenter with physical network firewalls or Virtual
Networks in Public Cloud, it is useful to be aware of the ports and protocols
used by Kubernetes components
Control plane
Protocol
Direction
Port Range
Purpose
Used By
TCP
Inbound
6443
Kubernetes API server
All
TCP
Inbound
2379-2380
etcd server client API
kube-apiserver, etcd
TCP
Inbound
10250
Kubelet API
Self, Control plane
TCP
Inbound
10259
kube-scheduler
Self
TCP
Inbound
10257
kube-controller-manager
Self
Although etcd ports are included in control plane section, you can also host your own
etcd cluster externally or on custom ports.
All default port numbers can be overridden. When custom ports are used those
ports need to be open instead of defaults mentioned here.
One common example is API server port that is sometimes switched
to 443. Alternatively, the default port is kept as is and API server is put
behind a load balancer that listens on 443 and routes the requests to API server
on the default port.
9 - Setup tools
9.1 - Kubeadm
Kubeadm is a tool built to provide kubeadm init and kubeadm join as best-practice "fast paths" for creating Kubernetes clusters.
kubeadm performs the actions necessary to get a minimum viable cluster up and running. By design, it cares only about bootstrapping, not about provisioning machines. Likewise, installing various nice-to-have addons, like the Kubernetes Dashboard, monitoring solutions, and cloud-specific addons, is not in scope.
Instead, we expect higher-level and more tailored tooling to be built on top of kubeadm, and ideally, using kubeadm as the basis of all deployments will make it easier to create conformant clusters.
kubeadm alpha to preview a set of features made available for gathering feedback from the community
9.1.1 - Kubeadm Generated
9.1.1.1 -
kubeadm: easily bootstrap a secure Kubernetes cluster
Synopsis
┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ KUBEADM │
│ Easily bootstrap a secure Kubernetes cluster │
│ │
│ Please give us feedback at: │
│ https://github.com/kubernetes/kubeadm/issues │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
Example usage:
Create a two-machine cluster with one control-plane node
(which controls the cluster), and one worker node
(where your workloads, like Pods and Deployments run).
┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ On the first machine: │
├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ control-plane# kubeadm init │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ On the second machine: │
├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ worker# kubeadm join <arguments-returned-from-init> │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
You can then repeat the second step on as many other machines as you like.
Options
-h, --help
help for kubeadm
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.2 -
Commands related to handling kubernetes certificates
Synopsis
Commands related to handling kubernetes certificates
Options
-h, --help
help for certs
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.3 -
Generate certificate keys
Synopsis
This command will print out a secure randomly-generated certificate key that can be used with
the "init" command.
You can also use "kubeadm init --upload-certs" without specifying a certificate key and it will
generate and print one for you.
kubeadm certs certificate-key [flags]
Options
-h, --help
help for certificate-key
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.4 -
Check certificates expiration for a Kubernetes cluster
Synopsis
Checks expiration for the certificates in the local PKI managed by kubeadm.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.5 -
Generate keys and certificate signing requests
Synopsis
Generates keys and certificate signing requests (CSRs) for all the certificates required to run the control plane. This command also generates partial kubeconfig files with private key data in the "users > user > client-key-data" field, and for each kubeconfig file an accompanying ".csr" file is created.
This command is designed for use in Kubeadm External CA Mode. It generates CSRs which you can then submit to your external certificate authority for signing.
The PEM encoded signed certificates should then be saved alongside the key files, using ".crt" as the file extension, or in the case of kubeconfig files, the PEM encoded signed certificate should be base64 encoded and added to the kubeconfig file in the "users > user > client-certificate-data" field.
kubeadm certs generate-csr [flags]
Examples
# The following command will generate keys and CSRs for all control-plane certificates and kubeconfig files:
kubeadm certs generate-csr --kubeconfig-dir /tmp/etc-k8s --cert-dir /tmp/etc-k8s/pki
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.6 -
Renew certificates for a Kubernetes cluster
Synopsis
This command is not meant to be run on its own. See list of available subcommands.
kubeadm certs renew [flags]
Options
-h, --help
help for renew
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.7 -
Renew the certificate embedded in the kubeconfig file for the admin to use and for kubeadm itself
Synopsis
Renew the certificate embedded in the kubeconfig file for the admin to use and for kubeadm itself.
Renewals run unconditionally, regardless of certificate expiration date; extra attributes such as SANs will be based on the existing file/certificates, there is no need to resupply them.
Renewal by default tries to use the certificate authority in the local PKI managed by kubeadm; as alternative it is possible to use K8s certificate API for certificate renewal, or as a last option, to generate a CSR request.
After renewal, in order to make changes effective, is required to restart control-plane components and eventually re-distribute the renewed certificate in case the file is used elsewhere.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.8 -
Renew all available certificates
Synopsis
Renew all known certificates necessary to run the control plane. Renewals are run unconditionally, regardless of expiration date. Renewals can also be run individually for more control.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.9 -
Renew the certificate the apiserver uses to access etcd
Synopsis
Renew the certificate the apiserver uses to access etcd.
Renewals run unconditionally, regardless of certificate expiration date; extra attributes such as SANs will be based on the existing file/certificates, there is no need to resupply them.
Renewal by default tries to use the certificate authority in the local PKI managed by kubeadm; as alternative it is possible to use K8s certificate API for certificate renewal, or as a last option, to generate a CSR request.
After renewal, in order to make changes effective, is required to restart control-plane components and eventually re-distribute the renewed certificate in case the file is used elsewhere.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.10 -
Renew the certificate for the API server to connect to kubelet
Synopsis
Renew the certificate for the API server to connect to kubelet.
Renewals run unconditionally, regardless of certificate expiration date; extra attributes such as SANs will be based on the existing file/certificates, there is no need to resupply them.
Renewal by default tries to use the certificate authority in the local PKI managed by kubeadm; as alternative it is possible to use K8s certificate API for certificate renewal, or as a last option, to generate a CSR request.
After renewal, in order to make changes effective, is required to restart control-plane components and eventually re-distribute the renewed certificate in case the file is used elsewhere.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.11 -
Renew the certificate for serving the Kubernetes API
Synopsis
Renew the certificate for serving the Kubernetes API.
Renewals run unconditionally, regardless of certificate expiration date; extra attributes such as SANs will be based on the existing file/certificates, there is no need to resupply them.
Renewal by default tries to use the certificate authority in the local PKI managed by kubeadm; as alternative it is possible to use K8s certificate API for certificate renewal, or as a last option, to generate a CSR request.
After renewal, in order to make changes effective, is required to restart control-plane components and eventually re-distribute the renewed certificate in case the file is used elsewhere.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.12 -
Renew the certificate embedded in the kubeconfig file for the controller manager to use
Synopsis
Renew the certificate embedded in the kubeconfig file for the controller manager to use.
Renewals run unconditionally, regardless of certificate expiration date; extra attributes such as SANs will be based on the existing file/certificates, there is no need to resupply them.
Renewal by default tries to use the certificate authority in the local PKI managed by kubeadm; as alternative it is possible to use K8s certificate API for certificate renewal, or as a last option, to generate a CSR request.
After renewal, in order to make changes effective, is required to restart control-plane components and eventually re-distribute the renewed certificate in case the file is used elsewhere.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.13 -
Renew the certificate for liveness probes to healthcheck etcd
Synopsis
Renew the certificate for liveness probes to healthcheck etcd.
Renewals run unconditionally, regardless of certificate expiration date; extra attributes such as SANs will be based on the existing file/certificates, there is no need to resupply them.
Renewal by default tries to use the certificate authority in the local PKI managed by kubeadm; as alternative it is possible to use K8s certificate API for certificate renewal, or as a last option, to generate a CSR request.
After renewal, in order to make changes effective, is required to restart control-plane components and eventually re-distribute the renewed certificate in case the file is used elsewhere.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.14 -
Renew the certificate for etcd nodes to communicate with each other
Synopsis
Renew the certificate for etcd nodes to communicate with each other.
Renewals run unconditionally, regardless of certificate expiration date; extra attributes such as SANs will be based on the existing file/certificates, there is no need to resupply them.
Renewal by default tries to use the certificate authority in the local PKI managed by kubeadm; as alternative it is possible to use K8s certificate API for certificate renewal, or as a last option, to generate a CSR request.
After renewal, in order to make changes effective, is required to restart control-plane components and eventually re-distribute the renewed certificate in case the file is used elsewhere.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.15 -
Renew the certificate for serving etcd
Synopsis
Renew the certificate for serving etcd.
Renewals run unconditionally, regardless of certificate expiration date; extra attributes such as SANs will be based on the existing file/certificates, there is no need to resupply them.
Renewal by default tries to use the certificate authority in the local PKI managed by kubeadm; as alternative it is possible to use K8s certificate API for certificate renewal, or as a last option, to generate a CSR request.
After renewal, in order to make changes effective, is required to restart control-plane components and eventually re-distribute the renewed certificate in case the file is used elsewhere.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.16 -
Renew the certificate for the front proxy client
Synopsis
Renew the certificate for the front proxy client.
Renewals run unconditionally, regardless of certificate expiration date; extra attributes such as SANs will be based on the existing file/certificates, there is no need to resupply them.
Renewal by default tries to use the certificate authority in the local PKI managed by kubeadm; as alternative it is possible to use K8s certificate API for certificate renewal, or as a last option, to generate a CSR request.
After renewal, in order to make changes effective, is required to restart control-plane components and eventually re-distribute the renewed certificate in case the file is used elsewhere.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.17 -
Renew the certificate embedded in the kubeconfig file for the scheduler manager to use
Synopsis
Renew the certificate embedded in the kubeconfig file for the scheduler manager to use.
Renewals run unconditionally, regardless of certificate expiration date; extra attributes such as SANs will be based on the existing file/certificates, there is no need to resupply them.
Renewal by default tries to use the certificate authority in the local PKI managed by kubeadm; as alternative it is possible to use K8s certificate API for certificate renewal, or as a last option, to generate a CSR request.
After renewal, in order to make changes effective, is required to restart control-plane components and eventually re-distribute the renewed certificate in case the file is used elsewhere.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.18 -
Output shell completion code for the specified shell (bash or zsh)
Synopsis
Output shell completion code for the specified shell (bash or zsh).
The shell code must be evaluated to provide interactive
completion of kubeadm commands. This can be done by sourcing it from
the .bash_profile.
Note: this requires the bash-completion framework.
To install it on Mac use homebrew:
$ brew install bash-completion
Once installed, bash_completion must be evaluated. This can be done by adding the
following line to the .bash_profile
$ source $(brew --prefix)/etc/bash_completion
If bash-completion is not installed on Linux, please install the 'bash-completion' package
via your distribution's package manager.
Note for zsh users: [1] zsh completions are only supported in versions of zsh >= 5.2
kubeadm completion SHELL [flags]
Examples
# Install bash completion on a Mac using homebrew
brew install bash-completion
printf "\n# Bash completion support\nsource $(brew --prefix)/etc/bash_completion\n" >> $HOME/.bash_profile
source $HOME/.bash_profile
# Load the kubeadm completion code for bash into the current shell
source <(kubeadm completion bash)
# Write bash completion code to a file and source it from .bash_profile
kubeadm completion bash > ~/.kube/kubeadm_completion.bash.inc
printf "\n# Kubeadm shell completion\nsource '$HOME/.kube/kubeadm_completion.bash.inc'\n" >> $HOME/.bash_profile
source $HOME/.bash_profile
# Load the kubeadm completion code for zsh[1] into the current shell
source <(kubeadm completion zsh)
Options
-h, --help
help for completion
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.19 -
Manage configuration for a kubeadm cluster persisted in a ConfigMap in the cluster
Synopsis
There is a ConfigMap in the kube-system namespace called "kubeadm-config" that kubeadm uses to store internal configuration about the
cluster. kubeadm CLI v1.8.0+ automatically creates this ConfigMap with the config used with 'kubeadm init', but if you
initialized your cluster using kubeadm v1.7.x or lower, you must use the 'config upload' command to create this
ConfigMap. This is required so that 'kubeadm upgrade' can configure your upgraded cluster correctly.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.21 -
Print a list of images kubeadm will use. The configuration file is used in case any images or image repositories are customized
Synopsis
Print a list of images kubeadm will use. The configuration file is used in case any images or image repositories are customized
kubeadm config images list [flags]
Options
--allow-missing-template-keys Default: true
If true, ignore any errors in templates when a field or map key is missing in the template. Only applies to golang and jsonpath output formats.
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
-o, --experimental-output string Default: "text"
Output format. One of: text|json|yaml|go-template|go-template-file|template|templatefile|jsonpath|jsonpath-as-json|jsonpath-file.
--feature-gates string
A set of key=value pairs that describe feature gates for various features. Options are: PublicKeysECDSA=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) RootlessControlPlane=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) UnversionedKubeletConfigMap=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)
-h, --help
help for list
--image-repository string Default: "k8s.gcr.io"
Choose a container registry to pull control plane images from
--kubernetes-version string Default: "stable-1"
Choose a specific Kubernetes version for the control plane.
--show-managed-fields
If true, keep the managedFields when printing objects in JSON or YAML format.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.22 -
Pull images used by kubeadm
Synopsis
Pull images used by kubeadm
kubeadm config images pull [flags]
Options
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
--cri-socket string
Path to the CRI socket to connect. If empty kubeadm will try to auto-detect this value; use this option only if you have more than one CRI installed or if you have non-standard CRI socket.
--feature-gates string
A set of key=value pairs that describe feature gates for various features. Options are: PublicKeysECDSA=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) RootlessControlPlane=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) UnversionedKubeletConfigMap=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)
-h, --help
help for pull
--image-repository string Default: "k8s.gcr.io"
Choose a container registry to pull control plane images from
--kubernetes-version string Default: "stable-1"
Choose a specific Kubernetes version for the control plane.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.23 -
Read an older version of the kubeadm configuration API types from a file, and output the similar config object for the newer version
Synopsis
This command lets you convert configuration objects of older versions to the latest supported version,
locally in the CLI tool without ever touching anything in the cluster.
In this version of kubeadm, the following API versions are supported:
kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta3
Further, kubeadm can only write out config of version "kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta3", but read both types.
So regardless of what version you pass to the --old-config parameter here, the API object will be
read, deserialized, defaulted, converted, validated, and re-serialized when written to stdout or
--new-config if specified.
In other words, the output of this command is what kubeadm actually would read internally if you
submitted this file to "kubeadm init"
kubeadm config migrate [flags]
Options
-h, --help
help for migrate
--new-config string
Path to the resulting equivalent kubeadm config file using the new API version. Optional, if not specified output will be sent to STDOUT.
--old-config string
Path to the kubeadm config file that is using an old API version and should be converted. This flag is mandatory.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.25 -
Print default init configuration, that can be used for 'kubeadm init'
Synopsis
This command prints objects such as the default init configuration that is used for 'kubeadm init'.
Note that sensitive values like the Bootstrap Token fields are replaced with placeholder values like "abcdef.0123456789abcdef" in order to pass validation but
not perform the real computation for creating a token.
kubeadm config print init-defaults [flags]
Options
--component-configs strings
A comma-separated list for component config API objects to print the default values for. Available values: [KubeProxyConfiguration KubeletConfiguration]. If this flag is not set, no component configs will be printed.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.26 -
Print default join configuration, that can be used for 'kubeadm join'
Synopsis
This command prints objects such as the default join configuration that is used for 'kubeadm join'.
Note that sensitive values like the Bootstrap Token fields are replaced with placeholder values like "abcdef.0123456789abcdef" in order to pass validation but
not perform the real computation for creating a token.
kubeadm config print join-defaults [flags]
Options
--component-configs strings
A comma-separated list for component config API objects to print the default values for. Available values: [KubeProxyConfiguration KubeletConfiguration]. If this flag is not set, no component configs will be printed.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.27 -
Run this command in order to set up the Kubernetes control plane
Synopsis
Run this command in order to set up the Kubernetes control plane
The "init" command executes the following phases:
preflight Run pre-flight checks
certs Certificate generation
/ca Generate the self-signed Kubernetes CA to provision identities for other Kubernetes components
/apiserver Generate the certificate for serving the Kubernetes API
/apiserver-kubelet-client Generate the certificate for the API server to connect to kubelet
/front-proxy-ca Generate the self-signed CA to provision identities for front proxy
/front-proxy-client Generate the certificate for the front proxy client
/etcd-ca Generate the self-signed CA to provision identities for etcd
/etcd-server Generate the certificate for serving etcd
/etcd-peer Generate the certificate for etcd nodes to communicate with each other
/etcd-healthcheck-client Generate the certificate for liveness probes to healthcheck etcd
/apiserver-etcd-client Generate the certificate the apiserver uses to access etcd
/sa Generate a private key for signing service account tokens along with its public key
kubeconfig Generate all kubeconfig files necessary to establish the control plane and the admin kubeconfig file
/admin Generate a kubeconfig file for the admin to use and for kubeadm itself
/kubelet Generate a kubeconfig file for the kubelet to use *only* for cluster bootstrapping purposes
/controller-manager Generate a kubeconfig file for the controller manager to use
/scheduler Generate a kubeconfig file for the scheduler to use
kubelet-start Write kubelet settings and (re)start the kubelet
control-plane Generate all static Pod manifest files necessary to establish the control plane
/apiserver Generates the kube-apiserver static Pod manifest
/controller-manager Generates the kube-controller-manager static Pod manifest
/scheduler Generates the kube-scheduler static Pod manifest
etcd Generate static Pod manifest file for local etcd
/local Generate the static Pod manifest file for a local, single-node local etcd instance
upload-config Upload the kubeadm and kubelet configuration to a ConfigMap
/kubeadm Upload the kubeadm ClusterConfiguration to a ConfigMap
/kubelet Upload the kubelet component config to a ConfigMap
upload-certs Upload certificates to kubeadm-certs
mark-control-plane Mark a node as a control-plane
bootstrap-token Generates bootstrap tokens used to join a node to a cluster
kubelet-finalize Updates settings relevant to the kubelet after TLS bootstrap
/experimental-cert-rotation Enable kubelet client certificate rotation
addon Install required addons for passing conformance tests
/coredns Install the CoreDNS addon to a Kubernetes cluster
/kube-proxy Install the kube-proxy addon to a Kubernetes cluster
kubeadm init [flags]
Options
--apiserver-advertise-address string
The IP address the API Server will advertise it's listening on. If not set the default network interface will be used.
--apiserver-bind-port int32 Default: 6443
Port for the API Server to bind to.
--apiserver-cert-extra-sans strings
Optional extra Subject Alternative Names (SANs) to use for the API Server serving certificate. Can be both IP addresses and DNS names.
--cert-dir string Default: "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
The path where to save and store the certificates.
--certificate-key string
Key used to encrypt the control-plane certificates in the kubeadm-certs Secret.
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
--control-plane-endpoint string
Specify a stable IP address or DNS name for the control plane.
--cri-socket string
Path to the CRI socket to connect. If empty kubeadm will try to auto-detect this value; use this option only if you have more than one CRI installed or if you have non-standard CRI socket.
--dry-run
Don't apply any changes; just output what would be done.
--feature-gates string
A set of key=value pairs that describe feature gates for various features. Options are: PublicKeysECDSA=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) RootlessControlPlane=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) UnversionedKubeletConfigMap=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)
-h, --help
help for init
--ignore-preflight-errors strings
A list of checks whose errors will be shown as warnings. Example: 'IsPrivilegedUser,Swap'. Value 'all' ignores errors from all checks.
--image-repository string Default: "k8s.gcr.io"
Choose a container registry to pull control plane images from
--kubernetes-version string Default: "stable-1"
Choose a specific Kubernetes version for the control plane.
--node-name string
Specify the node name.
--patches string
Path to a directory that contains files named "target[suffix][+patchtype].extension". For example, "kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml" or just "etcd.json". "target" can be one of "kube-apiserver", "kube-controller-manager", "kube-scheduler", "etcd". "patchtype" can be one of "strategic", "merge" or "json" and they match the patch formats supported by kubectl. The default "patchtype" is "strategic". "extension" must be either "json" or "yaml". "suffix" is an optional string that can be used to determine which patches are applied first alpha-numerically.
--pod-network-cidr string
Specify range of IP addresses for the pod network. If set, the control plane will automatically allocate CIDRs for every node.
--service-cidr string Default: "10.96.0.0/12"
Use alternative range of IP address for service VIPs.
Use alternative domain for services, e.g. "myorg.internal".
--skip-certificate-key-print
Don't print the key used to encrypt the control-plane certificates.
--skip-phases strings
List of phases to be skipped
--skip-token-print
Skip printing of the default bootstrap token generated by 'kubeadm init'.
--token string
The token to use for establishing bidirectional trust between nodes and control-plane nodes. The format is [a-z0-9]{6}.[a-z0-9]{16} - e.g. abcdef.0123456789abcdef
--token-ttl duration Default: 24h0m0s
The duration before the token is automatically deleted (e.g. 1s, 2m, 3h). If set to '0', the token will never expire
--upload-certs
Upload control-plane certificates to the kubeadm-certs Secret.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.28 -
Use this command to invoke single phase of the init workflow
Synopsis
Use this command to invoke single phase of the init workflow
Options
-h, --help
help for phase
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.29 -
Install required addons for passing conformance tests
Synopsis
This command is not meant to be run on its own. See list of available subcommands.
kubeadm init phase addon [flags]
Options
-h, --help
help for addon
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.30 -
Install all the addons
Synopsis
Install all the addons
kubeadm init phase addon all [flags]
Options
--apiserver-advertise-address string
The IP address the API Server will advertise it's listening on. If not set the default network interface will be used.
--apiserver-bind-port int32 Default: 6443
Port for the API Server to bind to.
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
--control-plane-endpoint string
Specify a stable IP address or DNS name for the control plane.
--feature-gates string
A set of key=value pairs that describe feature gates for various features. Options are: PublicKeysECDSA=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) RootlessControlPlane=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) UnversionedKubeletConfigMap=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)
-h, --help
help for all
--image-repository string Default: "k8s.gcr.io"
Choose a container registry to pull control plane images from
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--kubernetes-version string Default: "stable-1"
Choose a specific Kubernetes version for the control plane.
--pod-network-cidr string
Specify range of IP addresses for the pod network. If set, the control plane will automatically allocate CIDRs for every node.
--service-cidr string Default: "10.96.0.0/12"
Use alternative range of IP address for service VIPs.
Use alternative domain for services, e.g. "myorg.internal".
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.31 -
Install the CoreDNS addon to a Kubernetes cluster
Synopsis
Install the CoreDNS addon components via the API server. Please note that although the DNS server is deployed, it will not be scheduled until CNI is installed.
kubeadm init phase addon coredns [flags]
Options
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
--feature-gates string
A set of key=value pairs that describe feature gates for various features. Options are: PublicKeysECDSA=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) RootlessControlPlane=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) UnversionedKubeletConfigMap=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)
-h, --help
help for coredns
--image-repository string Default: "k8s.gcr.io"
Choose a container registry to pull control plane images from
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--kubernetes-version string Default: "stable-1"
Choose a specific Kubernetes version for the control plane.
--service-cidr string Default: "10.96.0.0/12"
Use alternative range of IP address for service VIPs.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--kubernetes-version string Default: "stable-1"
Choose a specific Kubernetes version for the control plane.
--pod-network-cidr string
Specify range of IP addresses for the pod network. If set, the control plane will automatically allocate CIDRs for every node.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.33 -
Generates bootstrap tokens used to join a node to a cluster
Synopsis
Bootstrap tokens are used for establishing bidirectional trust between a node joining the cluster and a control-plane node.
This command makes all the configurations required to make bootstrap tokens works and then creates an initial token.
kubeadm init phase bootstrap-token [flags]
Examples
# Make all the bootstrap token configurations and create an initial token, functionally
# equivalent to what generated by kubeadm init.
kubeadm init phase bootstrap-token
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--skip-token-print
Skip printing of the default bootstrap token generated by 'kubeadm init'.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.34 -
Certificate generation
Synopsis
This command is not meant to be run on its own. See list of available subcommands.
kubeadm init phase certs [flags]
Options
-h, --help
help for certs
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.35 -
Generate all certificates
Synopsis
Generate all certificates
kubeadm init phase certs all [flags]
Options
--apiserver-advertise-address string
The IP address the API Server will advertise it's listening on. If not set the default network interface will be used.
--apiserver-cert-extra-sans strings
Optional extra Subject Alternative Names (SANs) to use for the API Server serving certificate. Can be both IP addresses and DNS names.
--cert-dir string Default: "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
The path where to save and store the certificates.
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
--control-plane-endpoint string
Specify a stable IP address or DNS name for the control plane.
-h, --help
help for all
--kubernetes-version string Default: "stable-1"
Choose a specific Kubernetes version for the control plane.
--service-cidr string Default: "10.96.0.0/12"
Use alternative range of IP address for service VIPs.
The path where to save and store the certificates.
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
-h, --help
help for apiserver-etcd-client
--kubernetes-version string Default: "stable-1"
Choose a specific Kubernetes version for the control plane.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.37 -
Generate the certificate for the API server to connect to kubelet
Synopsis
Generate the certificate for the API server to connect to kubelet, and save them into apiserver-kubelet-client.crt and apiserver-kubelet-client.key files.
If both files already exist, kubeadm skips the generation step and existing files will be used.
Alpha Disclaimer: this command is currently alpha.
Use alternative domain for services, e.g. "myorg.internal".
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.39 -
Generate the self-signed Kubernetes CA to provision identities for other Kubernetes components
Synopsis
Generate the self-signed Kubernetes CA to provision identities for other Kubernetes components, and save them into ca.crt and ca.key files.
If both files already exist, kubeadm skips the generation step and existing files will be used.
Alpha Disclaimer: this command is currently alpha.
kubeadm init phase certs ca [flags]
Options
--cert-dir string Default: "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
The path where to save and store the certificates.
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
-h, --help
help for ca
--kubernetes-version string Default: "stable-1"
Choose a specific Kubernetes version for the control plane.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.40 -
Generate the self-signed CA to provision identities for etcd
Synopsis
Generate the self-signed CA to provision identities for etcd, and save them into etcd/ca.crt and etcd/ca.key files.
If both files already exist, kubeadm skips the generation step and existing files will be used.
Alpha Disclaimer: this command is currently alpha.
kubeadm init phase certs etcd-ca [flags]
Options
--cert-dir string Default: "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
The path where to save and store the certificates.
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
-h, --help
help for etcd-ca
--kubernetes-version string Default: "stable-1"
Choose a specific Kubernetes version for the control plane.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.41 -
Generate the certificate for liveness probes to healthcheck etcd
Synopsis
Generate the certificate for liveness probes to healthcheck etcd, and save them into etcd/healthcheck-client.crt and etcd/healthcheck-client.key files.
If both files already exist, kubeadm skips the generation step and existing files will be used.
Alpha Disclaimer: this command is currently alpha.
The path where to save and store the certificates.
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
-h, --help
help for front-proxy-client
--kubernetes-version string Default: "stable-1"
Choose a specific Kubernetes version for the control plane.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.46 -
Generate a private key for signing service account tokens along with its public key
Synopsis
Generate the private key for signing service account tokens along with its public key, and save them into sa.key and sa.pub files. If both files already exist, kubeadm skips the generation step and existing files will be used.
Alpha Disclaimer: this command is currently alpha.
kubeadm init phase certs sa [flags]
Options
--cert-dir string Default: "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
The path where to save and store the certificates.
-h, --help
help for sa
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.47 -
Generate all static Pod manifest files necessary to establish the control plane
Synopsis
This command is not meant to be run on its own. See list of available subcommands.
kubeadm init phase control-plane [flags]
Options
-h, --help
help for control-plane
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.48 -
Generate all static Pod manifest files
Synopsis
Generate all static Pod manifest files
kubeadm init phase control-plane all [flags]
Examples
# Generates all static Pod manifest files for control plane components,
# functionally equivalent to what is generated by kubeadm init.
kubeadm init phase control-plane all
# Generates all static Pod manifest files using options read from a configuration file.
kubeadm init phase control-plane all --config config.yaml
Options
--apiserver-advertise-address string
The IP address the API Server will advertise it's listening on. If not set the default network interface will be used.
A set of extra flags to pass to the Controller Manager or override default ones in form of <flagname>=<value>
--dry-run
Don't apply any changes; just output what would be done.
--feature-gates string
A set of key=value pairs that describe feature gates for various features. Options are: PublicKeysECDSA=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) RootlessControlPlane=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) UnversionedKubeletConfigMap=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)
-h, --help
help for all
--image-repository string Default: "k8s.gcr.io"
Choose a container registry to pull control plane images from
--kubernetes-version string Default: "stable-1"
Choose a specific Kubernetes version for the control plane.
--patches string
Path to a directory that contains files named "target[suffix][+patchtype].extension". For example, "kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml" or just "etcd.json". "target" can be one of "kube-apiserver", "kube-controller-manager", "kube-scheduler", "etcd". "patchtype" can be one of "strategic", "merge" or "json" and they match the patch formats supported by kubectl. The default "patchtype" is "strategic". "extension" must be either "json" or "yaml". "suffix" is an optional string that can be used to determine which patches are applied first alpha-numerically.
--pod-network-cidr string
Specify range of IP addresses for the pod network. If set, the control plane will automatically allocate CIDRs for every node.
A set of extra flags to pass to the API Server or override default ones in form of <flagname>=<value>
--cert-dir string Default: "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
The path where to save and store the certificates.
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
--control-plane-endpoint string
Specify a stable IP address or DNS name for the control plane.
--dry-run
Don't apply any changes; just output what would be done.
--feature-gates string
A set of key=value pairs that describe feature gates for various features. Options are: PublicKeysECDSA=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) RootlessControlPlane=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) UnversionedKubeletConfigMap=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)
-h, --help
help for apiserver
--image-repository string Default: "k8s.gcr.io"
Choose a container registry to pull control plane images from
--kubernetes-version string Default: "stable-1"
Choose a specific Kubernetes version for the control plane.
--patches string
Path to a directory that contains files named "target[suffix][+patchtype].extension". For example, "kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml" or just "etcd.json". "target" can be one of "kube-apiserver", "kube-controller-manager", "kube-scheduler", "etcd". "patchtype" can be one of "strategic", "merge" or "json" and they match the patch formats supported by kubectl. The default "patchtype" is "strategic". "extension" must be either "json" or "yaml". "suffix" is an optional string that can be used to determine which patches are applied first alpha-numerically.
--service-cidr string Default: "10.96.0.0/12"
Use alternative range of IP address for service VIPs.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.50 -
Generates the kube-controller-manager static Pod manifest
Synopsis
Generates the kube-controller-manager static Pod manifest
A set of extra flags to pass to the Controller Manager or override default ones in form of <flagname>=<value>
--dry-run
Don't apply any changes; just output what would be done.
-h, --help
help for controller-manager
--image-repository string Default: "k8s.gcr.io"
Choose a container registry to pull control plane images from
--kubernetes-version string Default: "stable-1"
Choose a specific Kubernetes version for the control plane.
--patches string
Path to a directory that contains files named "target[suffix][+patchtype].extension". For example, "kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml" or just "etcd.json". "target" can be one of "kube-apiserver", "kube-controller-manager", "kube-scheduler", "etcd". "patchtype" can be one of "strategic", "merge" or "json" and they match the patch formats supported by kubectl. The default "patchtype" is "strategic". "extension" must be either "json" or "yaml". "suffix" is an optional string that can be used to determine which patches are applied first alpha-numerically.
--pod-network-cidr string
Specify range of IP addresses for the pod network. If set, the control plane will automatically allocate CIDRs for every node.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
The path where to save and store the certificates.
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
--dry-run
Don't apply any changes; just output what would be done.
-h, --help
help for scheduler
--image-repository string Default: "k8s.gcr.io"
Choose a container registry to pull control plane images from
--kubernetes-version string Default: "stable-1"
Choose a specific Kubernetes version for the control plane.
--patches string
Path to a directory that contains files named "target[suffix][+patchtype].extension". For example, "kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml" or just "etcd.json". "target" can be one of "kube-apiserver", "kube-controller-manager", "kube-scheduler", "etcd". "patchtype" can be one of "strategic", "merge" or "json" and they match the patch formats supported by kubectl. The default "patchtype" is "strategic". "extension" must be either "json" or "yaml". "suffix" is an optional string that can be used to determine which patches are applied first alpha-numerically.
A set of extra flags to pass to the Scheduler or override default ones in form of <flagname>=<value>
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.52 -
Generate static Pod manifest file for local etcd
Synopsis
This command is not meant to be run on its own. See list of available subcommands.
kubeadm init phase etcd [flags]
Options
-h, --help
help for etcd
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.53 -
Generate the static Pod manifest file for a local, single-node local etcd instance
Synopsis
Generate the static Pod manifest file for a local, single-node local etcd instance
kubeadm init phase etcd local [flags]
Examples
# Generates the static Pod manifest file for etcd, functionally
# equivalent to what is generated by kubeadm init.
kubeadm init phase etcd local
# Generates the static Pod manifest file for etcd using options
# read from a configuration file.
kubeadm init phase etcd local --config config.yaml
Options
--cert-dir string Default: "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
The path where to save and store the certificates.
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
-h, --help
help for local
--image-repository string Default: "k8s.gcr.io"
Choose a container registry to pull control plane images from
--patches string
Path to a directory that contains files named "target[suffix][+patchtype].extension". For example, "kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml" or just "etcd.json". "target" can be one of "kube-apiserver", "kube-controller-manager", "kube-scheduler", "etcd". "patchtype" can be one of "strategic", "merge" or "json" and they match the patch formats supported by kubectl. The default "patchtype" is "strategic". "extension" must be either "json" or "yaml". "suffix" is an optional string that can be used to determine which patches are applied first alpha-numerically.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.54 -
Generate all kubeconfig files necessary to establish the control plane and the admin kubeconfig file
Synopsis
This command is not meant to be run on its own. See list of available subcommands.
kubeadm init phase kubeconfig [flags]
Options
-h, --help
help for kubeconfig
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.55 -
Generate a kubeconfig file for the admin to use and for kubeadm itself
Synopsis
Generate the kubeconfig file for the admin and for kubeadm itself, and save it to admin.conf file.
kubeadm init phase kubeconfig admin [flags]
Options
--apiserver-advertise-address string
The IP address the API Server will advertise it's listening on. If not set the default network interface will be used.
--apiserver-bind-port int32 Default: 6443
Port for the API Server to bind to.
--cert-dir string Default: "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
The path where to save and store the certificates.
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
--control-plane-endpoint string
Specify a stable IP address or DNS name for the control plane.
Choose a specific Kubernetes version for the control plane.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.58 -
Generate a kubeconfig file for the kubelet to use only for cluster bootstrapping purposes
Synopsis
Generate the kubeconfig file for the kubelet to use and save it to kubelet.conf file.
Please note that this should only be used for cluster bootstrapping purposes. After your control plane is up, you should request all kubelet credentials from the CSR API.
kubeadm init phase kubeconfig kubelet [flags]
Options
--apiserver-advertise-address string
The IP address the API Server will advertise it's listening on. If not set the default network interface will be used.
--apiserver-bind-port int32 Default: 6443
Port for the API Server to bind to.
--cert-dir string Default: "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
The path where to save and store the certificates.
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
--control-plane-endpoint string
Specify a stable IP address or DNS name for the control plane.
The path where to save and store the certificates.
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
-h, --help
help for experimental-cert-rotation
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.63 -
Write kubelet settings and (re)start the kubelet
Synopsis
Write a file with KubeletConfiguration and an environment file with node specific kubelet settings, and then (re)start kubelet.
kubeadm init phase kubelet-start [flags]
Examples
# Writes a dynamic environment file with kubelet flags from a InitConfiguration file.
kubeadm init phase kubelet-start --config config.yaml
Options
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
--cri-socket string
Path to the CRI socket to connect. If empty kubeadm will try to auto-detect this value; use this option only if you have more than one CRI installed or if you have non-standard CRI socket.
-h, --help
help for kubelet-start
--node-name string
Specify the node name.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.64 -
Mark a node as a control-plane
Synopsis
Mark a node as a control-plane
kubeadm init phase mark-control-plane [flags]
Examples
# Applies control-plane label and taint to the current node, functionally equivalent to what executed by kubeadm init.
kubeadm init phase mark-control-plane --config config.yaml
# Applies control-plane label and taint to a specific node
kubeadm init phase mark-control-plane --node-name myNode
Options
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
-h, --help
help for mark-control-plane
--node-name string
Specify the node name.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.65 -
Run pre-flight checks
Synopsis
Run pre-flight checks for kubeadm init.
kubeadm init phase preflight [flags]
Examples
# Run pre-flight checks for kubeadm init using a config file.
kubeadm init phase preflight --config kubeadm-config.yaml
Options
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
-h, --help
help for preflight
--ignore-preflight-errors strings
A list of checks whose errors will be shown as warnings. Example: 'IsPrivilegedUser,Swap'. Value 'all' ignores errors from all checks.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.66 -
Upload certificates to kubeadm-certs
Synopsis
This command is not meant to be run on its own. See list of available subcommands.
kubeadm init phase upload-certs [flags]
Options
--certificate-key string
Key used to encrypt the control-plane certificates in the kubeadm-certs Secret.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--skip-certificate-key-print
Don't print the key used to encrypt the control-plane certificates.
--upload-certs
Upload control-plane certificates to the kubeadm-certs Secret.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.67 -
Upload the kubeadm and kubelet configuration to a ConfigMap
Synopsis
This command is not meant to be run on its own. See list of available subcommands.
kubeadm init phase upload-config [flags]
Options
-h, --help
help for upload-config
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.69 -
Upload the kubeadm ClusterConfiguration to a ConfigMap
Synopsis
Upload the kubeadm ClusterConfiguration to a ConfigMap called kubeadm-config in the kube-system namespace. This enables correct configuration of system components and a seamless user experience when upgrading.
Alternatively, you can use kubeadm config.
kubeadm init phase upload-config kubeadm [flags]
Examples
# upload the configuration of your cluster
kubeadm init phase upload-config --config=myConfig.yaml
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.70 -
Upload the kubelet component config to a ConfigMap
Synopsis
Upload kubelet configuration extracted from the kubeadm InitConfiguration object to a ConfigMap of the form kubelet-config-1.X in the cluster, where X is the minor version of the current (API Server) Kubernetes version.
kubeadm init phase upload-config kubelet [flags]
Examples
# Upload the kubelet configuration from the kubeadm Config file to a ConfigMap in the cluster.
kubeadm init phase upload-config kubelet --config kubeadm.yaml
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.71 -
Run this on any machine you wish to join an existing cluster
Synopsis
When joining a kubeadm initialized cluster, we need to establish
bidirectional trust. This is split into discovery (having the Node
trust the Kubernetes Control Plane) and TLS bootstrap (having the
Kubernetes Control Plane trust the Node).
There are 2 main schemes for discovery. The first is to use a shared
token along with the IP address of the API server. The second is to
provide a file - a subset of the standard kubeconfig file. This file
can be a local file or downloaded via an HTTPS URL. The forms are
kubeadm join --discovery-token abcdef.1234567890abcdef 1.2.3.4:6443,
kubeadm join --discovery-file path/to/file.conf, or kubeadm join
--discovery-file https://url/file.conf. Only one form can be used. If
the discovery information is loaded from a URL, HTTPS must be used.
Also, in that case the host installed CA bundle is used to verify
the connection.
If you use a shared token for discovery, you should also pass the
--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash flag to validate the public key of the
root certificate authority (CA) presented by the Kubernetes Control Plane.
The value of this flag is specified as "<hash-type>:<hex-encoded-value>",
where the supported hash type is "sha256". The hash is calculated over
the bytes of the Subject Public Key Info (SPKI) object (as in RFC7469).
This value is available in the output of "kubeadm init" or can be
calculated using standard tools. The --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash flag
may be repeated multiple times to allow more than one public key.
If you cannot know the CA public key hash ahead of time, you can pass
the --discovery-token-unsafe-skip-ca-verification flag to disable this
verification. This weakens the kubeadm security model since other nodes
can potentially impersonate the Kubernetes Control Plane.
The TLS bootstrap mechanism is also driven via a shared token. This is
used to temporarily authenticate with the Kubernetes Control Plane to submit a
certificate signing request (CSR) for a locally created key pair. By
default, kubeadm will set up the Kubernetes Control Plane to automatically
approve these signing requests. This token is passed in with the
--tls-bootstrap-token abcdef.1234567890abcdef flag.
Often times the same token is used for both parts. In this case, the
--token flag can be used instead of specifying each token individually.
The "join [api-server-endpoint]" command executes the following phases:
preflight Run join pre-flight checks
control-plane-prepare Prepare the machine for serving a control plane
/download-certs [EXPERIMENTAL] Download certificates shared among control-plane nodes from the kubeadm-certs Secret
/certs Generate the certificates for the new control plane components
/kubeconfig Generate the kubeconfig for the new control plane components
/control-plane Generate the manifests for the new control plane components
kubelet-start Write kubelet settings, certificates and (re)start the kubelet
control-plane-join Join a machine as a control plane instance
/etcd Add a new local etcd member
/update-status Register the new control-plane node into the ClusterStatus maintained in the kubeadm-config ConfigMap (DEPRECATED)
/mark-control-plane Mark a node as a control-plane
kubeadm join [api-server-endpoint] [flags]
Options
--apiserver-advertise-address string
If the node should host a new control plane instance, the IP address the API Server will advertise it's listening on. If not set the default network interface will be used.
--apiserver-bind-port int32 Default: 6443
If the node should host a new control plane instance, the port for the API Server to bind to.
--certificate-key string
Use this key to decrypt the certificate secrets uploaded by init.
--config string
Path to kubeadm config file.
--control-plane
Create a new control plane instance on this node
--cri-socket string
Path to the CRI socket to connect. If empty kubeadm will try to auto-detect this value; use this option only if you have more than one CRI installed or if you have non-standard CRI socket.
--discovery-file string
For file-based discovery, a file or URL from which to load cluster information.
--discovery-token string
For token-based discovery, the token used to validate cluster information fetched from the API server.
--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash strings
For token-based discovery, validate that the root CA public key matches this hash (format: "<type>:<value>").
--discovery-token-unsafe-skip-ca-verification
For token-based discovery, allow joining without --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash pinning.
--dry-run
Don't apply any changes; just output what would be done.
-h, --help
help for join
--ignore-preflight-errors strings
A list of checks whose errors will be shown as warnings. Example: 'IsPrivilegedUser,Swap'. Value 'all' ignores errors from all checks.
--node-name string
Specify the node name.
--patches string
Path to a directory that contains files named "target[suffix][+patchtype].extension". For example, "kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml" or just "etcd.json". "target" can be one of "kube-apiserver", "kube-controller-manager", "kube-scheduler", "etcd". "patchtype" can be one of "strategic", "merge" or "json" and they match the patch formats supported by kubectl. The default "patchtype" is "strategic". "extension" must be either "json" or "yaml". "suffix" is an optional string that can be used to determine which patches are applied first alpha-numerically.
--skip-phases strings
List of phases to be skipped
--tls-bootstrap-token string
Specify the token used to temporarily authenticate with the Kubernetes Control Plane while joining the node.
--token string
Use this token for both discovery-token and tls-bootstrap-token when those values are not provided.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.72 -
Use this command to invoke single phase of the join workflow
Synopsis
Use this command to invoke single phase of the join workflow
Options
-h, --help
help for phase
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.73 -
Join a machine as a control plane instance
Synopsis
Join a machine as a control plane instance
kubeadm join phase control-plane-join [flags]
Examples
# Joins a machine as a control plane instance
kubeadm join phase control-plane-join all
Options
-h, --help
help for control-plane-join
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.74 -
Join a machine as a control plane instance
Synopsis
Join a machine as a control plane instance
kubeadm join phase control-plane-join all [flags]
Options
--apiserver-advertise-address string
If the node should host a new control plane instance, the IP address the API Server will advertise it's listening on. If not set the default network interface will be used.
--config string
Path to kubeadm config file.
--control-plane
Create a new control plane instance on this node
-h, --help
help for all
--node-name string
Specify the node name.
--patches string
Path to a directory that contains files named "target[suffix][+patchtype].extension". For example, "kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml" or just "etcd.json". "target" can be one of "kube-apiserver", "kube-controller-manager", "kube-scheduler", "etcd". "patchtype" can be one of "strategic", "merge" or "json" and they match the patch formats supported by kubectl. The default "patchtype" is "strategic". "extension" must be either "json" or "yaml". "suffix" is an optional string that can be used to determine which patches are applied first alpha-numerically.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
If the node should host a new control plane instance, the IP address the API Server will advertise it's listening on. If not set the default network interface will be used.
--config string
Path to kubeadm config file.
--control-plane
Create a new control plane instance on this node
-h, --help
help for etcd
--node-name string
Specify the node name.
--patches string
Path to a directory that contains files named "target[suffix][+patchtype].extension". For example, "kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml" or just "etcd.json". "target" can be one of "kube-apiserver", "kube-controller-manager", "kube-scheduler", "etcd". "patchtype" can be one of "strategic", "merge" or "json" and they match the patch formats supported by kubectl. The default "patchtype" is "strategic". "extension" must be either "json" or "yaml". "suffix" is an optional string that can be used to determine which patches are applied first alpha-numerically.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
If the node should host a new control plane instance, the IP address the API Server will advertise it's listening on. If not set the default network interface will be used.
--config string
Path to kubeadm config file.
--control-plane
Create a new control plane instance on this node
-h, --help
help for update-status
--node-name string
Specify the node name.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.78 -
Prepare the machine for serving a control plane
Synopsis
Prepare the machine for serving a control plane
kubeadm join phase control-plane-prepare [flags]
Examples
# Prepares the machine for serving a control plane
kubeadm join phase control-plane-prepare all
Options
-h, --help
help for control-plane-prepare
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.79 -
Prepare the machine for serving a control plane
Synopsis
Prepare the machine for serving a control plane
kubeadm join phase control-plane-prepare all [api-server-endpoint] [flags]
Options
--apiserver-advertise-address string
If the node should host a new control plane instance, the IP address the API Server will advertise it's listening on. If not set the default network interface will be used.
--apiserver-bind-port int32 Default: 6443
If the node should host a new control plane instance, the port for the API Server to bind to.
--certificate-key string
Use this key to decrypt the certificate secrets uploaded by init.
--config string
Path to kubeadm config file.
--control-plane
Create a new control plane instance on this node
--discovery-file string
For file-based discovery, a file or URL from which to load cluster information.
--discovery-token string
For token-based discovery, the token used to validate cluster information fetched from the API server.
--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash strings
For token-based discovery, validate that the root CA public key matches this hash (format: "<type>:<value>").
--discovery-token-unsafe-skip-ca-verification
For token-based discovery, allow joining without --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash pinning.
-h, --help
help for all
--node-name string
Specify the node name.
--patches string
Path to a directory that contains files named "target[suffix][+patchtype].extension". For example, "kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml" or just "etcd.json". "target" can be one of "kube-apiserver", "kube-controller-manager", "kube-scheduler", "etcd". "patchtype" can be one of "strategic", "merge" or "json" and they match the patch formats supported by kubectl. The default "patchtype" is "strategic". "extension" must be either "json" or "yaml". "suffix" is an optional string that can be used to determine which patches are applied first alpha-numerically.
--tls-bootstrap-token string
Specify the token used to temporarily authenticate with the Kubernetes Control Plane while joining the node.
--token string
Use this token for both discovery-token and tls-bootstrap-token when those values are not provided.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.80 -
Generate the certificates for the new control plane components
Synopsis
Generate the certificates for the new control plane components
If the node should host a new control plane instance, the IP address the API Server will advertise it's listening on. If not set the default network interface will be used.
--config string
Path to kubeadm config file.
--control-plane
Create a new control plane instance on this node
--discovery-file string
For file-based discovery, a file or URL from which to load cluster information.
--discovery-token string
For token-based discovery, the token used to validate cluster information fetched from the API server.
--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash strings
For token-based discovery, validate that the root CA public key matches this hash (format: "<type>:<value>").
--discovery-token-unsafe-skip-ca-verification
For token-based discovery, allow joining without --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash pinning.
-h, --help
help for certs
--node-name string
Specify the node name.
--tls-bootstrap-token string
Specify the token used to temporarily authenticate with the Kubernetes Control Plane while joining the node.
--token string
Use this token for both discovery-token and tls-bootstrap-token when those values are not provided.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.81 -
Generate the manifests for the new control plane components
Synopsis
Generate the manifests for the new control plane components
If the node should host a new control plane instance, the IP address the API Server will advertise it's listening on. If not set the default network interface will be used.
--apiserver-bind-port int32 Default: 6443
If the node should host a new control plane instance, the port for the API Server to bind to.
--config string
Path to kubeadm config file.
--control-plane
Create a new control plane instance on this node
-h, --help
help for control-plane
--patches string
Path to a directory that contains files named "target[suffix][+patchtype].extension". For example, "kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml" or just "etcd.json". "target" can be one of "kube-apiserver", "kube-controller-manager", "kube-scheduler", "etcd". "patchtype" can be one of "strategic", "merge" or "json" and they match the patch formats supported by kubectl. The default "patchtype" is "strategic". "extension" must be either "json" or "yaml". "suffix" is an optional string that can be used to determine which patches are applied first alpha-numerically.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.82 -
[EXPERIMENTAL] Download certificates shared among control-plane nodes from the kubeadm-certs Secret
Synopsis
[EXPERIMENTAL] Download certificates shared among control-plane nodes from the kubeadm-certs Secret
Path to the CRI socket to connect. If empty kubeadm will try to auto-detect this value; use this option only if you have more than one CRI installed or if you have non-standard CRI socket.
--discovery-file string
For file-based discovery, a file or URL from which to load cluster information.
--discovery-token string
For token-based discovery, the token used to validate cluster information fetched from the API server.
--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash strings
For token-based discovery, validate that the root CA public key matches this hash (format: "<type>:<value>").
--discovery-token-unsafe-skip-ca-verification
For token-based discovery, allow joining without --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash pinning.
-h, --help
help for kubelet-start
--node-name string
Specify the node name.
--tls-bootstrap-token string
Specify the token used to temporarily authenticate with the Kubernetes Control Plane while joining the node.
--token string
Use this token for both discovery-token and tls-bootstrap-token when those values are not provided.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
# Run join pre-flight checks using a config file.
kubeadm join phase preflight --config kubeadm-config.yaml
Options
--apiserver-advertise-address string
If the node should host a new control plane instance, the IP address the API Server will advertise it's listening on. If not set the default network interface will be used.
--apiserver-bind-port int32 Default: 6443
If the node should host a new control plane instance, the port for the API Server to bind to.
--certificate-key string
Use this key to decrypt the certificate secrets uploaded by init.
--config string
Path to kubeadm config file.
--control-plane
Create a new control plane instance on this node
--cri-socket string
Path to the CRI socket to connect. If empty kubeadm will try to auto-detect this value; use this option only if you have more than one CRI installed or if you have non-standard CRI socket.
--discovery-file string
For file-based discovery, a file or URL from which to load cluster information.
--discovery-token string
For token-based discovery, the token used to validate cluster information fetched from the API server.
--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash strings
For token-based discovery, validate that the root CA public key matches this hash (format: "<type>:<value>").
--discovery-token-unsafe-skip-ca-verification
For token-based discovery, allow joining without --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash pinning.
-h, --help
help for preflight
--ignore-preflight-errors strings
A list of checks whose errors will be shown as warnings. Example: 'IsPrivilegedUser,Swap'. Value 'all' ignores errors from all checks.
--node-name string
Specify the node name.
--tls-bootstrap-token string
Specify the token used to temporarily authenticate with the Kubernetes Control Plane while joining the node.
--token string
Use this token for both discovery-token and tls-bootstrap-token when those values are not provided.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.86 -
Kubeconfig file utilities
Synopsis
Kubeconfig file utilities.
Options
-h, --help
help for kubeconfig
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.87 -
Output a kubeconfig file for an additional user
Synopsis
Output a kubeconfig file for an additional user.
kubeadm kubeconfig user [flags]
Examples
# Output a kubeconfig file for an additional user named foo using a kubeadm config file bar
kubeadm kubeconfig user --client-name=foo --config=bar
Options
--client-name string
The name of user. It will be used as the CN if client certificates are created
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
-h, --help
help for user
--org strings
The orgnizations of the client certificate. It will be used as the O if client certificates are created
--token string
The token that should be used as the authentication mechanism for this kubeconfig, instead of client certificates
--validity-period duration Default: 8760h0m0s
The validity period of the client certificate. It is an offset from the current time.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.88 -
Performs a best effort revert of changes made to this host by 'kubeadm init' or 'kubeadm join'
Synopsis
Performs a best effort revert of changes made to this host by 'kubeadm init' or 'kubeadm join'
The "reset" command executes the following phases:
preflight Run reset pre-flight checks
remove-etcd-member Remove a local etcd member.
cleanup-node Run cleanup node.
kubeadm reset [flags]
Options
--cert-dir string Default: "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
The path to the directory where the certificates are stored. If specified, clean this directory.
--cri-socket string
Path to the CRI socket to connect. If empty kubeadm will try to auto-detect this value; use this option only if you have more than one CRI installed or if you have non-standard CRI socket.
-f, --force
Reset the node without prompting for confirmation.
-h, --help
help for reset
--ignore-preflight-errors strings
A list of checks whose errors will be shown as warnings. Example: 'IsPrivilegedUser,Swap'. Value 'all' ignores errors from all checks.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--skip-phases strings
List of phases to be skipped
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.89 -
Use this command to invoke single phase of the reset workflow
Synopsis
Use this command to invoke single phase of the reset workflow
Options
-h, --help
help for phase
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.90 -
Run cleanup node.
Synopsis
Run cleanup node.
kubeadm reset phase cleanup-node [flags]
Options
--cert-dir string Default: "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
The path to the directory where the certificates are stored. If specified, clean this directory.
--cri-socket string
Path to the CRI socket to connect. If empty kubeadm will try to auto-detect this value; use this option only if you have more than one CRI installed or if you have non-standard CRI socket.
-h, --help
help for cleanup-node
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.91 -
Run reset pre-flight checks
Synopsis
Run pre-flight checks for kubeadm reset.
kubeadm reset phase preflight [flags]
Options
-f, --force
Reset the node without prompting for confirmation.
-h, --help
help for preflight
--ignore-preflight-errors strings
A list of checks whose errors will be shown as warnings. Example: 'IsPrivilegedUser,Swap'. Value 'all' ignores errors from all checks.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.92 -
Remove a local etcd member.
Synopsis
Remove a local etcd member for a control plane node.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.93 -
Manage bootstrap tokens
Synopsis
This command manages bootstrap tokens. It is optional and needed only for advanced use cases.
In short, bootstrap tokens are used for establishing bidirectional trust between a client and a server.
A bootstrap token can be used when a client (for example a node that is about to join the cluster) needs
to trust the server it is talking to. Then a bootstrap token with the "signing" usage can be used.
bootstrap tokens can also function as a way to allow short-lived authentication to the API Server
(the token serves as a way for the API Server to trust the client), for example for doing the TLS Bootstrap.
What is a bootstrap token more exactly?
It is a Secret in the kube-system namespace of type "bootstrap.kubernetes.io/token".
A bootstrap token must be of the form "[a-z0-9]{6}.[a-z0-9]{16}". The former part is the public token ID,
while the latter is the Token Secret and it must be kept private at all circumstances!
The name of the Secret must be named "bootstrap-token-(token-id)".
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.94 -
Create bootstrap tokens on the server
Synopsis
This command will create a bootstrap token for you.
You can specify the usages for this token, the "time to live" and an optional human friendly description.
The [token] is the actual token to write.
This should be a securely generated random token of the form "[a-z0-9]{6}.[a-z0-9]{16}".
If no [token] is given, kubeadm will generate a random token instead.
kubeadm token create [token]
Options
--certificate-key string
When used together with '--print-join-command', print the full 'kubeadm join' flag needed to join the cluster as a control-plane. To create a new certificate key you must use 'kubeadm init phase upload-certs --upload-certs'.
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
--description string
A human friendly description of how this token is used.
Describes the ways in which this token can be used. You can pass --usages multiple times or provide a comma separated list of options. Valid options: [signing,authentication]
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.95 -
Delete bootstrap tokens on the server
Synopsis
This command will delete a list of bootstrap tokens for you.
The [token-value] is the full Token of the form "[a-z0-9]{6}.[a-z0-9]{16}" or the
Token ID of the form "[a-z0-9]{6}" to delete.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.96 -
Generate and print a bootstrap token, but do not create it on the server
Synopsis
This command will print out a randomly-generated bootstrap token that can be used with
the "init" and "join" commands.
You don't have to use this command in order to generate a token. You can do so
yourself as long as it is in the format "[a-z0-9]{6}.[a-z0-9]{16}". This
command is provided for convenience to generate tokens in the given format.
You can also use "kubeadm init" without specifying a token and it will
generate and print one for you.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.97 -
List bootstrap tokens on the server
Synopsis
This command will list all bootstrap tokens for you.
kubeadm token list [flags]
Options
--allow-missing-template-keys Default: true
If true, ignore any errors in templates when a field or map key is missing in the template. Only applies to golang and jsonpath output formats.
-o, --experimental-output string Default: "text"
Output format. One of: text|json|yaml|go-template|go-template-file|template|templatefile|jsonpath|jsonpath-as-json|jsonpath-file.
-h, --help
help for list
--show-managed-fields
If true, keep the managedFields when printing objects in JSON or YAML format.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.98 -
Upgrade your cluster smoothly to a newer version with this command
Synopsis
Upgrade your cluster smoothly to a newer version with this command
kubeadm upgrade [flags]
Options
-h, --help
help for upgrade
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.99 -
Upgrade your Kubernetes cluster to the specified version
Synopsis
Upgrade your Kubernetes cluster to the specified version
kubeadm upgrade apply [version]
Options
--allow-experimental-upgrades
Show unstable versions of Kubernetes as an upgrade alternative and allow upgrading to an alpha/beta/release candidate versions of Kubernetes.
--allow-release-candidate-upgrades
Show release candidate versions of Kubernetes as an upgrade alternative and allow upgrading to a release candidate versions of Kubernetes.
--certificate-renewal Default: true
Perform the renewal of certificates used by component changed during upgrades.
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
--dry-run
Do not change any state, just output what actions would be performed.
--etcd-upgrade Default: true
Perform the upgrade of etcd.
--feature-gates string
A set of key=value pairs that describe feature gates for various features. Options are: PublicKeysECDSA=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) RootlessControlPlane=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) UnversionedKubeletConfigMap=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)
-f, --force
Force upgrading although some requirements might not be met. This also implies non-interactive mode.
-h, --help
help for apply
--ignore-preflight-errors strings
A list of checks whose errors will be shown as warnings. Example: 'IsPrivilegedUser,Swap'. Value 'all' ignores errors from all checks.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--patches string
Path to a directory that contains files named "target[suffix][+patchtype].extension". For example, "kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml" or just "etcd.json". "target" can be one of "kube-apiserver", "kube-controller-manager", "kube-scheduler", "etcd". "patchtype" can be one of "strategic", "merge" or "json" and they match the patch formats supported by kubectl. The default "patchtype" is "strategic". "extension" must be either "json" or "yaml". "suffix" is an optional string that can be used to determine which patches are applied first alpha-numerically.
--print-config
Specifies whether the configuration file that will be used in the upgrade should be printed or not.
-y, --yes
Perform the upgrade and do not prompt for confirmation (non-interactive mode).
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.100 -
Show what differences would be applied to existing static pod manifests. See also: kubeadm upgrade apply --dry-run
Synopsis
Show what differences would be applied to existing static pod manifests. See also: kubeadm upgrade apply --dry-run
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.101 -
Upgrade commands for a node in the cluster
Synopsis
Upgrade commands for a node in the cluster
The "node" command executes the following phases:
preflight Run upgrade node pre-flight checks
control-plane Upgrade the control plane instance deployed on this node, if any
kubelet-config Upgrade the kubelet configuration for this node
kubeadm upgrade node [flags]
Options
--certificate-renewal Default: true
Perform the renewal of certificates used by component changed during upgrades.
--dry-run
Do not change any state, just output the actions that would be performed.
--etcd-upgrade Default: true
Perform the upgrade of etcd.
-h, --help
help for node
--ignore-preflight-errors strings
A list of checks whose errors will be shown as warnings. Example: 'IsPrivilegedUser,Swap'. Value 'all' ignores errors from all checks.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--patches string
Path to a directory that contains files named "target[suffix][+patchtype].extension". For example, "kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml" or just "etcd.json". "target" can be one of "kube-apiserver", "kube-controller-manager", "kube-scheduler", "etcd". "patchtype" can be one of "strategic", "merge" or "json" and they match the patch formats supported by kubectl. The default "patchtype" is "strategic". "extension" must be either "json" or "yaml". "suffix" is an optional string that can be used to determine which patches are applied first alpha-numerically.
--skip-phases strings
List of phases to be skipped
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.102 -
Use this command to invoke single phase of the node workflow
Synopsis
Use this command to invoke single phase of the node workflow
Options
-h, --help
help for phase
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.103 -
Upgrade the control plane instance deployed on this node, if any
Synopsis
Upgrade the control plane instance deployed on this node, if any
kubeadm upgrade node phase control-plane [flags]
Options
--certificate-renewal Default: true
Perform the renewal of certificates used by component changed during upgrades.
--dry-run
Do not change any state, just output the actions that would be performed.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--patches string
Path to a directory that contains files named "target[suffix][+patchtype].extension". For example, "kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml" or just "etcd.json". "target" can be one of "kube-apiserver", "kube-controller-manager", "kube-scheduler", "etcd". "patchtype" can be one of "strategic", "merge" or "json" and they match the patch formats supported by kubectl. The default "patchtype" is "strategic". "extension" must be either "json" or "yaml". "suffix" is an optional string that can be used to determine which patches are applied first alpha-numerically.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.104 -
Upgrade the kubelet configuration for this node
Synopsis
Download the kubelet configuration from a ConfigMap of the form "kubelet-config-1.X" in the cluster, where X is the minor version of the kubelet. kubeadm uses the KuberneteVersion field in the kubeadm-config ConfigMap to determine what the desired kubelet version is.
kubeadm upgrade node phase kubelet-config [flags]
Options
--dry-run
Do not change any state, just output the actions that would be performed.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.105 -
Run upgrade node pre-flight checks
Synopsis
Run pre-flight checks for kubeadm upgrade node.
kubeadm upgrade node phase preflight [flags]
Options
-h, --help
help for preflight
--ignore-preflight-errors strings
A list of checks whose errors will be shown as warnings. Example: 'IsPrivilegedUser,Swap'. Value 'all' ignores errors from all checks.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.106 -
Check which versions are available to upgrade to and validate whether your current cluster is upgradeable. To skip the internet check, pass in the optional [version] parameter
Synopsis
Check which versions are available to upgrade to and validate whether your current cluster is upgradeable. To skip the internet check, pass in the optional [version] parameter
kubeadm upgrade plan [version] [flags]
Options
--allow-experimental-upgrades
Show unstable versions of Kubernetes as an upgrade alternative and allow upgrading to an alpha/beta/release candidate versions of Kubernetes.
--allow-release-candidate-upgrades
Show release candidate versions of Kubernetes as an upgrade alternative and allow upgrading to a release candidate versions of Kubernetes.
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
--feature-gates string
A set of key=value pairs that describe feature gates for various features. Options are: PublicKeysECDSA=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) RootlessControlPlane=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) UnversionedKubeletConfigMap=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)
-h, --help
help for plan
--ignore-preflight-errors strings
A list of checks whose errors will be shown as warnings. Example: 'IsPrivilegedUser,Swap'. Value 'all' ignores errors from all checks.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--print-config
Specifies whether the configuration file that will be used in the upgrade should be printed or not.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.107 -
Print the version of kubeadm
Synopsis
Print the version of kubeadm
kubeadm version [flags]
Options
-h, --help
help for version
-o, --output string
Output format; available options are 'yaml', 'json' and 'short'
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.1.108 -
All files in this directory are auto-generated from other repos. Do not edit them manually. You must edit them in their upstream repo.
9.1.2 - kubeadm init
This command initializes a Kubernetes control-plane node.
Run this command in order to set up the Kubernetes control plane
Synopsis
Run this command in order to set up the Kubernetes control plane
The "init" command executes the following phases:
preflight Run pre-flight checks
certs Certificate generation
/ca Generate the self-signed Kubernetes CA to provision identities for other Kubernetes components
/apiserver Generate the certificate for serving the Kubernetes API
/apiserver-kubelet-client Generate the certificate for the API server to connect to kubelet
/front-proxy-ca Generate the self-signed CA to provision identities for front proxy
/front-proxy-client Generate the certificate for the front proxy client
/etcd-ca Generate the self-signed CA to provision identities for etcd
/etcd-server Generate the certificate for serving etcd
/etcd-peer Generate the certificate for etcd nodes to communicate with each other
/etcd-healthcheck-client Generate the certificate for liveness probes to healthcheck etcd
/apiserver-etcd-client Generate the certificate the apiserver uses to access etcd
/sa Generate a private key for signing service account tokens along with its public key
kubeconfig Generate all kubeconfig files necessary to establish the control plane and the admin kubeconfig file
/admin Generate a kubeconfig file for the admin to use and for kubeadm itself
/kubelet Generate a kubeconfig file for the kubelet to use *only* for cluster bootstrapping purposes
/controller-manager Generate a kubeconfig file for the controller manager to use
/scheduler Generate a kubeconfig file for the scheduler to use
kubelet-start Write kubelet settings and (re)start the kubelet
control-plane Generate all static Pod manifest files necessary to establish the control plane
/apiserver Generates the kube-apiserver static Pod manifest
/controller-manager Generates the kube-controller-manager static Pod manifest
/scheduler Generates the kube-scheduler static Pod manifest
etcd Generate static Pod manifest file for local etcd
/local Generate the static Pod manifest file for a local, single-node local etcd instance
upload-config Upload the kubeadm and kubelet configuration to a ConfigMap
/kubeadm Upload the kubeadm ClusterConfiguration to a ConfigMap
/kubelet Upload the kubelet component config to a ConfigMap
upload-certs Upload certificates to kubeadm-certs
mark-control-plane Mark a node as a control-plane
bootstrap-token Generates bootstrap tokens used to join a node to a cluster
kubelet-finalize Updates settings relevant to the kubelet after TLS bootstrap
/experimental-cert-rotation Enable kubelet client certificate rotation
addon Install required addons for passing conformance tests
/coredns Install the CoreDNS addon to a Kubernetes cluster
/kube-proxy Install the kube-proxy addon to a Kubernetes cluster
kubeadm init [flags]
Options
--apiserver-advertise-address string
The IP address the API Server will advertise it's listening on. If not set the default network interface will be used.
--apiserver-bind-port int32 Default: 6443
Port for the API Server to bind to.
--apiserver-cert-extra-sans strings
Optional extra Subject Alternative Names (SANs) to use for the API Server serving certificate. Can be both IP addresses and DNS names.
--cert-dir string Default: "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
The path where to save and store the certificates.
--certificate-key string
Key used to encrypt the control-plane certificates in the kubeadm-certs Secret.
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
--control-plane-endpoint string
Specify a stable IP address or DNS name for the control plane.
--cri-socket string
Path to the CRI socket to connect. If empty kubeadm will try to auto-detect this value; use this option only if you have more than one CRI installed or if you have non-standard CRI socket.
--dry-run
Don't apply any changes; just output what would be done.
--feature-gates string
A set of key=value pairs that describe feature gates for various features. Options are: PublicKeysECDSA=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) RootlessControlPlane=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) UnversionedKubeletConfigMap=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)
-h, --help
help for init
--ignore-preflight-errors strings
A list of checks whose errors will be shown as warnings. Example: 'IsPrivilegedUser,Swap'. Value 'all' ignores errors from all checks.
--image-repository string Default: "k8s.gcr.io"
Choose a container registry to pull control plane images from
--kubernetes-version string Default: "stable-1"
Choose a specific Kubernetes version for the control plane.
--node-name string
Specify the node name.
--patches string
Path to a directory that contains files named "target[suffix][+patchtype].extension". For example, "kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml" or just "etcd.json". "target" can be one of "kube-apiserver", "kube-controller-manager", "kube-scheduler", "etcd". "patchtype" can be one of "strategic", "merge" or "json" and they match the patch formats supported by kubectl. The default "patchtype" is "strategic". "extension" must be either "json" or "yaml". "suffix" is an optional string that can be used to determine which patches are applied first alpha-numerically.
--pod-network-cidr string
Specify range of IP addresses for the pod network. If set, the control plane will automatically allocate CIDRs for every node.
--service-cidr string Default: "10.96.0.0/12"
Use alternative range of IP address for service VIPs.
Use alternative domain for services, e.g. "myorg.internal".
--skip-certificate-key-print
Don't print the key used to encrypt the control-plane certificates.
--skip-phases strings
List of phases to be skipped
--skip-token-print
Skip printing of the default bootstrap token generated by 'kubeadm init'.
--token string
The token to use for establishing bidirectional trust between nodes and control-plane nodes. The format is [a-z0-9]{6}.[a-z0-9]{16} - e.g. abcdef.0123456789abcdef
--token-ttl duration Default: 24h0m0s
The duration before the token is automatically deleted (e.g. 1s, 2m, 3h). If set to '0', the token will never expire
--upload-certs
Upload control-plane certificates to the kubeadm-certs Secret.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
Init workflow
kubeadm init bootstraps a Kubernetes control-plane node by executing the
following steps:
Runs a series of pre-flight checks to validate the system state
before making changes. Some checks only trigger warnings, others are
considered errors and will exit kubeadm until the problem is corrected or the
user specifies --ignore-preflight-errors=<list-of-errors>.
Generates a self-signed CA to set up identities for each component in the cluster. The user can provide their
own CA cert and/or key by dropping it in the cert directory configured via --cert-dir
(/etc/kubernetes/pki by default).
The APIServer certs will have additional SAN entries for any --apiserver-cert-extra-sans arguments, lowercased if necessary.
Writes kubeconfig files in /etc/kubernetes/ for
the kubelet, the controller-manager and the scheduler to use to connect to the
API server, each with its own identity, as well as an additional
kubeconfig file for administration named admin.conf.
Generates static Pod manifests for the API server,
controller-manager and scheduler. In case an external etcd is not provided,
an additional static Pod manifest is generated for etcd.
Static Pod manifests are written to /etc/kubernetes/manifests; the kubelet
watches this directory for Pods to create on startup.
Once control plane Pods are up and running, the kubeadm init sequence can continue.
Apply labels and taints to the control-plane node so that no additional workloads will
run there.
Generates the token that additional nodes can use to register
themselves with a control-plane in the future. Optionally, the user can provide a
token via --token, as described in the
kubeadm token docs.
Makes all the necessary configurations for allowing node joining with the
Bootstrap Tokens and
TLS Bootstrap
mechanism:
Write a ConfigMap for making available all the information required
for joining, and set up related RBAC access rules.
Installs a DNS server (CoreDNS) and the kube-proxy addon components via the API server.
In Kubernetes version 1.11 and later CoreDNS is the default DNS server.
Please note that although the DNS server is deployed, it will not be scheduled until CNI is installed.
Warning: kube-dns usage with kubeadm is deprecated as of v1.18 and is removed in v1.21.
Using init phases with kubeadm
Kubeadm allows you to create a control-plane node in phases using the kubeadm init phase command.
To view the ordered list of phases and sub-phases you can call kubeadm init --help. The list will be located at the top of the help screen and each phase will have a description next to it.
Note that by calling kubeadm init all of the phases and sub-phases will be executed in this exact order.
Some phases have unique flags, so if you want to have a look at the list of available options add --help, for example:
You can also use --help to see the list of sub-phases for a certain parent phase:
sudo kubeadm init phase control-plane --help
kubeadm init also exposes a flag called --skip-phases that can be used to skip certain phases. The flag accepts a list of phase names and the names can be taken from the above ordered list.
An example:
sudo kubeadm init phase control-plane all --config=configfile.yaml
sudo kubeadm init phase etcd local --config=configfile.yaml
# you can now modify the control plane and etcd manifest files
sudo kubeadm init --skip-phases=control-plane,etcd --config=configfile.yaml
What this example would do is write the manifest files for the control plane and etcd in /etc/kubernetes/manifests based on the configuration in configfile.yaml. This allows you to modify the files and then skip these phases using --skip-phases. By calling the last command you will create a control plane node with the custom manifest files.
FEATURE STATE:Kubernetes v1.22 [beta]
Alternatively, you can use the skipPhases field under InitConfiguration.
Using kubeadm init with a configuration file
Caution: The config file is still considered beta and may change in future versions.
It's possible to configure kubeadm init with a configuration file instead of command
line flags, and some more advanced features may only be available as
configuration file options. This file is passed using the --config flag and it must
contain a ClusterConfiguration structure and optionally more structures separated by ---\n
Mixing --config with others flags may not be allowed in some cases.
The default configuration can be printed out using the
kubeadm config print command.
If your configuration is not using the latest version it is recommended that you migrate using
the kubeadm config migrate command.
For more information on the fields and usage of the configuration you can navigate to our
API reference page.
Adding kube-proxy parameters
For information about kube-proxy parameters in the kubeadm configuration see:
For running kubeadm without an Internet connection you have to pre-pull the required control-plane images.
You can list and pull the images using the kubeadm config images sub-command:
kubeadm config images list
kubeadm config images pull
You can pass --config to the above commands with a kubeadm configuration file
to control the kubernetesVersion and imageRepository fields.
All default k8s.gcr.io images that kubeadm requires support multiple architectures.
Using custom images
By default, kubeadm pulls images from k8s.gcr.io. If the
requested Kubernetes version is a CI label (such as ci/latest)
gcr.io/k8s-staging-ci-images is used.
To provide kubernetesVersion which affects the version of the images.
To provide an alternative imageRepository to be used instead of
k8s.gcr.io.
To provide a specific imageRepository and imageTag for etcd or CoreDNS.
Image paths between the default k8s.gcr.io and a custom repository specified using
imageRepository may differ for backwards compatibility reasons. For example,
one image might have a subpath at k8s.gcr.io/subpath/image, but be defaulted
to my.customrepository.io/image when using a custom repository.
To ensure you push the images to your custom repository in paths that kubeadm
can consume, you must:
Pull images from the defaults paths at k8s.gcr.io using kubeadm config images {list|pull}.
Push images to the paths from kubeadm config images list --config=config.yaml,
where config.yaml contains the custom imageRepository, and/or imageTag
for etcd and CoreDNS.
Pass the same config.yaml to kubeadm init.
Uploading control-plane certificates to the cluster
By adding the flag --upload-certs to kubeadm init you can temporary upload
the control-plane certificates to a Secret in the cluster. Please note that this Secret
will expire automatically after 2 hours. The certificates are encrypted using
a 32byte key that can be specified using --certificate-key. The same key can be used
to download the certificates when additional control-plane nodes are joining, by passing
--control-plane and --certificate-key to kubeadm join.
The following phase command can be used to re-upload the certificates after expiration:
If the flag --certificate-key is not passed to kubeadm init and
kubeadm init phase upload-certs a new key will be generated automatically.
The following command can be used to generate a new key on demand:
kubeadm certs certificate-key
Certificate management with kubeadm
For detailed information on certificate management with kubeadm see
Certificate Management with kubeadm.
The document includes information about using external CA, custom certificates
and certificate renewal.
Managing the kubeadm drop-in file for the kubelet
The kubeadm package ships with a configuration file for running the kubelet by systemd. Note that the kubeadm CLI never touches this drop-in file. This drop-in file is part of the kubeadm DEB/RPM package.
By default kubeadm attempts to detect your container runtime. For more details on this detection, see
the kubeadm CRI installation guide.
Setting the node name
By default, kubeadm assigns a node name based on a machine's host address. You can override this setting with the --node-name flag.
The flag passes the appropriate --hostname-override
value to the kubelet.
Rather than copying the token you obtained from kubeadm init to each node, as
in the basic kubeadm tutorial, you can parallelize the
token distribution for easier automation. To implement this automation, you must
know the IP address that the control-plane node will have after it is started,
or use a DNS name or an address of a load balancer.
Generate a token. This token must have the form <6 character string>.<16 character string>. More formally, it must match the regex:
[a-z0-9]{6}\.[a-z0-9]{16}.
kubeadm can generate a token for you:
kubeadm token generate
Start both the control-plane node and the worker nodes concurrently with this token.
As they come up they should find each other and form the cluster. The same
--token argument can be used on both kubeadm init and kubeadm join.
Similar can be done for --certificate-key when joining additional control-plane
nodes. The key can be generated using:
kubeadm certs certificate-key
Once the cluster is up, you can grab the admin credentials from the control-plane node
at /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf and use that to talk to the cluster.
Note that this style of bootstrap has some relaxed security guarantees because
it does not allow the root CA hash to be validated with
--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash (since it's not generated when the nodes are
provisioned). For details, see the kubeadm join.
kubeadm join to bootstrap a Kubernetes worker node and join it to the cluster
kubeadm upgrade to upgrade a Kubernetes cluster to a newer version
kubeadm reset to revert any changes made to this host by kubeadm init or kubeadm join
9.1.3 - kubeadm join
This command initializes a Kubernetes worker node and joins it to the cluster.
Run this on any machine you wish to join an existing cluster
Synopsis
When joining a kubeadm initialized cluster, we need to establish
bidirectional trust. This is split into discovery (having the Node
trust the Kubernetes Control Plane) and TLS bootstrap (having the
Kubernetes Control Plane trust the Node).
There are 2 main schemes for discovery. The first is to use a shared
token along with the IP address of the API server. The second is to
provide a file - a subset of the standard kubeconfig file. This file
can be a local file or downloaded via an HTTPS URL. The forms are
kubeadm join --discovery-token abcdef.1234567890abcdef 1.2.3.4:6443,
kubeadm join --discovery-file path/to/file.conf, or kubeadm join
--discovery-file https://url/file.conf. Only one form can be used. If
the discovery information is loaded from a URL, HTTPS must be used.
Also, in that case the host installed CA bundle is used to verify
the connection.
If you use a shared token for discovery, you should also pass the
--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash flag to validate the public key of the
root certificate authority (CA) presented by the Kubernetes Control Plane.
The value of this flag is specified as "<hash-type>:<hex-encoded-value>",
where the supported hash type is "sha256". The hash is calculated over
the bytes of the Subject Public Key Info (SPKI) object (as in RFC7469).
This value is available in the output of "kubeadm init" or can be
calculated using standard tools. The --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash flag
may be repeated multiple times to allow more than one public key.
If you cannot know the CA public key hash ahead of time, you can pass
the --discovery-token-unsafe-skip-ca-verification flag to disable this
verification. This weakens the kubeadm security model since other nodes
can potentially impersonate the Kubernetes Control Plane.
The TLS bootstrap mechanism is also driven via a shared token. This is
used to temporarily authenticate with the Kubernetes Control Plane to submit a
certificate signing request (CSR) for a locally created key pair. By
default, kubeadm will set up the Kubernetes Control Plane to automatically
approve these signing requests. This token is passed in with the
--tls-bootstrap-token abcdef.1234567890abcdef flag.
Often times the same token is used for both parts. In this case, the
--token flag can be used instead of specifying each token individually.
The "join [api-server-endpoint]" command executes the following phases:
preflight Run join pre-flight checks
control-plane-prepare Prepare the machine for serving a control plane
/download-certs [EXPERIMENTAL] Download certificates shared among control-plane nodes from the kubeadm-certs Secret
/certs Generate the certificates for the new control plane components
/kubeconfig Generate the kubeconfig for the new control plane components
/control-plane Generate the manifests for the new control plane components
kubelet-start Write kubelet settings, certificates and (re)start the kubelet
control-plane-join Join a machine as a control plane instance
/etcd Add a new local etcd member
/update-status Register the new control-plane node into the ClusterStatus maintained in the kubeadm-config ConfigMap (DEPRECATED)
/mark-control-plane Mark a node as a control-plane
kubeadm join [api-server-endpoint] [flags]
Options
--apiserver-advertise-address string
If the node should host a new control plane instance, the IP address the API Server will advertise it's listening on. If not set the default network interface will be used.
--apiserver-bind-port int32 Default: 6443
If the node should host a new control plane instance, the port for the API Server to bind to.
--certificate-key string
Use this key to decrypt the certificate secrets uploaded by init.
--config string
Path to kubeadm config file.
--control-plane
Create a new control plane instance on this node
--cri-socket string
Path to the CRI socket to connect. If empty kubeadm will try to auto-detect this value; use this option only if you have more than one CRI installed or if you have non-standard CRI socket.
--discovery-file string
For file-based discovery, a file or URL from which to load cluster information.
--discovery-token string
For token-based discovery, the token used to validate cluster information fetched from the API server.
--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash strings
For token-based discovery, validate that the root CA public key matches this hash (format: "<type>:<value>").
--discovery-token-unsafe-skip-ca-verification
For token-based discovery, allow joining without --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash pinning.
--dry-run
Don't apply any changes; just output what would be done.
-h, --help
help for join
--ignore-preflight-errors strings
A list of checks whose errors will be shown as warnings. Example: 'IsPrivilegedUser,Swap'. Value 'all' ignores errors from all checks.
--node-name string
Specify the node name.
--patches string
Path to a directory that contains files named "target[suffix][+patchtype].extension". For example, "kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml" or just "etcd.json". "target" can be one of "kube-apiserver", "kube-controller-manager", "kube-scheduler", "etcd". "patchtype" can be one of "strategic", "merge" or "json" and they match the patch formats supported by kubectl. The default "patchtype" is "strategic". "extension" must be either "json" or "yaml". "suffix" is an optional string that can be used to determine which patches are applied first alpha-numerically.
--skip-phases strings
List of phases to be skipped
--tls-bootstrap-token string
Specify the token used to temporarily authenticate with the Kubernetes Control Plane while joining the node.
--token string
Use this token for both discovery-token and tls-bootstrap-token when those values are not provided.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
The join workflow
kubeadm join bootstraps a Kubernetes worker node or a control-plane node and adds it to the cluster.
This action consists of the following steps for worker nodes:
kubeadm downloads necessary cluster information from the API server.
By default, it uses the bootstrap token and the CA key hash to verify the
authenticity of that data. The root CA can also be discovered directly via a
file or URL.
Once the cluster information is known, kubelet can start the TLS bootstrapping
process.
The TLS bootstrap uses the shared token to temporarily authenticate
with the Kubernetes API server to submit a certificate signing request (CSR); by
default the control plane signs this CSR request automatically.
Finally, kubeadm configures the local kubelet to connect to the API
server with the definitive identity assigned to the node.
For control-plane nodes additional steps are performed:
Downloading certificates shared among control-plane nodes from the cluster
(if explicitly requested by the user).
Generating control-plane component manifests, certificates and kubeconfig.
Adding new local etcd member.
Using join phases with kubeadm
Kubeadm allows you join a node to the cluster in phases using kubeadm join phase.
To view the ordered list of phases and sub-phases you can call kubeadm join --help. The list will be located
at the top of the help screen and each phase will have a description next to it.
Note that by calling kubeadm join all of the phases and sub-phases will be executed in this exact order.
Some phases have unique flags, so if you want to have a look at the list of available options add --help, for example:
kubeadm join phase kubelet-start --help
Similar to the kubeadm init phase
command, kubeadm join phase allows you to skip a list of phases using the --skip-phases flag.
Alternatively, you can use the skipPhases field in JoinConfiguration.
Discovering what cluster CA to trust
The kubeadm discovery has several options, each with security tradeoffs.
The right method for your environment depends on how you provision nodes and the
security expectations you have about your network and node lifecycles.
Token-based discovery with CA pinning
This is the default mode in kubeadm. In this mode, kubeadm downloads
the cluster configuration (including root CA) and validates it using the token
as well as validating that the root CA public key matches the provided hash and
that the API server certificate is valid under the root CA.
The CA key hash has the format sha256:<hex_encoded_hash>. By default, the hash value is returned in the kubeadm join command printed at the end of kubeadm init or in the output of kubeadm token create --print-join-command. It is in a standard format (see RFC7469) and can also be calculated by 3rd party tools or provisioning systems. For example, using the OpenSSL CLI:
You can also call join for a control-plane node with --certificate-key to copy certificates to this node,
if the kubeadm init command was called with --upload-certs.
Advantages:
Allows bootstrapping nodes to securely discover a root of trust for the
control-plane node even if other worker nodes or the network are compromised.
Convenient to execute manually since all of the information required fits
into a single kubeadm join command.
Disadvantages:
The CA hash is not normally known until the control-plane node has been provisioned,
which can make it more difficult to build automated provisioning tools that
use kubeadm. By generating your CA in beforehand, you may workaround this
limitation.
Token-based discovery without CA pinning
This mode relies only on the symmetric token to sign
(HMAC-SHA256) the discovery information that establishes the root of trust for
the control-plane. To use the mode the joining nodes must skip the hash validation of the
CA public key, using --discovery-token-unsafe-skip-ca-verification. You should consider
using one of the other modes if possible.
Still protects against many network-level attacks.
The token can be generated ahead of time and shared with the control-plane node and
worker nodes, which can then bootstrap in parallel without coordination. This
allows it to be used in many provisioning scenarios.
Disadvantages:
If an attacker is able to steal a bootstrap token via some vulnerability,
they can use that token (along with network-level access) to impersonate the
control-plane node to other bootstrapping nodes. This may or may not be an appropriate
tradeoff in your environment.
File or HTTPS-based discovery
This provides an out-of-band way to establish a root of trust between the control-plane node
and bootstrapping nodes. Consider using this mode if you are building automated provisioning
using kubeadm. The format of the discovery file is a regular Kubernetes
kubeconfig file.
In case the discovery file does not contain credentials, the TLS discovery token will be used.
Allows bootstrapping nodes to securely discover a root of trust for the
control-plane node even if the network or other worker nodes are compromised.
Disadvantages:
Requires that you have some way to carry the discovery information from
the control-plane node to the bootstrapping nodes. If the discovery file contains credentials
you must keep it secret and transfer it over a secure channel. This might be possible with your
cloud provider or provisioning tool.
Securing your installation even more
The defaults for kubeadm may not work for everyone. This section documents how to tighten up a kubeadm installation
at the cost of some usability.
Turning off auto-approval of node client certificates
By default, there is a CSR auto-approver enabled that basically approves any client certificate request
for a kubelet when a Bootstrap Token was used when authenticating. If you don't want the cluster to
automatically approve kubelet client certs, you can turn it off by executing this command:
NAME AGE REQUESTOR CONDITION
node-csr-c69HXe7aYcqkS1bKmH4faEnHAWxn6i2bHZ2mD04jZyQ 1m system:bootstrap:878f07 Approved,Issued
This forces the workflow that kubeadm join will only succeed if kubectl certificate approve has been run.
Turning off public access to the cluster-info ConfigMap
In order to achieve the joining flow using the token as the only piece of validation information, a
ConfigMap with some data needed for validation of the control-plane node's identity is exposed publicly by
default. While there is no private data in this ConfigMap, some users might wish to turn
it off regardless. Doing so will disable the ability to use the --discovery-token flag of the
kubeadm join flow. Here are the steps to do so:
Fetch the cluster-info file from the API Server:
kubectl -n kube-public get cm cluster-info -o yaml | grep "kubeconfig:" -A11 | grep "apiVersion" -A10 | sed "s/ //" | tee cluster-info.yaml
These commands should be run after kubeadm init but before kubeadm join.
Using kubeadm join with a configuration file
Caution: The config file is still considered beta and may change in future versions.
It's possible to configure kubeadm join with a configuration file instead of command
line flags, and some more advanced features may only be available as
configuration file options. This file is passed using the --config flag and it must
contain a JoinConfiguration structure. Mixing --config with others flags may not be
allowed in some cases.
The default configuration can be printed out using the
kubeadm config print command.
If your configuration is not using the latest version it is recommended that you migrate using
the kubeadm config migrate command.
For more information on the fields and usage of the configuration you can navigate to our
API reference.
What's next
kubeadm init to bootstrap a Kubernetes control-plane node
kubeadm reset to revert any changes made to this host by kubeadm init or kubeadm join
9.1.4 - kubeadm upgrade
kubeadm upgrade is a user-friendly command that wraps complex upgrading logic
behind one command, with support for both planning an upgrade and actually performing it.
kubeadm upgrade guidance
The steps for performing an upgrade using kubeadm are outlined in this document.
For older versions of kubeadm, please refer to older documentation sets of the Kubernetes website.
You can use kubeadm upgrade diff to see the changes that would be applied to static pod manifests.
In Kubernetes v1.15.0 and later, kubeadm upgrade apply and kubeadm upgrade node will also
automatically renew the kubeadm managed certificates on this node, including those stored in kubeconfig files.
To opt-out, it is possible to pass the flag --certificate-renewal=false. For more details about certificate
renewal see the certificate management documentation.
Note: The commands kubeadm upgrade apply and kubeadm upgrade plan have a legacy --config
flag which makes it possible to reconfigure the cluster, while performing planning or upgrade of that particular
control-plane node. Please be aware that the upgrade workflow was not designed for this scenario and there are
reports of unexpected results.
kubeadm upgrade plan
Check which versions are available to upgrade to and validate whether your current cluster is upgradeable. To skip the internet check, pass in the optional [version] parameter
Synopsis
Check which versions are available to upgrade to and validate whether your current cluster is upgradeable. To skip the internet check, pass in the optional [version] parameter
kubeadm upgrade plan [version] [flags]
Options
--allow-experimental-upgrades
Show unstable versions of Kubernetes as an upgrade alternative and allow upgrading to an alpha/beta/release candidate versions of Kubernetes.
--allow-release-candidate-upgrades
Show release candidate versions of Kubernetes as an upgrade alternative and allow upgrading to a release candidate versions of Kubernetes.
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
--feature-gates string
A set of key=value pairs that describe feature gates for various features. Options are: PublicKeysECDSA=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) RootlessControlPlane=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) UnversionedKubeletConfigMap=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)
-h, --help
help for plan
--ignore-preflight-errors strings
A list of checks whose errors will be shown as warnings. Example: 'IsPrivilegedUser,Swap'. Value 'all' ignores errors from all checks.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--print-config
Specifies whether the configuration file that will be used in the upgrade should be printed or not.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
kubeadm upgrade apply
Upgrade your Kubernetes cluster to the specified version
Synopsis
Upgrade your Kubernetes cluster to the specified version
kubeadm upgrade apply [version]
Options
--allow-experimental-upgrades
Show unstable versions of Kubernetes as an upgrade alternative and allow upgrading to an alpha/beta/release candidate versions of Kubernetes.
--allow-release-candidate-upgrades
Show release candidate versions of Kubernetes as an upgrade alternative and allow upgrading to a release candidate versions of Kubernetes.
--certificate-renewal Default: true
Perform the renewal of certificates used by component changed during upgrades.
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
--dry-run
Do not change any state, just output what actions would be performed.
--etcd-upgrade Default: true
Perform the upgrade of etcd.
--feature-gates string
A set of key=value pairs that describe feature gates for various features. Options are: PublicKeysECDSA=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) RootlessControlPlane=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) UnversionedKubeletConfigMap=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)
-f, --force
Force upgrading although some requirements might not be met. This also implies non-interactive mode.
-h, --help
help for apply
--ignore-preflight-errors strings
A list of checks whose errors will be shown as warnings. Example: 'IsPrivilegedUser,Swap'. Value 'all' ignores errors from all checks.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--patches string
Path to a directory that contains files named "target[suffix][+patchtype].extension". For example, "kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml" or just "etcd.json". "target" can be one of "kube-apiserver", "kube-controller-manager", "kube-scheduler", "etcd". "patchtype" can be one of "strategic", "merge" or "json" and they match the patch formats supported by kubectl. The default "patchtype" is "strategic". "extension" must be either "json" or "yaml". "suffix" is an optional string that can be used to determine which patches are applied first alpha-numerically.
--print-config
Specifies whether the configuration file that will be used in the upgrade should be printed or not.
-y, --yes
Perform the upgrade and do not prompt for confirmation (non-interactive mode).
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
kubeadm upgrade diff
Show what differences would be applied to existing static pod manifests. See also: kubeadm upgrade apply --dry-run
Synopsis
Show what differences would be applied to existing static pod manifests. See also: kubeadm upgrade apply --dry-run
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
kubeadm upgrade node
Upgrade commands for a node in the cluster
Synopsis
Upgrade commands for a node in the cluster
The "node" command executes the following phases:
preflight Run upgrade node pre-flight checks
control-plane Upgrade the control plane instance deployed on this node, if any
kubelet-config Upgrade the kubelet configuration for this node
kubeadm upgrade node [flags]
Options
--certificate-renewal Default: true
Perform the renewal of certificates used by component changed during upgrades.
--dry-run
Do not change any state, just output the actions that would be performed.
--etcd-upgrade Default: true
Perform the upgrade of etcd.
-h, --help
help for node
--ignore-preflight-errors strings
A list of checks whose errors will be shown as warnings. Example: 'IsPrivilegedUser,Swap'. Value 'all' ignores errors from all checks.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--patches string
Path to a directory that contains files named "target[suffix][+patchtype].extension". For example, "kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml" or just "etcd.json". "target" can be one of "kube-apiserver", "kube-controller-manager", "kube-scheduler", "etcd". "patchtype" can be one of "strategic", "merge" or "json" and they match the patch formats supported by kubectl. The default "patchtype" is "strategic". "extension" must be either "json" or "yaml". "suffix" is an optional string that can be used to determine which patches are applied first alpha-numerically.
--skip-phases strings
List of phases to be skipped
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
What's next
kubeadm config if you initialized your cluster using kubeadm v1.7.x or lower, to configure your cluster for kubeadm upgrade
9.1.5 - kubeadm config
During kubeadm init, kubeadm uploads the ClusterConfiguration object to your cluster
in a ConfigMap called kubeadm-config in the kube-system namespace. This configuration is then read during
kubeadm join, kubeadm reset and kubeadm upgrade.
You can use kubeadm config print to print the default static configuration that kubeadm
uses for kubeadm init and kubeadm join.
Note: The output of the command is meant to serve as an example. You must manually edit the output
of this command to adapt to your setup. Remove the fields that you are not certain about and kubeadm
will try to default them on runtime by examining the host.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
kubeadm config print init-defaults
Print default init configuration, that can be used for 'kubeadm init'
Synopsis
This command prints objects such as the default init configuration that is used for 'kubeadm init'.
Note that sensitive values like the Bootstrap Token fields are replaced with placeholder values like "abcdef.0123456789abcdef" in order to pass validation but
not perform the real computation for creating a token.
kubeadm config print init-defaults [flags]
Options
--component-configs strings
A comma-separated list for component config API objects to print the default values for. Available values: [KubeProxyConfiguration KubeletConfiguration]. If this flag is not set, no component configs will be printed.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
kubeadm config print join-defaults
Print default join configuration, that can be used for 'kubeadm join'
Synopsis
This command prints objects such as the default join configuration that is used for 'kubeadm join'.
Note that sensitive values like the Bootstrap Token fields are replaced with placeholder values like "abcdef.0123456789abcdef" in order to pass validation but
not perform the real computation for creating a token.
kubeadm config print join-defaults [flags]
Options
--component-configs strings
A comma-separated list for component config API objects to print the default values for. Available values: [KubeProxyConfiguration KubeletConfiguration]. If this flag is not set, no component configs will be printed.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
kubeadm config migrate
Read an older version of the kubeadm configuration API types from a file, and output the similar config object for the newer version
Synopsis
This command lets you convert configuration objects of older versions to the latest supported version,
locally in the CLI tool without ever touching anything in the cluster.
In this version of kubeadm, the following API versions are supported:
kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta3
Further, kubeadm can only write out config of version "kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta3", but read both types.
So regardless of what version you pass to the --old-config parameter here, the API object will be
read, deserialized, defaulted, converted, validated, and re-serialized when written to stdout or
--new-config if specified.
In other words, the output of this command is what kubeadm actually would read internally if you
submitted this file to "kubeadm init"
kubeadm config migrate [flags]
Options
-h, --help
help for migrate
--new-config string
Path to the resulting equivalent kubeadm config file using the new API version. Optional, if not specified output will be sent to STDOUT.
--old-config string
Path to the kubeadm config file that is using an old API version and should be converted. This flag is mandatory.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
kubeadm config images list
Print a list of images kubeadm will use. The configuration file is used in case any images or image repositories are customized
Synopsis
Print a list of images kubeadm will use. The configuration file is used in case any images or image repositories are customized
kubeadm config images list [flags]
Options
--allow-missing-template-keys Default: true
If true, ignore any errors in templates when a field or map key is missing in the template. Only applies to golang and jsonpath output formats.
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
-o, --experimental-output string Default: "text"
Output format. One of: text|json|yaml|go-template|go-template-file|template|templatefile|jsonpath|jsonpath-as-json|jsonpath-file.
--feature-gates string
A set of key=value pairs that describe feature gates for various features. Options are: PublicKeysECDSA=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) RootlessControlPlane=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) UnversionedKubeletConfigMap=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)
-h, --help
help for list
--image-repository string Default: "k8s.gcr.io"
Choose a container registry to pull control plane images from
--kubernetes-version string Default: "stable-1"
Choose a specific Kubernetes version for the control plane.
--show-managed-fields
If true, keep the managedFields when printing objects in JSON or YAML format.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
kubeadm config images pull
Pull images used by kubeadm
Synopsis
Pull images used by kubeadm
kubeadm config images pull [flags]
Options
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
--cri-socket string
Path to the CRI socket to connect. If empty kubeadm will try to auto-detect this value; use this option only if you have more than one CRI installed or if you have non-standard CRI socket.
--feature-gates string
A set of key=value pairs that describe feature gates for various features. Options are: PublicKeysECDSA=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) RootlessControlPlane=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) UnversionedKubeletConfigMap=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)
-h, --help
help for pull
--image-repository string Default: "k8s.gcr.io"
Choose a container registry to pull control plane images from
--kubernetes-version string Default: "stable-1"
Choose a specific Kubernetes version for the control plane.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
What's next
kubeadm upgrade to upgrade a Kubernetes cluster to a newer version
9.1.6 - kubeadm reset
Performs a best effort revert of changes made by kubeadm init or kubeadm join.
Performs a best effort revert of changes made to this host by 'kubeadm init' or 'kubeadm join'
Synopsis
Performs a best effort revert of changes made to this host by 'kubeadm init' or 'kubeadm join'
The "reset" command executes the following phases:
preflight Run reset pre-flight checks
remove-etcd-member Remove a local etcd member.
cleanup-node Run cleanup node.
kubeadm reset [flags]
Options
--cert-dir string Default: "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
The path to the directory where the certificates are stored. If specified, clean this directory.
--cri-socket string
Path to the CRI socket to connect. If empty kubeadm will try to auto-detect this value; use this option only if you have more than one CRI installed or if you have non-standard CRI socket.
-f, --force
Reset the node without prompting for confirmation.
-h, --help
help for reset
--ignore-preflight-errors strings
A list of checks whose errors will be shown as warnings. Example: 'IsPrivilegedUser,Swap'. Value 'all' ignores errors from all checks.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--skip-phases strings
List of phases to be skipped
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
Reset workflow
kubeadm reset is responsible for cleaning up a node local file system from files that were created using
the kubeadm init or kubeadm join commands. For control-plane nodes reset also removes the local stacked
etcd member of this node from the etcd cluster.
kubeadm reset phase can be used to execute the separate phases of the above workflow.
To skip a list of phases you can use the --skip-phases flag, which works in a similar way to
the kubeadm join and kubeadm init phase runners.
External etcd clean up
kubeadm reset will not delete any etcd data if external etcd is used. This means that if you run kubeadm init again using the same etcd endpoints, you will see state from previous clusters.
To wipe etcd data it is recommended you use a client like etcdctl, such as:
kubeadm init to bootstrap a Kubernetes control-plane node
kubeadm join to bootstrap a Kubernetes worker node and join it to the cluster
9.1.7 - kubeadm token
Bootstrap tokens are used for establishing bidirectional trust between a node joining
the cluster and a control-plane node, as described in authenticating with bootstrap tokens.
kubeadm init creates an initial token with a 24-hour TTL. The following commands allow you to manage
such a token and also to create and manage new ones.
kubeadm token create
Create bootstrap tokens on the server
Synopsis
This command will create a bootstrap token for you.
You can specify the usages for this token, the "time to live" and an optional human friendly description.
The [token] is the actual token to write.
This should be a securely generated random token of the form "[a-z0-9]{6}.[a-z0-9]{16}".
If no [token] is given, kubeadm will generate a random token instead.
kubeadm token create [token]
Options
--certificate-key string
When used together with '--print-join-command', print the full 'kubeadm join' flag needed to join the cluster as a control-plane. To create a new certificate key you must use 'kubeadm init phase upload-certs --upload-certs'.
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
--description string
A human friendly description of how this token is used.
Describes the ways in which this token can be used. You can pass --usages multiple times or provide a comma separated list of options. Valid options: [signing,authentication]
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
kubeadm token delete
Delete bootstrap tokens on the server
Synopsis
This command will delete a list of bootstrap tokens for you.
The [token-value] is the full Token of the form "[a-z0-9]{6}.[a-z0-9]{16}" or the
Token ID of the form "[a-z0-9]{6}" to delete.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
kubeadm token generate
Generate and print a bootstrap token, but do not create it on the server
Synopsis
This command will print out a randomly-generated bootstrap token that can be used with
the "init" and "join" commands.
You don't have to use this command in order to generate a token. You can do so
yourself as long as it is in the format "[a-z0-9]{6}.[a-z0-9]{16}". This
command is provided for convenience to generate tokens in the given format.
You can also use "kubeadm init" without specifying a token and it will
generate and print one for you.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
kubeadm token list
List bootstrap tokens on the server
Synopsis
This command will list all bootstrap tokens for you.
kubeadm token list [flags]
Options
--allow-missing-template-keys Default: true
If true, ignore any errors in templates when a field or map key is missing in the template. Only applies to golang and jsonpath output formats.
-o, --experimental-output string Default: "text"
Output format. One of: text|json|yaml|go-template|go-template-file|template|templatefile|jsonpath|jsonpath-as-json|jsonpath-file.
-h, --help
help for list
--show-managed-fields
If true, keep the managedFields when printing objects in JSON or YAML format.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
What's next
kubeadm join to bootstrap a Kubernetes worker node and join it to the cluster
9.1.8 - kubeadm version
This command prints the version of kubeadm.
Print the version of kubeadm
Synopsis
Print the version of kubeadm
kubeadm version [flags]
Options
-h, --help
help for version
-o, --output string
Output format; available options are 'yaml', 'json' and 'short'
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.9 - kubeadm alpha
Caution:kubeadm alpha provides a preview of a set of features made available for gathering feedback
from the community. Please try it out and give us feedback!
Currently there are no experimental commands under kubeadm alpha.
What's next
kubeadm init to bootstrap a Kubernetes control-plane node
kubeadm reset to revert any changes made to this host by kubeadm init or kubeadm join
9.1.10 - kubeadm certs
kubeadm certs provides utilities for managing certificates.
For more details on how these commands can be used, see
Certificate Management with kubeadm.
kubeadm certs
A collection of operations for operating Kubernetes certificates.
This command is not meant to be run on its own. See list of available subcommands.
kubeadm certs renew [flags]
Options
-h, --help
help for renew
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
Renew all available certificates
Synopsis
Renew all known certificates necessary to run the control plane. Renewals are run unconditionally, regardless of expiration date. Renewals can also be run individually for more control.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
Renew the certificate embedded in the kubeconfig file for the admin to use and for kubeadm itself
Synopsis
Renew the certificate embedded in the kubeconfig file for the admin to use and for kubeadm itself.
Renewals run unconditionally, regardless of certificate expiration date; extra attributes such as SANs will be based on the existing file/certificates, there is no need to resupply them.
Renewal by default tries to use the certificate authority in the local PKI managed by kubeadm; as alternative it is possible to use K8s certificate API for certificate renewal, or as a last option, to generate a CSR request.
After renewal, in order to make changes effective, is required to restart control-plane components and eventually re-distribute the renewed certificate in case the file is used elsewhere.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
Renew the certificate the apiserver uses to access etcd
Synopsis
Renew the certificate the apiserver uses to access etcd.
Renewals run unconditionally, regardless of certificate expiration date; extra attributes such as SANs will be based on the existing file/certificates, there is no need to resupply them.
Renewal by default tries to use the certificate authority in the local PKI managed by kubeadm; as alternative it is possible to use K8s certificate API for certificate renewal, or as a last option, to generate a CSR request.
After renewal, in order to make changes effective, is required to restart control-plane components and eventually re-distribute the renewed certificate in case the file is used elsewhere.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
Renew the certificate for the API server to connect to kubelet
Synopsis
Renew the certificate for the API server to connect to kubelet.
Renewals run unconditionally, regardless of certificate expiration date; extra attributes such as SANs will be based on the existing file/certificates, there is no need to resupply them.
Renewal by default tries to use the certificate authority in the local PKI managed by kubeadm; as alternative it is possible to use K8s certificate API for certificate renewal, or as a last option, to generate a CSR request.
After renewal, in order to make changes effective, is required to restart control-plane components and eventually re-distribute the renewed certificate in case the file is used elsewhere.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
Renew the certificate for serving the Kubernetes API
Synopsis
Renew the certificate for serving the Kubernetes API.
Renewals run unconditionally, regardless of certificate expiration date; extra attributes such as SANs will be based on the existing file/certificates, there is no need to resupply them.
Renewal by default tries to use the certificate authority in the local PKI managed by kubeadm; as alternative it is possible to use K8s certificate API for certificate renewal, or as a last option, to generate a CSR request.
After renewal, in order to make changes effective, is required to restart control-plane components and eventually re-distribute the renewed certificate in case the file is used elsewhere.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
Renew the certificate embedded in the kubeconfig file for the controller manager to use
Synopsis
Renew the certificate embedded in the kubeconfig file for the controller manager to use.
Renewals run unconditionally, regardless of certificate expiration date; extra attributes such as SANs will be based on the existing file/certificates, there is no need to resupply them.
Renewal by default tries to use the certificate authority in the local PKI managed by kubeadm; as alternative it is possible to use K8s certificate API for certificate renewal, or as a last option, to generate a CSR request.
After renewal, in order to make changes effective, is required to restart control-plane components and eventually re-distribute the renewed certificate in case the file is used elsewhere.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
Renew the certificate for liveness probes to healthcheck etcd
Synopsis
Renew the certificate for liveness probes to healthcheck etcd.
Renewals run unconditionally, regardless of certificate expiration date; extra attributes such as SANs will be based on the existing file/certificates, there is no need to resupply them.
Renewal by default tries to use the certificate authority in the local PKI managed by kubeadm; as alternative it is possible to use K8s certificate API for certificate renewal, or as a last option, to generate a CSR request.
After renewal, in order to make changes effective, is required to restart control-plane components and eventually re-distribute the renewed certificate in case the file is used elsewhere.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
Renew the certificate for etcd nodes to communicate with each other
Synopsis
Renew the certificate for etcd nodes to communicate with each other.
Renewals run unconditionally, regardless of certificate expiration date; extra attributes such as SANs will be based on the existing file/certificates, there is no need to resupply them.
Renewal by default tries to use the certificate authority in the local PKI managed by kubeadm; as alternative it is possible to use K8s certificate API for certificate renewal, or as a last option, to generate a CSR request.
After renewal, in order to make changes effective, is required to restart control-plane components and eventually re-distribute the renewed certificate in case the file is used elsewhere.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
Renew the certificate for serving etcd
Synopsis
Renew the certificate for serving etcd.
Renewals run unconditionally, regardless of certificate expiration date; extra attributes such as SANs will be based on the existing file/certificates, there is no need to resupply them.
Renewal by default tries to use the certificate authority in the local PKI managed by kubeadm; as alternative it is possible to use K8s certificate API for certificate renewal, or as a last option, to generate a CSR request.
After renewal, in order to make changes effective, is required to restart control-plane components and eventually re-distribute the renewed certificate in case the file is used elsewhere.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
Renew the certificate for the front proxy client
Synopsis
Renew the certificate for the front proxy client.
Renewals run unconditionally, regardless of certificate expiration date; extra attributes such as SANs will be based on the existing file/certificates, there is no need to resupply them.
Renewal by default tries to use the certificate authority in the local PKI managed by kubeadm; as alternative it is possible to use K8s certificate API for certificate renewal, or as a last option, to generate a CSR request.
After renewal, in order to make changes effective, is required to restart control-plane components and eventually re-distribute the renewed certificate in case the file is used elsewhere.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
Renew the certificate embedded in the kubeconfig file for the scheduler manager to use
Synopsis
Renew the certificate embedded in the kubeconfig file for the scheduler manager to use.
Renewals run unconditionally, regardless of certificate expiration date; extra attributes such as SANs will be based on the existing file/certificates, there is no need to resupply them.
Renewal by default tries to use the certificate authority in the local PKI managed by kubeadm; as alternative it is possible to use K8s certificate API for certificate renewal, or as a last option, to generate a CSR request.
After renewal, in order to make changes effective, is required to restart control-plane components and eventually re-distribute the renewed certificate in case the file is used elsewhere.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
kubeadm certs certificate-key
This command can be used to generate a new control-plane certificate key.
The key can be passed as --certificate-key to kubeadm init
and kubeadm join
to enable the automatic copy of certificates when joining additional control-plane nodes.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
kubeadm certs generate-csr
This command can be used to generate keys and CSRs for all control-plane certificates and kubeconfig files.
The user can then sign the CSRs with a CA of their choice.
Generates keys and certificate signing requests (CSRs) for all the certificates required to run the control plane. This command also generates partial kubeconfig files with private key data in the "users > user > client-key-data" field, and for each kubeconfig file an accompanying ".csr" file is created.
This command is designed for use in Kubeadm External CA Mode. It generates CSRs which you can then submit to your external certificate authority for signing.
The PEM encoded signed certificates should then be saved alongside the key files, using ".crt" as the file extension, or in the case of kubeconfig files, the PEM encoded signed certificate should be base64 encoded and added to the kubeconfig file in the "users > user > client-certificate-data" field.
kubeadm certs generate-csr [flags]
Examples
# The following command will generate keys and CSRs for all control-plane certificates and kubeconfig files:
kubeadm certs generate-csr --kubeconfig-dir /tmp/etc-k8s --cert-dir /tmp/etc-k8s/pki
kubeadm reset to revert any changes made to this host by kubeadm init or kubeadm join
9.1.11 - kubeadm init phase
kubeadm init phase enables you to invoke atomic steps of the bootstrap process.
Hence, you can let kubeadm do some of the work and you can fill in the gaps
if you wish to apply customization.
kubeadm init phase is consistent with the kubeadm init workflow,
and behind the scene both use the same code.
kubeadm init phase preflight
Using this command you can execute preflight checks on a control-plane node.
Write a file with KubeletConfiguration and an environment file with node specific kubelet settings, and then (re)start kubelet.
kubeadm init phase kubelet-start [flags]
Examples
# Writes a dynamic environment file with kubelet flags from a InitConfiguration file.
kubeadm init phase kubelet-start --config config.yaml
Options
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
--cri-socket string
Path to the CRI socket to connect. If empty kubeadm will try to auto-detect this value; use this option only if you have more than one CRI installed or if you have non-standard CRI socket.
-h, --help
help for kubelet-start
--node-name string
Specify the node name.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
kubeadm init phase certs
Can be used to create all required certificates by kubeadm.
Use alternative domain for services, e.g. "myorg.internal".
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
Generate the certificate for the API server to connect to kubelet
Synopsis
Generate the certificate for the API server to connect to kubelet, and save them into apiserver-kubelet-client.crt and apiserver-kubelet-client.key files.
If both files already exist, kubeadm skips the generation step and existing files will be used.
Alpha Disclaimer: this command is currently alpha.
The path where to save and store the certificates.
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
-h, --help
help for front-proxy-client
--kubernetes-version string Default: "stable-1"
Choose a specific Kubernetes version for the control plane.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
Generate the self-signed CA to provision identities for etcd
Synopsis
Generate the self-signed CA to provision identities for etcd, and save them into etcd/ca.crt and etcd/ca.key files.
If both files already exist, kubeadm skips the generation step and existing files will be used.
Alpha Disclaimer: this command is currently alpha.
kubeadm init phase certs etcd-ca [flags]
Options
--cert-dir string Default: "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
The path where to save and store the certificates.
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
-h, --help
help for etcd-ca
--kubernetes-version string Default: "stable-1"
Choose a specific Kubernetes version for the control plane.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
Generate the certificate for serving etcd
Synopsis
Generate the certificate for serving etcd, and save them into etcd/server.crt and etcd/server.key files.
Default SANs are localhost, 127.0.0.1, 127.0.0.1, ::1
If both files already exist, kubeadm skips the generation step and existing files will be used.
Alpha Disclaimer: this command is currently alpha.
kubeadm init phase certs etcd-server [flags]
Options
--cert-dir string Default: "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
The path where to save and store the certificates.
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
-h, --help
help for etcd-server
--kubernetes-version string Default: "stable-1"
Choose a specific Kubernetes version for the control plane.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
Generate the certificate for etcd nodes to communicate with each other
Synopsis
Generate the certificate for etcd nodes to communicate with each other, and save them into etcd/peer.crt and etcd/peer.key files.
Default SANs are localhost, 127.0.0.1, 127.0.0.1, ::1
If both files already exist, kubeadm skips the generation step and existing files will be used.
Alpha Disclaimer: this command is currently alpha.
kubeadm init phase certs etcd-peer [flags]
Options
--cert-dir string Default: "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
The path where to save and store the certificates.
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
-h, --help
help for etcd-peer
--kubernetes-version string Default: "stable-1"
Choose a specific Kubernetes version for the control plane.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
Generate the certificate for liveness probes to healthcheck etcd
Synopsis
Generate the certificate for liveness probes to healthcheck etcd, and save them into etcd/healthcheck-client.crt and etcd/healthcheck-client.key files.
If both files already exist, kubeadm skips the generation step and existing files will be used.
Alpha Disclaimer: this command is currently alpha.
The path where to save and store the certificates.
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
-h, --help
help for apiserver-etcd-client
--kubernetes-version string Default: "stable-1"
Choose a specific Kubernetes version for the control plane.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
Generate a private key for signing service account tokens along with its public key
Synopsis
Generate the private key for signing service account tokens along with its public key, and save them into sa.key and sa.pub files. If both files already exist, kubeadm skips the generation step and existing files will be used.
Alpha Disclaimer: this command is currently alpha.
kubeadm init phase certs sa [flags]
Options
--cert-dir string Default: "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
The path where to save and store the certificates.
-h, --help
help for sa
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
kubeadm init phase kubeconfig
You can create all required kubeconfig files by calling the all subcommand or call them individually.
Choose a specific Kubernetes version for the control plane.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
Generate a kubeconfig file for the kubelet to use only for cluster bootstrapping purposes
Synopsis
Generate the kubeconfig file for the kubelet to use and save it to kubelet.conf file.
Please note that this should only be used for cluster bootstrapping purposes. After your control plane is up, you should request all kubelet credentials from the CSR API.
kubeadm init phase kubeconfig kubelet [flags]
Options
--apiserver-advertise-address string
The IP address the API Server will advertise it's listening on. If not set the default network interface will be used.
--apiserver-bind-port int32 Default: 6443
Port for the API Server to bind to.
--cert-dir string Default: "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
The path where to save and store the certificates.
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
--control-plane-endpoint string
Specify a stable IP address or DNS name for the control plane.
Generate all static Pod manifest files necessary to establish the control plane
Synopsis
This command is not meant to be run on its own. See list of available subcommands.
kubeadm init phase control-plane [flags]
Options
-h, --help
help for control-plane
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
Generate all static Pod manifest files
Synopsis
Generate all static Pod manifest files
kubeadm init phase control-plane all [flags]
Examples
# Generates all static Pod manifest files for control plane components,
# functionally equivalent to what is generated by kubeadm init.
kubeadm init phase control-plane all
# Generates all static Pod manifest files using options read from a configuration file.
kubeadm init phase control-plane all --config config.yaml
Options
--apiserver-advertise-address string
The IP address the API Server will advertise it's listening on. If not set the default network interface will be used.
A set of extra flags to pass to the Controller Manager or override default ones in form of <flagname>=<value>
--dry-run
Don't apply any changes; just output what would be done.
--feature-gates string
A set of key=value pairs that describe feature gates for various features. Options are: PublicKeysECDSA=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) RootlessControlPlane=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) UnversionedKubeletConfigMap=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)
-h, --help
help for all
--image-repository string Default: "k8s.gcr.io"
Choose a container registry to pull control plane images from
--kubernetes-version string Default: "stable-1"
Choose a specific Kubernetes version for the control plane.
--patches string
Path to a directory that contains files named "target[suffix][+patchtype].extension". For example, "kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml" or just "etcd.json". "target" can be one of "kube-apiserver", "kube-controller-manager", "kube-scheduler", "etcd". "patchtype" can be one of "strategic", "merge" or "json" and they match the patch formats supported by kubectl. The default "patchtype" is "strategic". "extension" must be either "json" or "yaml". "suffix" is an optional string that can be used to determine which patches are applied first alpha-numerically.
--pod-network-cidr string
Specify range of IP addresses for the pod network. If set, the control plane will automatically allocate CIDRs for every node.
A set of extra flags to pass to the API Server or override default ones in form of <flagname>=<value>
--cert-dir string Default: "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
The path where to save and store the certificates.
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
--control-plane-endpoint string
Specify a stable IP address or DNS name for the control plane.
--dry-run
Don't apply any changes; just output what would be done.
--feature-gates string
A set of key=value pairs that describe feature gates for various features. Options are: PublicKeysECDSA=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) RootlessControlPlane=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) UnversionedKubeletConfigMap=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)
-h, --help
help for apiserver
--image-repository string Default: "k8s.gcr.io"
Choose a container registry to pull control plane images from
--kubernetes-version string Default: "stable-1"
Choose a specific Kubernetes version for the control plane.
--patches string
Path to a directory that contains files named "target[suffix][+patchtype].extension". For example, "kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml" or just "etcd.json". "target" can be one of "kube-apiserver", "kube-controller-manager", "kube-scheduler", "etcd". "patchtype" can be one of "strategic", "merge" or "json" and they match the patch formats supported by kubectl. The default "patchtype" is "strategic". "extension" must be either "json" or "yaml". "suffix" is an optional string that can be used to determine which patches are applied first alpha-numerically.
--service-cidr string Default: "10.96.0.0/12"
Use alternative range of IP address for service VIPs.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
Generates the kube-controller-manager static Pod manifest
Synopsis
Generates the kube-controller-manager static Pod manifest
A set of extra flags to pass to the Controller Manager or override default ones in form of <flagname>=<value>
--dry-run
Don't apply any changes; just output what would be done.
-h, --help
help for controller-manager
--image-repository string Default: "k8s.gcr.io"
Choose a container registry to pull control plane images from
--kubernetes-version string Default: "stable-1"
Choose a specific Kubernetes version for the control plane.
--patches string
Path to a directory that contains files named "target[suffix][+patchtype].extension". For example, "kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml" or just "etcd.json". "target" can be one of "kube-apiserver", "kube-controller-manager", "kube-scheduler", "etcd". "patchtype" can be one of "strategic", "merge" or "json" and they match the patch formats supported by kubectl. The default "patchtype" is "strategic". "extension" must be either "json" or "yaml". "suffix" is an optional string that can be used to determine which patches are applied first alpha-numerically.
--pod-network-cidr string
Specify range of IP addresses for the pod network. If set, the control plane will automatically allocate CIDRs for every node.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
The path where to save and store the certificates.
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
--dry-run
Don't apply any changes; just output what would be done.
-h, --help
help for scheduler
--image-repository string Default: "k8s.gcr.io"
Choose a container registry to pull control plane images from
--kubernetes-version string Default: "stable-1"
Choose a specific Kubernetes version for the control plane.
--patches string
Path to a directory that contains files named "target[suffix][+patchtype].extension". For example, "kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml" or just "etcd.json". "target" can be one of "kube-apiserver", "kube-controller-manager", "kube-scheduler", "etcd". "patchtype" can be one of "strategic", "merge" or "json" and they match the patch formats supported by kubectl. The default "patchtype" is "strategic". "extension" must be either "json" or "yaml". "suffix" is an optional string that can be used to determine which patches are applied first alpha-numerically.
This command is not meant to be run on its own. See list of available subcommands.
kubeadm init phase etcd [flags]
Options
-h, --help
help for etcd
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
Generate the static Pod manifest file for a local, single-node local etcd instance
Synopsis
Generate the static Pod manifest file for a local, single-node local etcd instance
kubeadm init phase etcd local [flags]
Examples
# Generates the static Pod manifest file for etcd, functionally
# equivalent to what is generated by kubeadm init.
kubeadm init phase etcd local
# Generates the static Pod manifest file for etcd using options
# read from a configuration file.
kubeadm init phase etcd local --config config.yaml
Options
--cert-dir string Default: "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
The path where to save and store the certificates.
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
-h, --help
help for local
--image-repository string Default: "k8s.gcr.io"
Choose a container registry to pull control plane images from
--patches string
Path to a directory that contains files named "target[suffix][+patchtype].extension". For example, "kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml" or just "etcd.json". "target" can be one of "kube-apiserver", "kube-controller-manager", "kube-scheduler", "etcd". "patchtype" can be one of "strategic", "merge" or "json" and they match the patch formats supported by kubectl. The default "patchtype" is "strategic". "extension" must be either "json" or "yaml". "suffix" is an optional string that can be used to determine which patches are applied first alpha-numerically.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
kubeadm init phase upload-config
You can use this command to upload the kubeadm configuration to your cluster.
Alternatively, you can use kubeadm config.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
Upload the kubeadm ClusterConfiguration to a ConfigMap
Synopsis
Upload the kubeadm ClusterConfiguration to a ConfigMap called kubeadm-config in the kube-system namespace. This enables correct configuration of system components and a seamless user experience when upgrading.
Alternatively, you can use kubeadm config.
kubeadm init phase upload-config kubeadm [flags]
Examples
# upload the configuration of your cluster
kubeadm init phase upload-config --config=myConfig.yaml
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
Upload the kubelet component config to a ConfigMap
Synopsis
Upload kubelet configuration extracted from the kubeadm InitConfiguration object to a ConfigMap of the form kubelet-config-1.X in the cluster, where X is the minor version of the current (API Server) Kubernetes version.
kubeadm init phase upload-config kubelet [flags]
Examples
# Upload the kubelet configuration from the kubeadm Config file to a ConfigMap in the cluster.
kubeadm init phase upload-config kubelet --config kubeadm.yaml
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
kubeadm init phase upload-certs
Use the following phase to upload control-plane certificates to the cluster.
By default the certs and encryption key expire after two hours.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--skip-certificate-key-print
Don't print the key used to encrypt the control-plane certificates.
--upload-certs
Upload control-plane certificates to the kubeadm-certs Secret.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
kubeadm init phase mark-control-plane
Use the following phase to label and taint the node with the node-role.kubernetes.io/master="" key-value pair.
# Applies control-plane label and taint to the current node, functionally equivalent to what executed by kubeadm init.
kubeadm init phase mark-control-plane --config config.yaml
# Applies control-plane label and taint to a specific node
kubeadm init phase mark-control-plane --node-name myNode
Options
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
-h, --help
help for mark-control-plane
--node-name string
Specify the node name.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
kubeadm init phase bootstrap-token
Use the following phase to configure bootstrap tokens.
Generates bootstrap tokens used to join a node to a cluster
Synopsis
Bootstrap tokens are used for establishing bidirectional trust between a node joining the cluster and a control-plane node.
This command makes all the configurations required to make bootstrap tokens works and then creates an initial token.
kubeadm init phase bootstrap-token [flags]
Examples
# Make all the bootstrap token configurations and create an initial token, functionally
# equivalent to what generated by kubeadm init.
kubeadm init phase bootstrap-token
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--skip-token-print
Skip printing of the default bootstrap token generated by 'kubeadm init'.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
kubeadm init phase kubelet-finalize
Use the following phase to update settings relevant to the kubelet after TLS
bootstrap. You can use the all subcommand to run all kubelet-finalize
phases.
Install required addons for passing conformance tests
Synopsis
This command is not meant to be run on its own. See list of available subcommands.
kubeadm init phase addon [flags]
Options
-h, --help
help for addon
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
Install all the addons
Synopsis
Install all the addons
kubeadm init phase addon all [flags]
Options
--apiserver-advertise-address string
The IP address the API Server will advertise it's listening on. If not set the default network interface will be used.
--apiserver-bind-port int32 Default: 6443
Port for the API Server to bind to.
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
--control-plane-endpoint string
Specify a stable IP address or DNS name for the control plane.
--feature-gates string
A set of key=value pairs that describe feature gates for various features. Options are: PublicKeysECDSA=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) RootlessControlPlane=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) UnversionedKubeletConfigMap=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)
-h, --help
help for all
--image-repository string Default: "k8s.gcr.io"
Choose a container registry to pull control plane images from
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--kubernetes-version string Default: "stable-1"
Choose a specific Kubernetes version for the control plane.
--pod-network-cidr string
Specify range of IP addresses for the pod network. If set, the control plane will automatically allocate CIDRs for every node.
--service-cidr string Default: "10.96.0.0/12"
Use alternative range of IP address for service VIPs.
Use alternative domain for services, e.g. "myorg.internal".
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
Install the CoreDNS addon to a Kubernetes cluster
Synopsis
Install the CoreDNS addon components via the API server. Please note that although the DNS server is deployed, it will not be scheduled until CNI is installed.
kubeadm init phase addon coredns [flags]
Options
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
--feature-gates string
A set of key=value pairs that describe feature gates for various features. Options are: PublicKeysECDSA=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) RootlessControlPlane=true|false (ALPHA - default=false) UnversionedKubeletConfigMap=true|false (ALPHA - default=false)
-h, --help
help for coredns
--image-repository string Default: "k8s.gcr.io"
Choose a container registry to pull control plane images from
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--kubernetes-version string Default: "stable-1"
Choose a specific Kubernetes version for the control plane.
--service-cidr string Default: "10.96.0.0/12"
Use alternative range of IP address for service VIPs.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--kubernetes-version string Default: "stable-1"
Choose a specific Kubernetes version for the control plane.
--pod-network-cidr string
Specify range of IP addresses for the pod network. If set, the control plane will automatically allocate CIDRs for every node.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
For more details on each field in the v1beta3 configuration you can navigate to our
API reference pages.
What's next
kubeadm init to bootstrap a Kubernetes control-plane node
kubeadm join phase enables you to invoke atomic steps of the join process.
Hence, you can let kubeadm do some of the work and you can fill in the gaps
if you wish to apply customization.
kubeadm join phase is consistent with the kubeadm join workflow,
and behind the scene both use the same code.
# Run join pre-flight checks using a config file.
kubeadm join phase preflight --config kubeadm-config.yaml
Options
--apiserver-advertise-address string
If the node should host a new control plane instance, the IP address the API Server will advertise it's listening on. If not set the default network interface will be used.
--apiserver-bind-port int32 Default: 6443
If the node should host a new control plane instance, the port for the API Server to bind to.
--certificate-key string
Use this key to decrypt the certificate secrets uploaded by init.
--config string
Path to kubeadm config file.
--control-plane
Create a new control plane instance on this node
--cri-socket string
Path to the CRI socket to connect. If empty kubeadm will try to auto-detect this value; use this option only if you have more than one CRI installed or if you have non-standard CRI socket.
--discovery-file string
For file-based discovery, a file or URL from which to load cluster information.
--discovery-token string
For token-based discovery, the token used to validate cluster information fetched from the API server.
--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash strings
For token-based discovery, validate that the root CA public key matches this hash (format: "<type>:<value>").
--discovery-token-unsafe-skip-ca-verification
For token-based discovery, allow joining without --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash pinning.
-h, --help
help for preflight
--ignore-preflight-errors strings
A list of checks whose errors will be shown as warnings. Example: 'IsPrivilegedUser,Swap'. Value 'all' ignores errors from all checks.
--node-name string
Specify the node name.
--tls-bootstrap-token string
Specify the token used to temporarily authenticate with the Kubernetes Control Plane while joining the node.
--token string
Use this token for both discovery-token and tls-bootstrap-token when those values are not provided.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
kubeadm join phase control-plane-prepare
Using this phase you can prepare a node for serving a control-plane.
# Prepares the machine for serving a control plane
kubeadm join phase control-plane-prepare all
Options
-h, --help
help for control-plane-prepare
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
Prepare the machine for serving a control plane
Synopsis
Prepare the machine for serving a control plane
kubeadm join phase control-plane-prepare all [api-server-endpoint] [flags]
Options
--apiserver-advertise-address string
If the node should host a new control plane instance, the IP address the API Server will advertise it's listening on. If not set the default network interface will be used.
--apiserver-bind-port int32 Default: 6443
If the node should host a new control plane instance, the port for the API Server to bind to.
--certificate-key string
Use this key to decrypt the certificate secrets uploaded by init.
--config string
Path to kubeadm config file.
--control-plane
Create a new control plane instance on this node
--discovery-file string
For file-based discovery, a file or URL from which to load cluster information.
--discovery-token string
For token-based discovery, the token used to validate cluster information fetched from the API server.
--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash strings
For token-based discovery, validate that the root CA public key matches this hash (format: "<type>:<value>").
--discovery-token-unsafe-skip-ca-verification
For token-based discovery, allow joining without --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash pinning.
-h, --help
help for all
--node-name string
Specify the node name.
--patches string
Path to a directory that contains files named "target[suffix][+patchtype].extension". For example, "kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml" or just "etcd.json". "target" can be one of "kube-apiserver", "kube-controller-manager", "kube-scheduler", "etcd". "patchtype" can be one of "strategic", "merge" or "json" and they match the patch formats supported by kubectl. The default "patchtype" is "strategic". "extension" must be either "json" or "yaml". "suffix" is an optional string that can be used to determine which patches are applied first alpha-numerically.
--tls-bootstrap-token string
Specify the token used to temporarily authenticate with the Kubernetes Control Plane while joining the node.
--token string
Use this token for both discovery-token and tls-bootstrap-token when those values are not provided.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
[EXPERIMENTAL] Download certificates shared among control-plane nodes from the kubeadm-certs Secret
Synopsis
[EXPERIMENTAL] Download certificates shared among control-plane nodes from the kubeadm-certs Secret
If the node should host a new control plane instance, the IP address the API Server will advertise it's listening on. If not set the default network interface will be used.
--config string
Path to kubeadm config file.
--control-plane
Create a new control plane instance on this node
--discovery-file string
For file-based discovery, a file or URL from which to load cluster information.
--discovery-token string
For token-based discovery, the token used to validate cluster information fetched from the API server.
--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash strings
For token-based discovery, validate that the root CA public key matches this hash (format: "<type>:<value>").
--discovery-token-unsafe-skip-ca-verification
For token-based discovery, allow joining without --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash pinning.
-h, --help
help for certs
--node-name string
Specify the node name.
--tls-bootstrap-token string
Specify the token used to temporarily authenticate with the Kubernetes Control Plane while joining the node.
--token string
Use this token for both discovery-token and tls-bootstrap-token when those values are not provided.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
Generate the kubeconfig for the new control plane components
Synopsis
Generate the kubeconfig for the new control plane components
If the node should host a new control plane instance, the IP address the API Server will advertise it's listening on. If not set the default network interface will be used.
--apiserver-bind-port int32 Default: 6443
If the node should host a new control plane instance, the port for the API Server to bind to.
--config string
Path to kubeadm config file.
--control-plane
Create a new control plane instance on this node
-h, --help
help for control-plane
--patches string
Path to a directory that contains files named "target[suffix][+patchtype].extension". For example, "kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml" or just "etcd.json". "target" can be one of "kube-apiserver", "kube-controller-manager", "kube-scheduler", "etcd". "patchtype" can be one of "strategic", "merge" or "json" and they match the patch formats supported by kubectl. The default "patchtype" is "strategic". "extension" must be either "json" or "yaml". "suffix" is an optional string that can be used to determine which patches are applied first alpha-numerically.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
kubeadm join phase kubelet-start
Using this phase you can write the kubelet settings, certificates and (re)start the kubelet.
Path to the CRI socket to connect. If empty kubeadm will try to auto-detect this value; use this option only if you have more than one CRI installed or if you have non-standard CRI socket.
--discovery-file string
For file-based discovery, a file or URL from which to load cluster information.
--discovery-token string
For token-based discovery, the token used to validate cluster information fetched from the API server.
--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash strings
For token-based discovery, validate that the root CA public key matches this hash (format: "<type>:<value>").
--discovery-token-unsafe-skip-ca-verification
For token-based discovery, allow joining without --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash pinning.
-h, --help
help for kubelet-start
--node-name string
Specify the node name.
--tls-bootstrap-token string
Specify the token used to temporarily authenticate with the Kubernetes Control Plane while joining the node.
--token string
Use this token for both discovery-token and tls-bootstrap-token when those values are not provided.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
kubeadm join phase control-plane-join
Using this phase you can join a node as a control-plane instance.
# Joins a machine as a control plane instance
kubeadm join phase control-plane-join all
Options
-h, --help
help for control-plane-join
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
Join a machine as a control plane instance
Synopsis
Join a machine as a control plane instance
kubeadm join phase control-plane-join all [flags]
Options
--apiserver-advertise-address string
If the node should host a new control plane instance, the IP address the API Server will advertise it's listening on. If not set the default network interface will be used.
--config string
Path to kubeadm config file.
--control-plane
Create a new control plane instance on this node
-h, --help
help for all
--node-name string
Specify the node name.
--patches string
Path to a directory that contains files named "target[suffix][+patchtype].extension". For example, "kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml" or just "etcd.json". "target" can be one of "kube-apiserver", "kube-controller-manager", "kube-scheduler", "etcd". "patchtype" can be one of "strategic", "merge" or "json" and they match the patch formats supported by kubectl. The default "patchtype" is "strategic". "extension" must be either "json" or "yaml". "suffix" is an optional string that can be used to determine which patches are applied first alpha-numerically.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
If the node should host a new control plane instance, the IP address the API Server will advertise it's listening on. If not set the default network interface will be used.
--config string
Path to kubeadm config file.
--control-plane
Create a new control plane instance on this node
-h, --help
help for etcd
--node-name string
Specify the node name.
--patches string
Path to a directory that contains files named "target[suffix][+patchtype].extension". For example, "kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml" or just "etcd.json". "target" can be one of "kube-apiserver", "kube-controller-manager", "kube-scheduler", "etcd". "patchtype" can be one of "strategic", "merge" or "json" and they match the patch formats supported by kubectl. The default "patchtype" is "strategic". "extension" must be either "json" or "yaml". "suffix" is an optional string that can be used to determine which patches are applied first alpha-numerically.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
Register the new control-plane node into the ClusterStatus maintained in the kubeadm-config ConfigMap (DEPRECATED)
Synopsis
Register the new control-plane node into the ClusterStatus maintained in the kubeadm-config ConfigMap (DEPRECATED)
If the node should host a new control plane instance, the IP address the API Server will advertise it's listening on. If not set the default network interface will be used.
--config string
Path to kubeadm config file.
--control-plane
Create a new control plane instance on this node
-h, --help
help for update-status
--node-name string
Specify the node name.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
# Output a kubeconfig file for an additional user named foo using a kubeadm config file bar
kubeadm kubeconfig user --client-name=foo --config=bar
Options
--client-name string
The name of user. It will be used as the CN if client certificates are created
--config string
Path to a kubeadm configuration file.
-h, --help
help for user
--org strings
The orgnizations of the client certificate. It will be used as the O if client certificates are created
--token string
The token that should be used as the authentication mechanism for this kubeconfig, instead of client certificates
--validity-period duration Default: 8760h0m0s
The validity period of the client certificate. It is an offset from the current time.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
9.1.14 - kubeadm reset phase
kubeadm reset phase enables you to invoke atomic steps of the node reset process.
Hence, you can let kubeadm do some of the work and you can fill in the gaps
if you wish to apply customization.
kubeadm reset phase is consistent with the kubeadm reset workflow,
and behind the scene both use the same code.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
kubeadm reset phase cleanup-node
Using this phase you can perform cleanup on this node.
The path to the directory where the certificates are stored. If specified, clean this directory.
--cri-socket string
Path to the CRI socket to connect. If empty kubeadm will try to auto-detect this value; use this option only if you have more than one CRI installed or if you have non-standard CRI socket.
-h, --help
help for cleanup-node
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
What's next
kubeadm init to bootstrap a Kubernetes control-plane node
In v1.15.0, kubeadm introduced preliminary support for kubeadm upgrade node phases.
Phases for other kubeadm upgrade sub-commands such as apply, could be added in the
following releases.
kubeadm upgrade node phase
Using this phase you can choose to execute the separate steps of the upgrade of
secondary control-plane or worker nodes. Please note that kubeadm upgrade apply still has to
be called on a primary control-plane node.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
--patches string
Path to a directory that contains files named "target[suffix][+patchtype].extension". For example, "kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml" or just "etcd.json". "target" can be one of "kube-apiserver", "kube-controller-manager", "kube-scheduler", "etcd". "patchtype" can be one of "strategic", "merge" or "json" and they match the patch formats supported by kubectl. The default "patchtype" is "strategic". "extension" must be either "json" or "yaml". "suffix" is an optional string that can be used to determine which patches are applied first alpha-numerically.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
Upgrade the kubelet configuration for this node
Synopsis
Download the kubelet configuration from a ConfigMap of the form "kubelet-config-1.X" in the cluster, where X is the minor version of the kubelet. kubeadm uses the KuberneteVersion field in the kubeadm-config ConfigMap to determine what the desired kubelet version is.
kubeadm upgrade node phase kubelet-config [flags]
Options
--dry-run
Do not change any state, just output the actions that would be performed.
The kubeconfig file to use when talking to the cluster. If the flag is not set, a set of standard locations can be searched for an existing kubeconfig file.
Options inherited from parent commands
--rootfs string
[EXPERIMENTAL] The path to the 'real' host root filesystem.
What's next
kubeadm init to bootstrap a Kubernetes control-plane node
kubeadm init and kubeadm join together provides a nice user experience for creating a best-practice but bare Kubernetes cluster from scratch.
However, it might not be obvious how kubeadm does that.
This document provides additional details on what happen under the hood, with the aim of sharing knowledge on Kubernetes cluster best practices.
Core design principles
The cluster that kubeadm init and kubeadm join set up should be:
Secure: It should adopt latest best-practices like:
enforcing RBAC
using the Node Authorizer
using secure communication between the control plane components
using secure communication between the API server and the kubelets
lock-down the kubelet API
locking down access to the API for system components like the kube-proxy and CoreDNS
locking down what a Bootstrap Token can access
User-friendly: The user should not have to run anything more than a couple of commands:
kubeadm init
export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
kubectl apply -f <network-of-choice.yaml>
kubeadm join --token <token> <endpoint>:<port>
Extendable:
It should not favor any particular network provider. Configuring the cluster network is out-of-scope
It should provide the possibility to use a config file for customizing various parameters
Constants and well-known values and paths
In order to reduce complexity and to simplify development of higher level tools that build on top of kubeadm, it uses a
limited set of constant values for well-known paths and file names.
The Kubernetes directory /etc/kubernetes is a constant in the application, since it is clearly the given path
in a majority of cases, and the most intuitive location; other constants paths and file names are:
/etc/kubernetes/manifests as the path where kubelet should look for static Pod manifests. Names of static Pod manifests are:
etcd.yaml
kube-apiserver.yaml
kube-controller-manager.yaml
kube-scheduler.yaml
/etc/kubernetes/ as the path where kubeconfig files with identities for control plane components are stored. Names of kubeconfig files are:
kubelet.conf (bootstrap-kubelet.conf during TLS bootstrap)
controller-manager.conf
scheduler.conf
admin.conf for the cluster admin and kubeadm itself
Names of certificates and key files :
ca.crt, ca.key for the Kubernetes certificate authority
apiserver.crt, apiserver.key for the API server certificate
apiserver-kubelet-client.crt, apiserver-kubelet-client.key for the client certificate used by the API server to connect to the kubelets securely
sa.pub, sa.key for the key used by the controller manager when signing ServiceAccount
front-proxy-ca.crt, front-proxy-ca.key for the front proxy certificate authority
front-proxy-client.crt, front-proxy-client.key for the front proxy client
kubeadm init workflow internal design
The kubeadm initinternal workflow consists of a sequence of atomic work tasks to perform,
as described in kubeadm init.
The kubeadm init phase command allows users to invoke each task individually, and ultimately offers a reusable and composable
API/toolbox that can be used by other Kubernetes bootstrap tools, by any IT automation tool or by an advanced user
for creating custom clusters.
Preflight checks
Kubeadm executes a set of preflight checks before starting the init, with the aim to verify preconditions and avoid common cluster startup problems.
The user can skip specific preflight checks or all of them with the --ignore-preflight-errors option.
[warning] If the Kubernetes version to use (specified with the --kubernetes-version flag) is at least one minor version higher than the kubeadm CLI version.
Kubernetes system requirements:
if running on linux:
[error] if Kernel is older than the minimum required version
[error] if required cgroups subsystem aren't in set up
if using docker:
[warning/error] if Docker service does not exist, if it is disabled, if it is not active.
[error] if Docker endpoint does not exist or does not work
[warning] if docker version is not in the list of validated docker versions
If using other cri engine:
[error] if crictl socket does not answer
[error] if user is not root
[error] if the machine hostname is not a valid DNS subdomain
[warning] if the host name cannot be reached via network lookup
[error] if kubelet version is lower that the minimum kubelet version supported by kubeadm (current minor -1)
[error] if kubelet version is at least one minor higher than the required controlplane version (unsupported version skew)
[warning] if kubelet service does not exist or if it is disabled
[warning] if firewalld is active
[error] if API server bindPort or ports 10250/10251/10252 are used
[Error] if /etc/kubernetes/manifest folder already exists and it is not empty
[Error] if /proc/sys/net/bridge/bridge-nf-call-iptables file does not exist/does not contain 1
[Error] if advertise address is ipv6 and /proc/sys/net/bridge/bridge-nf-call-ip6tables does not exist/does not contain 1.
[Error] if swap is on
[Error] if conntrack, ip, iptables, mount, nsenter commands are not present in the command path
[warning] if ebtables, ethtool, socat, tc, touch, crictl commands are not present in the command path
[warning] if extra arg flags for API server, controller manager, scheduler contains some invalid options
[warning] if connection to https://API.AdvertiseAddress:API.BindPort goes through proxy
[warning] if connection to services subnet goes through proxy (only first address checked)
[warning] if connection to Pods subnet goes through proxy (only first address checked)
If external etcd is provided:
[Error] if etcd version is older than the minimum required version
[Error] if etcd certificates or keys are specified, but not provided
If external etcd is NOT provided (and thus local etcd will be installed):
[Error] if ports 2379 is used
[Error] if Etcd.DataDir folder already exists and it is not empty
Kubeadm generates certificate and private key pairs for different purposes:
A self signed certificate authority for the Kubernetes cluster saved into ca.crt file and ca.key private key file
A serving certificate for the API server, generated using ca.crt as the CA, and saved into apiserver.crt file with
its private key apiserver.key. This certificate should contain following alternative names:
The Kubernetes service's internal clusterIP (the first address in the services CIDR, e.g. 10.96.0.1 if service subnet is 10.96.0.0/12)
Kubernetes DNS names, e.g. kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local if --service-dns-domain flag value is cluster.local, plus default DNS names kubernetes.default.svc, kubernetes.default, kubernetes
The node-name
The --apiserver-advertise-address
Additional alternative names specified by the user
A client certificate for the API server to connect to the kubelets securely, generated using ca.crt as the CA and saved into
apiserver-kubelet-client.crt file with its private key apiserver-kubelet-client.key.
This certificate should be in the system:masters organization
A private key for signing ServiceAccount Tokens saved into sa.key file along with its public key sa.pub
A certificate authority for the front proxy saved into front-proxy-ca.crt file with its key front-proxy-ca.key
A client cert for the front proxy client, generate using front-proxy-ca.crt as the CA and saved into front-proxy-client.crt file
with its private keyfront-proxy-client.key
Certificates are stored by default in /etc/kubernetes/pki, but this directory is configurable using the --cert-dir flag.
Please note that:
If a given certificate and private key pair both exist, and its content is evaluated compliant with the above specs, the existing files will
be used and the generation phase for the given certificate skipped. This means the user can, for example, copy an existing CA to
/etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.{crt,key}, and then kubeadm will use those files for signing the rest of the certs.
See also using custom certificates
Only for the CA, it is possible to provide the ca.crt file but not the ca.key file, if all other certificates and kubeconfig files
already are in place kubeadm recognize this condition and activates the ExternalCA , which also implies the csrsignercontroller in
controller-manager won't be started
If kubeadm is running in external CA mode;
all the certificates must be provided by the user, because kubeadm cannot generate them by itself
In case of kubeadm is executed in the --dry-run mode, certificates files are written in a temporary folder
Generate kubeconfig files for control plane components
Kubeadm generates kubeconfig files with identities for control plane components:
A kubeconfig file for the kubelet to use during TLS bootstrap - /etc/kubernetes/bootstrap-kubelet.conf. Inside this file there is a bootstrap-token or embedded client certificates for authenticating this node with the cluster.
This client cert should:
Be in the system:nodes organization, as required by the Node Authorization module
Have the Common Name (CN) system:node:<hostname-lowercased>
A kubeconfig file for controller-manager, /etc/kubernetes/controller-manager.conf; inside this file is embedded a client
certificate with controller-manager identity. This client cert should have the CN system:kube-controller-manager, as defined
by default RBAC core components roles
A kubeconfig file for scheduler, /etc/kubernetes/scheduler.conf; inside this file is embedded a client certificate with scheduler identity.
This client cert should have the CN system:kube-scheduler, as defined by default RBAC core components roles
Additionally, a kubeconfig file for kubeadm itself and the admin is generated and saved into the /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf file.
The "admin" here is defined as the actual person(s) that is administering the cluster and wants to have full control (root) over the cluster.
The embedded client certificate for admin should be in the system:masters organization, as defined by default
RBAC user facing role bindings. It should also include a
CN. Kubeadm uses the kubernetes-admin CN.
Please note that:
ca.crt certificate is embedded in all the kubeconfig files.
If a given kubeconfig file exists, and its content is evaluated compliant with the above specs, the existing file will be used and the generation phase for the given kubeconfig skipped
If kubeadm is running in ExternalCA mode, all the required kubeconfig must be provided by the user as well, because kubeadm cannot generate any of them by itself
In case of kubeadm is executed in the --dry-run mode, kubeconfig files are written in a temporary folder
Generate static Pod manifests for control plane components
Kubeadm writes static Pod manifest files for control plane components to /etc/kubernetes/manifests. The kubelet watches this directory for Pods to create on startup.
Static Pod manifest share a set of common properties:
All static Pods are deployed on kube-system namespace
All static Pods get tier:control-plane and component:{component-name} labels
All static Pods use the system-node-critical priority class
hostNetwork: true is set on all static Pods to allow control plane startup before a network is configured; as a consequence:
The address that the controller-manager and the scheduler use to refer the API server is 127.0.0.1
If using a local etcd server, etcd-servers address will be set to 127.0.0.1:2379
Leader election is enabled for both the controller-manager and the scheduler
Controller-manager and the scheduler will reference kubeconfig files with their respective, unique identities
The static Pod manifest for the API server is affected by following parameters provided by the users:
The apiserver-advertise-address and apiserver-bind-port to bind to; if not provided, those value defaults to the IP address of
the default network interface on the machine and port 6443
The service-cluster-ip-range to use for services
If an external etcd server is specified, the etcd-servers address and related TLS settings (etcd-cafile, etcd-certfile, etcd-keyfile);
if an external etcd server is not be provided, a local etcd will be used (via host network)
If a cloud provider is specified, the corresponding --cloud-provider is configured, together with the --cloud-config path
if such file exists (this is experimental, alpha and will be removed in a future version)
Other API server flags that are set unconditionally are:
--insecure-port=0 to avoid insecure connections to the api server
--enable-bootstrap-token-auth=true to enable the BootstrapTokenAuthenticator authentication module.
See TLS Bootstrapping for more details
--allow-privileged to true (required e.g. by kube proxy)
--requestheader-client-ca-file to front-proxy-ca.crt
PersistentVolumeLabel attaches region or zone labels to
PersistentVolumes as defined by the cloud provider (This admission controller is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.
It is not deployed by kubeadm by default with v1.9 onwards when not explicitly opting into using gce or aws as cloud providers)
DefaultStorageClass to enforce default storage class on PersistentVolumeClaim objects
NodeRestriction to limit what a kubelet can modify
(e.g. only pods on this node)
--kubelet-preferred-address-types to InternalIP,ExternalIP,Hostname; this makes kubectl logs and other API server-kubelet
communication work in environments where the hostnames of the nodes aren't resolvable
Flags for using certificates generated in previous steps:
--client-ca-file to ca.crt
--tls-cert-file to apiserver.crt
--tls-private-key-file to apiserver.key
--kubelet-client-certificate to apiserver-kubelet-client.crt
--kubelet-client-key to apiserver-kubelet-client.key
The static Pod manifest for the controller manager is affected by following parameters provided by the users:
If kubeadm is invoked specifying a --pod-network-cidr, the subnet manager feature required for some CNI network plugins is enabled by
setting:
--allocate-node-cidrs=true
--cluster-cidr and --node-cidr-mask-size flags according to the given CIDR
If a cloud provider is specified, the corresponding --cloud-provider is specified, together with the --cloud-config path
if such configuration file exists (this is experimental, alpha and will be removed in a future version)
Other flags that are set unconditionally are:
--controllers enabling all the default controllers plus BootstrapSigner and TokenCleaner controllers for TLS bootstrap.
See TLS Bootstrapping for more details
--use-service-account-credentials to true
Flags for using certificates generated in previous steps:
--root-ca-file to ca.crt
--cluster-signing-cert-file to ca.crt, if External CA mode is disabled, otherwise to ""
--cluster-signing-key-file to ca.key, if External CA mode is disabled, otherwise to ""
--service-account-private-key-file to sa.key
Scheduler
The static Pod manifest for the scheduler is not affected by parameters provided by the users.
Generate static Pod manifest for local etcd
If the user specified an external etcd this step will be skipped, otherwise kubeadm generates a static Pod manifest file for creating
a local etcd instance running in a Pod with following attributes:
listen on localhost:2379 and use HostNetwork=true
make a hostPath mount out from the dataDir to the host's filesystem
Any extra flags specified by the user
Please note that:
The etcd image will be pulled from k8s.gcr.io by default. See using custom images for customizing the image repository
in case of kubeadm is executed in the --dry-run mode, the etcd static Pod manifest is written in a temporary folder
Static Pod manifest generation for local etcd can be invoked individually with the kubeadm init phase etcd local command
Wait for the control plane to come up
kubeadm waits (upto 4m0s) until localhost:6443/healthz (kube-apiserver liveness) returns ok. However in order to detect
deadlock conditions, kubeadm fails fast if localhost:10255/healthz (kubelet liveness) or
localhost:10255/healthz/syncloop (kubelet readiness) don't return ok within 40s and 60s respectively.
kubeadm relies on the kubelet to pull the control plane images and run them properly as static Pods.
After the control plane is up, kubeadm completes the tasks described in following paragraphs.
Save the kubeadm ClusterConfiguration in a ConfigMap for later reference
kubeadm saves the configuration passed to kubeadm init in a ConfigMap named kubeadm-config under kube-system namespace.
This will ensure that kubeadm actions executed in future (e.g kubeadm upgrade) will be able to determine the actual/current cluster
state and make new decisions based on that data.
Please note that:
Before saving the ClusterConfiguration, sensitive information like the token is stripped from the configuration
kubeadm init ensures that everything is properly configured for this process, and this includes following steps as well as
setting API server and controller flags as already described in previous paragraphs.
Please note that:
TLS bootstrapping for nodes can be configured with the kubeadm init phase bootstrap-token
command, executing all the configuration steps described in following paragraphs; alternatively, each step can be invoked individually
Create a bootstrap token
kubeadm init create a first bootstrap token, either generated automatically or provided by the user with the --token flag; as documented
in bootstrap token specification, token should be saved as secrets with name bootstrap-token-<token-id> under kube-system namespace.
Please note that:
The default token created by kubeadm init will be used to validate temporary user during TLS bootstrap process; those users will
be member of system:bootstrappers:kubeadm:default-node-token group
The token has a limited validity, default 24 hours (the interval may be changed with the —token-ttl flag)
Additional tokens can be created with the kubeadm token command, that provide as well other useful functions
for token management
Allow joining nodes to call CSR API
Kubeadm ensures that users in system:bootstrappers:kubeadm:default-node-token group are able to access the certificate signing API.
This is implemented by creating a ClusterRoleBinding named kubeadm:kubelet-bootstrap between the group above and the default
RBAC role system:node-bootstrapper.
Setup auto approval for new bootstrap tokens
Kubeadm ensures that the Bootstrap Token will get its CSR request automatically approved by the csrapprover controller.
This is implemented by creating ClusterRoleBinding named kubeadm:node-autoapprove-bootstrap between
the system:bootstrappers:kubeadm:default-node-token group and the default role system:certificates.k8s.io:certificatesigningrequests:nodeclient.
The role system:certificates.k8s.io:certificatesigningrequests:nodeclient should be created as well, granting
POST permission to /apis/certificates.k8s.io/certificatesigningrequests/nodeclient.
Setup nodes certificate rotation with auto approval
Kubeadm ensures that certificate rotation is enabled for nodes, and that new certificate request for nodes will get its CSR request
automatically approved by the csrapprover controller.
This is implemented by creating ClusterRoleBinding named kubeadm:node-autoapprove-certificate-rotation between the system:nodes group
and the default role system:certificates.k8s.io:certificatesigningrequests:selfnodeclient.
Create the public cluster-info ConfigMap
This phase creates the cluster-info ConfigMap in the kube-public namespace.
Additionally it creates a Role and a RoleBinding granting access to the ConfigMap for unauthenticated users
(i.e. users in RBAC group system:unauthenticated).
Please note that:
The access to the cluster-info ConfigMap is not rate-limited. This may or may not be a problem if you expose your cluster's API server
to the internet; worst-case scenario here is a DoS attack where an attacker uses all the in-flight requests the kube-apiserver
can handle to serving the cluster-info ConfigMap.
Install addons
Kubeadm installs the internal DNS server and the kube-proxy addon components via the API server.
Please note that:
A ServiceAccount for kube-proxy is created in the kube-system namespace; then kube-proxy is deployed as a DaemonSet:
The credentials (ca.crt and token) to the control plane come from the ServiceAccount
The location (URL) of the API server comes from a ConfigMap
The kube-proxy ServiceAccount is bound to the privileges in the system:node-proxier ClusterRole
DNS
The CoreDNS service is named kube-dns. This is done to prevent any interruption
in service when the user is switching the cluster DNS from kube-dns to CoreDNS
the --config method described here.
A ServiceAccount for CoreDNS is created in the kube-system namespace.
The coredns ServiceAccount is bound to the privileges in the system:coredns ClusterRole
In Kubernetes version 1.21, support for using kube-dns with kubeadm was removed.
You can use CoreDNS with kubeadm even when the related Service is named kube-dns.
kubeadm join phases internal design
Similarly to kubeadm init, also kubeadm join internal workflow consists of a sequence of atomic work tasks to perform.
This is split into discovery (having the Node trust the Kubernetes Master) and TLS bootstrap (having the Kubernetes Master trust the Node).
kubeadm executes a set of preflight checks before starting the join, with the aim to verify preconditions and avoid common
cluster startup problems.
Please note that:
kubeadm join preflight checks are basically a subset kubeadm init preflight checks
Starting from 1.9, kubeadm provides better support for CRI-generic functionality; in that case, docker specific controls
are skipped or replaced by similar controls for crictl.
Starting from 1.9, kubeadm provides support for joining nodes running on Windows; in that case, linux specific controls are skipped.
In any case the user can skip specific preflight checks (or eventually all preflight checks) with the --ignore-preflight-errors option.
Discovery cluster-info
There are 2 main schemes for discovery. The first is to use a shared token along with the IP address of the API server.
The second is to provide a file (that is a subset of the standard kubeconfig file).
Shared token discovery
If kubeadm join is invoked with --discovery-token, token discovery is used; in this case the node basically retrieves
the cluster CA certificates from the cluster-info ConfigMap in the kube-public namespace.
In order to prevent "man in the middle" attacks, several steps are taken:
First, the CA certificate is retrieved via insecure connection (this is possible because kubeadm init granted access to cluster-info users for system:unauthenticated )
Then the CA certificate goes trough following validation steps:
Basic validation: using the token ID against a JWT signature
Pub key validation: using provided --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash. This value is available in the output of kubeadm init or can
be calculated using standard tools (the hash is calculated over the bytes of the Subject Public Key Info (SPKI) object as in RFC7469).
The --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash flag may be repeated multiple times to allow more than one public key.
As a additional validation, the CA certificate is retrieved via secure connection and then compared with the CA retrieved initially
Please note that:
Pub key validation can be skipped passing --discovery-token-unsafe-skip-ca-verification flag; This weakens the kubeadm security
model since others can potentially impersonate the Kubernetes Master.
File/https discovery
If kubeadm join is invoked with --discovery-file, file discovery is used; this file can be a local file or downloaded via an HTTPS URL; in case of HTTPS, the host installed CA bundle is used to verify the connection.
With file discovery, the cluster CA certificates is provided into the file itself; in fact, the discovery file is a kubeconfig
file with only server and certificate-authority-data attributes set, as described in kubeadm join reference doc;
when the connection with the cluster is established, kubeadm try to access the cluster-info ConfigMap, and if available, uses it.
TLS Bootstrap
Once the cluster info are known, the file bootstrap-kubelet.conf is written, thus allowing kubelet to do TLS Bootstrapping.
The TLS bootstrap mechanism uses the shared token to temporarily authenticate with the Kubernetes API server to submit a certificate
signing request (CSR) for a locally created key pair.
The request is then automatically approved and the operation completes saving ca.crt file and kubelet.conf file to be used
by kubelet for joining the cluster, whilebootstrap-kubelet.conf is deleted.
Please note that:
The temporary authentication is validated against the token saved during the kubeadm init process (or with additional tokens
created with kubeadm token)
The temporary authentication resolve to a user member of system:bootstrappers:kubeadm:default-node-token group which was granted
access to CSR api during the kubeadm init process
The automatic CSR approval is managed by the csrapprover controller, according with configuration done the kubeadm init process
10 - Command line tool (kubectl)
Kubernetes provides a command line tool for communicating with a Kubernetes cluster's
control plane,
using the Kubernetes API.
This tool is named kubectl.
For configuration, kubectl looks for a file named config in the $HOME/.kube directory.
You can specify other kubeconfig
files by setting the KUBECONFIG environment variable or by setting the
--kubeconfig flag.
This overview covers kubectl syntax, describes the command operations, and provides common examples.
For details about each command, including all the supported flags and subcommands, see the
kubectl reference documentation.
For installation instructions, see Installing kubectl;
for a quick guide, see the cheat sheet.
If you're used to using the docker command-line tool, kubectl for Docker Users explains some equivalent commands for Kubernetes.
Syntax
Use the following syntax to run kubectl commands from your terminal window:
kubectl [command][TYPE][NAME][flags]
where command, TYPE, NAME, and flags are:
command: Specifies the operation that you want to perform on one or more resources,
for example create, get, describe, delete.
TYPE: Specifies the resource type. Resource types are case-insensitive and
you can specify the singular, plural, or abbreviated forms.
For example, the following commands produce the same output:
kubectl get pod pod1
kubectl get pods pod1
kubectl get po pod1
NAME: Specifies the name of the resource. Names are case-sensitive. If the name is omitted, details for all resources are displayed, for example kubectl get pods.
When performing an operation on multiple resources, you can specify each resource by type and name or specify one or more files:
To specify resources by type and name:
To group resources if they are all the same type: TYPE1 name1 name2 name<#>.
Example: kubectl get pod example-pod1 example-pod2
To specify multiple resource types individually: TYPE1/name1 TYPE1/name2 TYPE2/name3 TYPE<#>/name<#>.
Example: kubectl get pod/example-pod1 replicationcontroller/example-rc1
To specify resources with one or more files: -f file1 -f file2 -f file<#>
Use YAML rather than JSON since YAML tends to be more user-friendly, especially for configuration files.
Example: kubectl get -f ./pod.yaml
flags: Specifies optional flags. For example, you can use the -s or --server flags to specify the address and port of the Kubernetes API server.
Caution: Flags that you specify from the command line override default values and any corresponding environment variables.
If you need help, run kubectl help from the terminal window.
In-cluster authentication and namespace overrides
By default kubectl will first determine if it is running within a pod, and thus in a cluster. It starts by checking for the KUBERNETES_SERVICE_HOST and KUBERNETES_SERVICE_PORT environment variables and the existence of a service account token file at /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token. If all three are found in-cluster authentication is assumed.
To maintain backwards compatibility, if the POD_NAMESPACE environment variable is set during in-cluster authentication it will override the default namespace from the service account token. Any manifests or tools relying on namespace defaulting will be affected by this.
POD_NAMESPACE environment variable
If the POD_NAMESPACE environment variable is set, cli operations on namespaced resources will default to the variable value. For example, if the variable is set to seattle, kubectl get pods would return pods in the seattle namespace. This is because pods are a namespaced resource, and no namespace was provided in the command. Review the output of kubectl api-resources to determine if a resource is namespaced.
Explicit use of --namespace <value> overrides this behavior.
How kubectl handles ServiceAccount tokens
If:
there is Kubernetes service account token file mounted at
/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token, and
the KUBERNETES_SERVICE_HOST environment variable is set, and
the KUBERNETES_SERVICE_PORT environment variable is set, and
you don't explicitly specify a namespace on the kubectl command line
then kubectl assumes it is running in your cluster. The kubectl tool looks up the
namespace of that ServiceAccount (this is the same as the namespace of the Pod)
and acts against that namespace. This is different from what happens outside of a
cluster; when kubectl runs outside a cluster and you don't specify a namespace,
the kubectl command acts against the default namespace.
Operations
The following table includes short descriptions and the general syntax for all of the kubectl operations:
Operation
Syntax
Description
alpha
kubectl alpha SUBCOMMAND [flags]
List the available commands that correspond to alpha features, which are not enabled in Kubernetes clusters by default.
annotate
kubectl annotate (-f FILENAME | TYPE NAME | TYPE/NAME) KEY_1=VAL_1 ... KEY_N=VAL_N [--overwrite] [--all] [--resource-version=version] [flags]
Add or update the annotations of one or more resources.
api-resources
kubectl api-resources [flags]
List the API resources that are available.
api-versions
kubectl api-versions [flags]
List the API versions that are available.
apply
kubectl apply -f FILENAME [flags]
Apply a configuration change to a resource from a file or stdin.
attach
kubectl attach POD -c CONTAINER [-i] [-t] [flags]
Attach to a running container either to view the output stream or interact with the container (stdin).
auth
kubectl auth [flags] [options]
Inspect authorization.
autoscale
kubectl autoscale (-f FILENAME | TYPE NAME | TYPE/NAME) [--min=MINPODS] --max=MAXPODS [--cpu-percent=CPU] [flags]
Automatically scale the set of pods that are managed by a replication controller.
certificate
kubectl certificate SUBCOMMAND [options]
Modify certificate resources.
cluster-info
kubectl cluster-info [flags]
Display endpoint information about the master and services in the cluster.
completion
kubectl completion SHELL [options]
Output shell completion code for the specified shell (bash or zsh).
config
kubectl config SUBCOMMAND [flags]
Modifies kubeconfig files. See the individual subcommands for details.
convert
kubectl convert -f FILENAME [options]
Convert config files between different API versions. Both YAML and JSON formats are accepted. Note - requires kubectl-convert plugin to be installed.
Get documentation of various resources. For instance pods, nodes, services, etc.
expose
kubectl expose (-f FILENAME | TYPE NAME | TYPE/NAME) [--port=port] [--protocol=TCP|UDP] [--target-port=number-or-name] [--name=name] [--external-ip=external-ip-of-service] [--type=type] [flags]
Expose a replication controller, service, or pod as a new Kubernetes service.
get
kubectl get (-f FILENAME | TYPE [NAME | /NAME | -l label]) [--watch] [--sort-by=FIELD] [[-o | --output]=OUTPUT_FORMAT] [flags]
List one or more resources.
kustomize
kubectl kustomize <dir> [flags] [options]
List a set of API resources generated from instructions in a kustomization.yaml file. The argument must be the path to the directory containing the file, or a git repository URL with a path suffix specifying same with respect to the repository root.
label
kubectl label (-f FILENAME | TYPE NAME | TYPE/NAME) KEY_1=VAL_1 ... KEY_N=VAL_N [--overwrite] [--all] [--resource-version=version] [flags]
Add or update the labels of one or more resources.
logs
kubectl logs POD [-c CONTAINER] [--follow] [flags]
Print the logs for a container in a pod.
options
kubectl options
List of global command-line options, which apply to all commands.
patch
kubectl patch (-f FILENAME | TYPE NAME | TYPE/NAME) --patch PATCH [flags]
Update one or more fields of a resource by using the strategic merge patch process.
plugin
kubectl plugin [flags] [options]
Provides utilities for interacting with plugins.
port-forward
kubectl port-forward POD [LOCAL_PORT:]REMOTE_PORT [...[LOCAL_PORT_N:]REMOTE_PORT_N] [flags]
Experimental: Wait for a specific condition on one or many resources.
To learn more about command operations, see the kubectl reference documentation.
Resource types
The following table includes a list of all the supported resource types and their abbreviated aliases.
(This output can be retrieved from kubectl api-resources, and was accurate as of Kubernetes 1.19.1.)
NAME
SHORTNAMES
APIGROUP
NAMESPACED
KIND
bindings
true
Binding
componentstatuses
cs
false
ComponentStatus
configmaps
cm
true
ConfigMap
endpoints
ep
true
Endpoints
events
ev
true
Event
limitranges
limits
true
LimitRange
namespaces
ns
false
Namespace
nodes
no
false
Node
persistentvolumeclaims
pvc
true
PersistentVolumeClaim
persistentvolumes
pv
false
PersistentVolume
pods
po
true
Pod
podtemplates
true
PodTemplate
replicationcontrollers
rc
true
ReplicationController
resourcequotas
quota
true
ResourceQuota
secrets
true
Secret
serviceaccounts
sa
true
ServiceAccount
services
svc
true
Service
mutatingwebhookconfigurations
admissionregistration.k8s.io
false
MutatingWebhookConfiguration
validatingwebhookconfigurations
admissionregistration.k8s.io
false
ValidatingWebhookConfiguration
customresourcedefinitions
crd,crds
apiextensions.k8s.io
false
CustomResourceDefinition
apiservices
apiregistration.k8s.io
false
APIService
controllerrevisions
apps
true
ControllerRevision
daemonsets
ds
apps
true
DaemonSet
deployments
deploy
apps
true
Deployment
replicasets
rs
apps
true
ReplicaSet
statefulsets
sts
apps
true
StatefulSet
tokenreviews
authentication.k8s.io
false
TokenReview
localsubjectaccessreviews
authorization.k8s.io
true
LocalSubjectAccessReview
selfsubjectaccessreviews
authorization.k8s.io
false
SelfSubjectAccessReview
selfsubjectrulesreviews
authorization.k8s.io
false
SelfSubjectRulesReview
subjectaccessreviews
authorization.k8s.io
false
SubjectAccessReview
horizontalpodautoscalers
hpa
autoscaling
true
HorizontalPodAutoscaler
cronjobs
cj
batch
true
CronJob
jobs
batch
true
Job
certificatesigningrequests
csr
certificates.k8s.io
false
CertificateSigningRequest
leases
coordination.k8s.io
true
Lease
endpointslices
discovery.k8s.io
true
EndpointSlice
events
ev
events.k8s.io
true
Event
ingresses
ing
extensions
true
Ingress
flowschemas
flowcontrol.apiserver.k8s.io
false
FlowSchema
prioritylevelconfigurations
flowcontrol.apiserver.k8s.io
false
PriorityLevelConfiguration
ingressclasses
networking.k8s.io
false
IngressClass
ingresses
ing
networking.k8s.io
true
Ingress
networkpolicies
netpol
networking.k8s.io
true
NetworkPolicy
runtimeclasses
node.k8s.io
false
RuntimeClass
poddisruptionbudgets
pdb
policy
true
PodDisruptionBudget
podsecuritypolicies
psp
policy
false
PodSecurityPolicy
clusterrolebindings
rbac.authorization.k8s.io
false
ClusterRoleBinding
clusterroles
rbac.authorization.k8s.io
false
ClusterRole
rolebindings
rbac.authorization.k8s.io
true
RoleBinding
roles
rbac.authorization.k8s.io
true
Role
priorityclasses
pc
scheduling.k8s.io
false
PriorityClass
csidrivers
storage.k8s.io
false
CSIDriver
csinodes
storage.k8s.io
false
CSINode
storageclasses
sc
storage.k8s.io
false
StorageClass
volumeattachments
storage.k8s.io
false
VolumeAttachment
Output options
Use the following sections for information about how you can format or sort the output of certain commands. For details about which commands support the various output options, see the kubectl reference documentation.
Formatting output
The default output format for all kubectl commands is the human readable plain-text format. To output details to your terminal window in a specific format, you can add either the -o or --output flags to a supported kubectl command.
Syntax
kubectl [command][TYPE][NAME] -o <output_format>
Depending on the kubectl operation, the following output formats are supported:
Output format
Description
-o custom-columns=<spec>
Print a table using a comma separated list of custom columns.
-o custom-columns-file=<filename>
Print a table using the custom columns template in the <filename> file.
-o json
Output a JSON formatted API object.
-o jsonpath=<template>
Print the fields defined in a jsonpath expression.
-o jsonpath-file=<filename>
Print the fields defined by the jsonpath expression in the <filename> file.
-o name
Print only the resource name and nothing else.
-o wide
Output in the plain-text format with any additional information. For pods, the node name is included.
-o yaml
Output a YAML formatted API object.
Example
In this example, the following command outputs the details for a single pod as a YAML formatted object:
kubectl get pod web-pod-13je7 -o yaml
Remember: See the kubectl reference documentation
for details about which output format is supported by each command.
Custom columns
To define custom columns and output only the details that you want into a table, you can use the custom-columns option.
You can choose to define the custom columns inline or use a template file: -o custom-columns=<spec> or -o custom-columns-file=<filename>.
Examples
Inline:
kubectl get pods <pod-name> -o custom-columns=NAME:.metadata.name,RSRC:.metadata.resourceVersion
Template file:
kubectl get pods <pod-name> -o custom-columns-file=template.txt
where the template.txt file contains:
NAME RSRC
metadata.name metadata.resourceVersion
The result of running either command is similar to:
NAME RSRC
submit-queue 610995
Server-side columns
kubectl supports receiving specific column information from the server about objects.
This means that for any given resource, the server will return columns and rows relevant to that resource, for the client to print.
This allows for consistent human-readable output across clients used against the same cluster, by having the server encapsulate the details of printing.
This feature is enabled by default. To disable it, add the
--server-print=false flag to the kubectl get command.
Examples
To print information about the status of a pod, use a command like the following:
kubectl get pods <pod-name> --server-print=false
The output is similar to:
NAME AGE
pod-name 1m
Sorting list objects
To output objects to a sorted list in your terminal window, you can add the --sort-by flag to a supported kubectl command. Sort your objects by specifying any numeric or string field with the --sort-by flag. To specify a field, use a jsonpath expression.
Use the following set of examples to help you familiarize yourself with running the commonly used kubectl operations:
kubectl apply - Apply or Update a resource from a file or stdin.
# Create a service using the definition in example-service.yaml.
kubectl apply -f example-service.yaml
# Create a replication controller using the definition in example-controller.yaml.
kubectl apply -f example-controller.yaml
# Create the objects that are defined in any .yaml, .yml, or .json file within the <directory> directory.
kubectl apply -f <directory>
kubectl get - List one or more resources.
# List all pods in plain-text output format.
kubectl get pods
# List all pods in plain-text output format and include additional information (such as node name).
kubectl get pods -o wide
# List the replication controller with the specified name in plain-text output format. Tip: You can shorten and replace the 'replicationcontroller' resource type with the alias 'rc'.
kubectl get replicationcontroller <rc-name>
# List all replication controllers and services together in plain-text output format.
kubectl get rc,services
# List all daemon sets in plain-text output format.
kubectl get ds
# List all pods running on node server01
kubectl get pods --field-selector=spec.nodeName=server01
kubectl describe - Display detailed state of one or more resources, including the uninitialized ones by default.
# Display the details of the node with name <node-name>.
kubectl describe nodes <node-name>
# Display the details of the pod with name <pod-name>.
kubectl describe pods/<pod-name>
# Display the details of all the pods that are managed by the replication controller named <rc-name>.# Remember: Any pods that are created by the replication controller get prefixed with the name of the replication controller.
kubectl describe pods <rc-name>
# Describe all pods
kubectl describe pods
Note: The kubectl get command is usually used for retrieving one or more
resources of the same resource type. It features a rich set of flags that allows
you to customize the output format using the -o or --output flag, for example.
You can specify the -w or --watch flag to start watching updates to a particular
object. The kubectl describe command is more focused on describing the many
related aspects of a specified resource. It may invoke several API calls to the
API server to build a view for the user. For example, the kubectl describe node
command retrieves not only the information about the node, but also a summary of
the pods running on it, the events generated for the node etc.
kubectl delete - Delete resources either from a file, stdin, or specifying label selectors, names, resource selectors, or resources.
# Delete a pod using the type and name specified in the pod.yaml file.
kubectl delete -f pod.yaml
# Delete all the pods and services that have the label '<label-key>=<label-value>'.
kubectl delete pods,services -l <label-key>=<label-value>
# Delete all pods, including uninitialized ones.
kubectl delete pods --all
kubectl exec - Execute a command against a container in a pod.
# Get output from running 'date' from pod <pod-name>. By default, output is from the first container.
kubectl exec <pod-name> -- date
# Get output from running 'date' in container <container-name> of pod <pod-name>.
kubectl exec <pod-name> -c <container-name> -- date
# Get an interactive TTY and run /bin/bash from pod <pod-name>. By default, output is from the first container.
kubectl exec -ti <pod-name> -- /bin/bash
kubectl logs - Print the logs for a container in a pod.
# Return a snapshot of the logs from pod <pod-name>.
kubectl logs <pod-name>
# Start streaming the logs from pod <pod-name>. This is similar to the 'tail -f' Linux command.
kubectl logs -f <pod-name>
kubectl diff - View a diff of the proposed updates to a cluster.
# Diff resources included in "pod.json".
kubectl diff -f pod.json
# Diff file read from stdin.
cat service.yaml | kubectl diff -f -
Examples: Creating and using plugins
Use the following set of examples to help you familiarize yourself with writing and using kubectl plugins:
# create a simple plugin in any language and name the resulting executable file# so that it begins with the prefix "kubectl-"
cat ./kubectl-hello
#!/bin/sh
# this plugin prints the words "hello world"echo"hello world"
With a plugin written, let's make it executable:
chmod a+x ./kubectl-hello
# and move it to a location in our PATH
sudo mv ./kubectl-hello /usr/local/bin
sudo chown root:root /usr/local/bin
# You have now created and "installed" a kubectl plugin.# You can begin using this plugin by invoking it from kubectl as if it were a regular command
kubectl hello
hello world
# You can "uninstall" a plugin, by removing it from the folder in your# $PATH where you placed it
sudo rm /usr/local/bin/kubectl-hello
In order to view all of the plugins that are available to kubectl, use
the kubectl plugin list subcommand:
kubectl plugin list
The output is similar to:
The following kubectl-compatible plugins are available:
/usr/local/bin/kubectl-hello
/usr/local/bin/kubectl-foo
/usr/local/bin/kubectl-bar
kubectl plugin list also warns you about plugins that are not
executable, or that are shadowed by other plugins; for example:
The following kubectl-compatible plugins are available:
/usr/local/bin/kubectl-hello
/usr/local/bin/kubectl-foo
- warning: /usr/local/bin/kubectl-foo identified as a plugin, but it is not executable
/usr/local/bin/kubectl-bar
error: one plugin warning was found
You can think of plugins as a means to build more complex functionality on top
of the existing kubectl commands:
cat ./kubectl-whoami
The next few examples assume that you already made kubectl-whoami have
the following contents:
#!/bin/bash
# this plugin makes use of the `kubectl config` command in order to output# information about the current user, based on the currently selected context
kubectl config view --template='{{ range .contexts }}{{ if eq .name "'$(kubectl config current-context)'" }}Current user: {{ printf "%s\n" .context.user }}{{ end }}{{ end }}'
Running the above command gives you an output containing the user for the
current context in your KUBECONFIG file:
# make the file executable
sudo chmod +x ./kubectl-whoami
# and move it into your PATH
sudo mv ./kubectl-whoami /usr/local/bin
kubectl whoami
Current user: plugins-user
This page contains a list of commonly used kubectl commands and flags.
Kubectl autocomplete
BASH
source <(kubectl completion bash)# setup autocomplete in bash into the current shell, bash-completion package should be installed first.echo"source <(kubectl completion bash)" >> ~/.bashrc # add autocomplete permanently to your bash shell.
You can also use a shorthand alias for kubectl that also works with completion:
aliask=kubectl
complete -F __start_kubectl k
ZSH
source <(kubectl completion zsh)# setup autocomplete in zsh into the current shellecho"[[ $commands[kubectl] ]] && source <(kubectl completion zsh)" >> ~/.zshrc # add autocomplete permanently to your zsh shell
A Note on --all-namespaces
Appending --all-namespaces happens frequently enough where you should be aware of the shorthand for --all-namespaces:
kubectl -A
Kubectl context and configuration
Set which Kubernetes cluster kubectl communicates with and modifies configuration
information. See Authenticating Across Clusters with kubeconfig documentation for
detailed config file information.
kubectl config view # Show Merged kubeconfig settings.# use multiple kubeconfig files at the same time and view merged configKUBECONFIG=~/.kube/config:~/.kube/kubconfig2
kubectl config view
# get the password for the e2e user
kubectl config view -o jsonpath='{.users[?(@.name == "e2e")].user.password}'
kubectl config view -o jsonpath='{.users[].name}'# display the first user
kubectl config view -o jsonpath='{.users[*].name}'# get a list of users
kubectl config get-contexts # display list of contexts
kubectl config current-context # display the current-context
kubectl config use-context my-cluster-name # set the default context to my-cluster-name# add a new user to your kubeconf that supports basic auth
kubectl config set-credentials kubeuser/foo.kubernetes.com --username=kubeuser --password=kubepassword
# permanently save the namespace for all subsequent kubectl commands in that context.
kubectl config set-context --current --namespace=ggckad-s2
# set a context utilizing a specific username and namespace.
kubectl config set-context gce --user=cluster-admin --namespace=foo \
&& kubectl config use-context gce
kubectl config unset users.foo # delete user foo# short alias to set/show context/namespace (only works for bash and bash-compatible shells, current context to be set before using kn to set namespace) aliaskx='f() { [ "$1" ] && kubectl config use-context $1 || kubectl config current-context ; } ; f'aliaskn='f() { [ "$1" ] && kubectl config set-context --current --namespace $1 || kubectl config view --minify | grep namespace | cut -d" " -f6 ; } ; f'
Kubectl apply
apply manages applications through files defining Kubernetes resources. It creates and updates resources in a cluster through running kubectl apply. This is the recommended way of managing Kubernetes applications on production. See Kubectl Book.
Creating objects
Kubernetes manifests can be defined in YAML or JSON. The file extension .yaml,
.yml, and .json can be used.
kubectl apply -f ./my-manifest.yaml # create resource(s)
kubectl apply -f ./my1.yaml -f ./my2.yaml # create from multiple files
kubectl apply -f ./dir # create resource(s) in all manifest files in dir
kubectl apply -f https://git.io/vPieo # create resource(s) from url
kubectl create deployment nginx --image=nginx # start a single instance of nginx# create a Job which prints "Hello World"
kubectl create job hello --image=busybox:1.28 -- echo"Hello World"# create a CronJob that prints "Hello World" every minute
kubectl create cronjob hello --image=busybox:1.28 --schedule="*/1 * * * *" -- echo"Hello World"
kubectl explain pods # get the documentation for pod manifests# Create multiple YAML objects from stdin
cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: busybox-sleep
spec:
containers:
- name: busybox
image: busybox:1.28
args:
- sleep
- "1000000"
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: busybox-sleep-less
spec:
containers:
- name: busybox
image: busybox:1.28
args:
- sleep
- "1000"
EOF# Create a secret with several keys
cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f -
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
name: mysecret
type: Opaque
data:
password: $(echo -n "s33msi4" | base64 -w0)
username: $(echo -n "jane" | base64 -w0)
EOF
Viewing, finding resources
# Get commands with basic output
kubectl get services # List all services in the namespace
kubectl get pods --all-namespaces # List all pods in all namespaces
kubectl get pods -o wide # List all pods in the current namespace, with more details
kubectl get deployment my-dep # List a particular deployment
kubectl get pods # List all pods in the namespace
kubectl get pod my-pod -o yaml # Get a pod's YAML# Describe commands with verbose output
kubectl describe nodes my-node
kubectl describe pods my-pod
# List Services Sorted by Name
kubectl get services --sort-by=.metadata.name
# List pods Sorted by Restart Count
kubectl get pods --sort-by='.status.containerStatuses[0].restartCount'# List PersistentVolumes sorted by capacity
kubectl get pv --sort-by=.spec.capacity.storage
# Get the version label of all pods with label app=cassandra
kubectl get pods --selector=app=cassandra -o \
jsonpath='{.items[*].metadata.labels.version}'# Retrieve the value of a key with dots, e.g. 'ca.crt'
kubectl get configmap myconfig \
-o jsonpath='{.data.ca\.crt}'# Get all worker nodes (use a selector to exclude results that have a label# named 'node-role.kubernetes.io/master')
kubectl get node --selector='!node-role.kubernetes.io/master'# Get all running pods in the namespace
kubectl get pods --field-selector=status.phase=Running
# Get ExternalIPs of all nodes
kubectl get nodes -o jsonpath='{.items[*].status.addresses[?(@.type=="ExternalIP")].address}'# List Names of Pods that belong to Particular RC# "jq" command useful for transformations that are too complex for jsonpath, it can be found at https://stedolan.github.io/jq/sel=${$(kubectl get rc my-rc --output=json | jq -j '.spec.selector | to_entries | .[] | "\(.key)=\(.value),"')%?}echo$(kubectl get pods --selector=$sel --output=jsonpath={.items..metadata.name})# Show labels for all pods (or any other Kubernetes object that supports labelling)
kubectl get pods --show-labels
# Check which nodes are readyJSONPATH='{range .items[*]}{@.metadata.name}:{range @.status.conditions[*]}{@.type}={@.status};{end}{end}'\
&& kubectl get nodes -o jsonpath="$JSONPATH" | grep "Ready=True"# Output decoded secrets without external tools
kubectl get secret my-secret -o go-template='{{range $k,$v := .data}}{{"### "}}{{$k}}{{"\n"}}{{$v|base64decode}}{{"\n\n"}}{{end}}'# List all Secrets currently in use by a pod
kubectl get pods -o json | jq '.items[].spec.containers[].env[]?.valueFrom.secretKeyRef.name' | grep -v null | sort | uniq
# List all containerIDs of initContainer of all pods# Helpful when cleaning up stopped containers, while avoiding removal of initContainers.
kubectl get pods --all-namespaces -o jsonpath='{range .items[*].status.initContainerStatuses[*]}{.containerID}{"\n"}{end}' | cut -d/ -f3
# List Events sorted by timestamp
kubectl get events --sort-by=.metadata.creationTimestamp
# Compares the current state of the cluster against the state that the cluster would be in if the manifest was applied.
kubectl diff -f ./my-manifest.yaml
# Produce a period-delimited tree of all keys returned for nodes# Helpful when locating a key within a complex nested JSON structure
kubectl get nodes -o json | jq -c 'paths|join(".")'# Produce a period-delimited tree of all keys returned for pods, etc
kubectl get pods -o json | jq -c 'paths|join(".")'# Produce ENV for all pods, assuming you have a default container for the pods, default namespace and the `env` command is supported.# Helpful when running any supported command across all pods, not just `env`for pod in $(kubectl get po --output=jsonpath={.items..metadata.name}); doecho$pod&& kubectl exec -it $pod -- env; done
Updating resources
kubectl set image deployment/frontend www=image:v2 # Rolling update "www" containers of "frontend" deployment, updating the image
kubectl rollout history deployment/frontend # Check the history of deployments including the revision
kubectl rollout undo deployment/frontend # Rollback to the previous deployment
kubectl rollout undo deployment/frontend --to-revision=2# Rollback to a specific revision
kubectl rollout status -w deployment/frontend # Watch rolling update status of "frontend" deployment until completion
kubectl rollout restart deployment/frontend # Rolling restart of the "frontend" deployment
cat pod.json | kubectl replace -f - # Replace a pod based on the JSON passed into stdin# Force replace, delete and then re-create the resource. Will cause a service outage.
kubectl replace --force -f ./pod.json
# Create a service for a replicated nginx, which serves on port 80 and connects to the containers on port 8000
kubectl expose rc nginx --port=80 --target-port=8000# Update a single-container pod's image version (tag) to v4
kubectl get pod mypod -o yaml | sed 's/\(image: myimage\):.*$/\1:v4/' | kubectl replace -f -
kubectl label pods my-pod new-label=awesome # Add a Label
kubectl annotate pods my-pod icon-url=http://goo.gl/XXBTWq # Add an annotation
kubectl autoscale deployment foo --min=2 --max=10# Auto scale a deployment "foo"
Patching resources
# Partially update a node
kubectl patch node k8s-node-1 -p '{"spec":{"unschedulable":true}}'# Update a container's image; spec.containers[*].name is required because it's a merge key
kubectl patch pod valid-pod -p '{"spec":{"containers":[{"name":"kubernetes-serve-hostname","image":"new image"}]}}'# Update a container's image using a json patch with positional arrays
kubectl patch pod valid-pod --type='json' -p='[{"op": "replace", "path": "/spec/containers/0/image", "value":"new image"}]'# Disable a deployment livenessProbe using a json patch with positional arrays
kubectl patch deployment valid-deployment --type json -p='[{"op": "remove", "path": "/spec/template/spec/containers/0/livenessProbe"}]'# Add a new element to a positional array
kubectl patch sa default --type='json' -p='[{"op": "add", "path": "/secrets/1", "value": {"name": "whatever" } }]'
Editing resources
Edit any API resource in your preferred editor.
kubectl edit svc/docker-registry # Edit the service named docker-registryKUBE_EDITOR="nano" kubectl edit svc/docker-registry # Use an alternative editor
Scaling resources
kubectl scale --replicas=3 rs/foo # Scale a replicaset named 'foo' to 3
kubectl scale --replicas=3 -f foo.yaml # Scale a resource specified in "foo.yaml" to 3
kubectl scale --current-replicas=2 --replicas=3 deployment/mysql # If the deployment named mysql's current size is 2, scale mysql to 3
kubectl scale --replicas=5 rc/foo rc/bar rc/baz # Scale multiple replication controllers
Deleting resources
kubectl delete -f ./pod.json # Delete a pod using the type and name specified in pod.json
kubectl delete pod unwanted --now # Delete a pod with no grace period
kubectl delete pod,service baz foo # Delete pods and services with same names "baz" and "foo"
kubectl delete pods,services -l name=myLabel # Delete pods and services with label name=myLabel
kubectl -n my-ns delete pod,svc --all # Delete all pods and services in namespace my-ns,# Delete all pods matching the awk pattern1 or pattern2
kubectl get pods -n mynamespace --no-headers=true | awk '/pattern1|pattern2/{print $1}' | xargs kubectl delete -n mynamespace pod
Interacting with running Pods
kubectl logs my-pod # dump pod logs (stdout)
kubectl logs -l name=myLabel # dump pod logs, with label name=myLabel (stdout)
kubectl logs my-pod --previous # dump pod logs (stdout) for a previous instantiation of a container
kubectl logs my-pod -c my-container # dump pod container logs (stdout, multi-container case)
kubectl logs -l name=myLabel -c my-container # dump pod logs, with label name=myLabel (stdout)
kubectl logs my-pod -c my-container --previous # dump pod container logs (stdout, multi-container case) for a previous instantiation of a container
kubectl logs -f my-pod # stream pod logs (stdout)
kubectl logs -f my-pod -c my-container # stream pod container logs (stdout, multi-container case)
kubectl logs -f -l name=myLabel --all-containers # stream all pods logs with label name=myLabel (stdout)
kubectl run -i --tty busybox --image=busybox:1.28 -- sh # Run pod as interactive shell
kubectl run nginx --image=nginx -n mynamespace # Start a single instance of nginx pod in the namespace of mynamespace
kubectl run nginx --image=nginx # Run pod nginx and write its spec into a file called pod.yaml
--dry-run=client -o yaml > pod.yaml
kubectl attach my-pod -i # Attach to Running Container
kubectl port-forward my-pod 5000:6000 # Listen on port 5000 on the local machine and forward to port 6000 on my-pod
kubectl exec my-pod -- ls / # Run command in existing pod (1 container case)
kubectl exec --stdin --tty my-pod -- /bin/sh # Interactive shell access to a running pod (1 container case)
kubectl exec my-pod -c my-container -- ls / # Run command in existing pod (multi-container case)
kubectl top pod POD_NAME --containers # Show metrics for a given pod and its containers
kubectl top pod POD_NAME --sort-by=cpu # Show metrics for a given pod and sort it by 'cpu' or 'memory'
Copy files and directories to and from containers
kubectl cp /tmp/foo_dir my-pod:/tmp/bar_dir # Copy /tmp/foo_dir local directory to /tmp/bar_dir in a remote pod in the current namespace
kubectl cp /tmp/foo my-pod:/tmp/bar -c my-container # Copy /tmp/foo local file to /tmp/bar in a remote pod in a specific container
kubectl cp /tmp/foo my-namespace/my-pod:/tmp/bar # Copy /tmp/foo local file to /tmp/bar in a remote pod in namespace my-namespace
kubectl cp my-namespace/my-pod:/tmp/foo /tmp/bar # Copy /tmp/foo from a remote pod to /tmp/bar locally
Note:kubectl cp requires that the 'tar' binary is present in your container image. If 'tar' is not present,kubectl cp will fail.
For advanced use cases, such as symlinks, wildcard expansion or file mode preservation consider using kubectl exec.
tar cf - /tmp/foo | kubectl exec -i -n my-namespace my-pod -- tar xf - -C /tmp/bar # Copy /tmp/foo local file to /tmp/bar in a remote pod in namespace my-namespace
kubectl exec -n my-namespace my-pod -- tar cf - /tmp/foo | tar xf - -C /tmp/bar # Copy /tmp/foo from a remote pod to /tmp/bar locally
Interacting with Deployments and Services
kubectl logs deploy/my-deployment # dump Pod logs for a Deployment (single-container case)
kubectl logs deploy/my-deployment -c my-container # dump Pod logs for a Deployment (multi-container case)
kubectl port-forward svc/my-service 5000# listen on local port 5000 and forward to port 5000 on Service backend
kubectl port-forward svc/my-service 5000:my-service-port # listen on local port 5000 and forward to Service target port with name <my-service-port>
kubectl port-forward deploy/my-deployment 5000:6000 # listen on local port 5000 and forward to port 6000 on a Pod created by <my-deployment>
kubectl exec deploy/my-deployment -- ls # run command in first Pod and first container in Deployment (single- or multi-container cases)
Interacting with Nodes and cluster
kubectl cordon my-node # Mark my-node as unschedulable
kubectl drain my-node # Drain my-node in preparation for maintenance
kubectl uncordon my-node # Mark my-node as schedulable
kubectl top node my-node # Show metrics for a given node
kubectl cluster-info # Display addresses of the master and services
kubectl cluster-info dump # Dump current cluster state to stdout
kubectl cluster-info dump --output-directory=/path/to/cluster-state # Dump current cluster state to /path/to/cluster-state# If a taint with that key and effect already exists, its value is replaced as specified.
kubectl taint nodes foo dedicated=special-user:NoSchedule
Resource types
List all supported resource types along with their shortnames, API group, whether they are namespaced, and Kind:
kubectl api-resources
Other operations for exploring API resources:
kubectl api-resources --namespaced=true# All namespaced resources
kubectl api-resources --namespaced=false# All non-namespaced resources
kubectl api-resources -o name # All resources with simple output (only the resource name)
kubectl api-resources -o wide # All resources with expanded (aka "wide") output
kubectl api-resources --verbs=list,get # All resources that support the "list" and "get" request verbs
kubectl api-resources --api-group=extensions # All resources in the "extensions" API group
Formatting output
To output details to your terminal window in a specific format, add the -o (or --output) flag to a supported kubectl command.
Output format
Description
-o=custom-columns=<spec>
Print a table using a comma separated list of custom columns
-o=custom-columns-file=<filename>
Print a table using the custom columns template in the <filename> file
Print the fields defined by the jsonpath expression in the <filename> file
-o=name
Print only the resource name and nothing else
-o=wide
Output in the plain-text format with any additional information, and for pods, the node name is included
-o=yaml
Output a YAML formatted API object
Examples using -o=custom-columns:
# All images running in a cluster
kubectl get pods -A -o=custom-columns='DATA:spec.containers[*].image'# All images running in namespace: default, grouped by Pod
kubectl get pods --namespace default --output=custom-columns="NAME:.metadata.name,IMAGE:.spec.containers[*].image"# All images excluding "k8s.gcr.io/coredns:1.6.2"
kubectl get pods -A -o=custom-columns='DATA:spec.containers[?(@.image!="k8s.gcr.io/coredns:1.6.2")].image'# All fields under metadata regardless of name
kubectl get pods -A -o=custom-columns='DATA:metadata.*'
Kubectl verbosity is controlled with the -v or --v flags followed by an integer representing the log level. General Kubernetes logging conventions and the associated log levels are described here.
Verbosity
Description
--v=0
Generally useful for this to always be visible to a cluster operator.
--v=1
A reasonable default log level if you don't want verbosity.
--v=2
Useful steady state information about the service and important log messages that may correlate to significant changes in the system. This is the recommended default log level for most systems.
--v=3
Extended information about changes.
--v=4
Debug level verbosity.
--v=5
Trace level verbosity.
--v=6
Display requested resources.
--v=7
Display HTTP request headers.
--v=8
Display HTTP request contents.
--v=9
Display HTTP request contents without truncation of contents.
CIDRs opened in GCE firewall for L4 LB traffic proxy & health checks
--cluster string
The name of the kubeconfig cluster to use
--context string
The name of the kubeconfig context to use
--default-not-ready-toleration-seconds int Default: 300
Indicates the tolerationSeconds of the toleration for notReady:NoExecute that is added by default to every pod that does not already have such a toleration.
--default-unreachable-toleration-seconds int Default: 300
Indicates the tolerationSeconds of the toleration for unreachable:NoExecute that is added by default to every pod that does not already have such a toleration.
-h, --help
help for kubectl
--insecure-skip-tls-verify
If true, the server's certificate will not be checked for validity. This will make your HTTPS connections insecure
--kubeconfig string
Path to the kubeconfig file to use for CLI requests.
--log-backtrace-at traceLocation Default: :0
when logging hits line file:N, emit a stack trace
--log-dir string
If non-empty, write log files in this directory
--log-file string
If non-empty, use this log file
--log-file-max-size uint Default: 1800
Defines the maximum size a log file can grow to. Unit is megabytes. If the value is 0, the maximum file size is unlimited.
--log-flush-frequency duration Default: 5s
Maximum number of seconds between log flushes
--logtostderr Default: true
log to standard error instead of files
--match-server-version
Require server version to match client version
-n, --namespace string
If present, the namespace scope for this CLI request
--one-output
If true, only write logs to their native severity level (vs also writing to each lower severity level
--password string
Password for basic authentication to the API server
--profile string Default: "none"
Name of profile to capture. One of (none|cpu|heap|goroutine|threadcreate|block|mutex)
--profile-output string Default: "profile.pprof"
Name of the file to write the profile to
--request-timeout string Default: "0"
The length of time to wait before giving up on a single server request. Non-zero values should contain a corresponding time unit (e.g. 1s, 2m, 3h). A value of zero means don't timeout requests.
-s, --server string
The address and port of the Kubernetes API server
--skip-headers
If true, avoid header prefixes in the log messages
--skip-log-headers
If true, avoid headers when opening log files
--stderrthreshold severity Default: 2
logs at or above this threshold go to stderr
--tls-server-name string
Server name to use for server certificate validation. If it is not provided, the hostname used to contact the server is used
--token string
Bearer token for authentication to the API server
--user string
The name of the kubeconfig user to use
--username string
Username for basic authentication to the API server
-v, --v Level
number for the log level verbosity
--version version[=true]
Print version information and quit
--vmodule moduleSpec
comma-separated list of pattern=N settings for file-filtered logging
--warnings-as-errors
Treat warnings received from the server as errors and exit with a non-zero exit code
Environment variables
KUBECONFIG
Path to the kubectl configuration ("kubeconfig") file. Default: "$HOME/.kube/config"
KUBECTL_COMMAND_HEADERS
When set to false, turns off extra HTTP headers detailing invoked kubectl command (Kubernetes version v1.22 or later)
kubectl version - Print the client and server version information
kubectl wait - Experimental: Wait for a specific condition on one or many resources.
10.4 - JSONPath Support
Kubectl supports JSONPath template.
JSONPath template is composed of JSONPath expressions enclosed by curly braces {}.
Kubectl uses JSONPath expressions to filter on specific fields in the JSON object and format the output.
In addition to the original JSONPath template syntax, the following functions and syntax are valid:
Use double quotes to quote text inside JSONPath expressions.
Use the range, end operators to iterate lists.
Use negative slice indices to step backwards through a list. Negative indices do not "wrap around" a list and are valid as long as -index + listLength >= 0.
Note:
The $ operator is optional since the expression always starts from the root object by default.
The result object is printed as its String() function.
kubectl get pods -o json
kubectl get pods -o=jsonpath='{@}'
kubectl get pods -o=jsonpath='{.items[0]}'
kubectl get pods -o=jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}'
kubectl get pods -o=jsonpath="{.items[*]['metadata.name', 'status.capacity']}"
kubectl get pods -o=jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{.metadata.name}{"\t"}{.status.startTime}{"\n"}{end}'
Note:
On Windows, you must double quote any JSONPath template that contains spaces (not single quote as shown above for bash). This in turn means that you must use a single quote or escaped double quote around any literals in the template. For example:
kubectl get pods -o=jsonpath="{range .items[*]}{.metadata.name}{'\t'}{.status.startTime}{'\n'}{end}"
kubectl get pods -o=jsonpath="{range .items[*]}{.metadata.name}{\"\t\"}{.status.startTime}{\"\n\"}{end}"
Note:
JSONPath regular expressions are not supported. If you want to match using regular expressions, you can use a tool such as jq.
# kubectl does not support regular expressions for JSONpath output# The following command does not work
kubectl get pods -o jsonpath='{.items[?(@.metadata.name=~/^test$/)].metadata.name}'# The following command achieves the desired result
kubectl get pods -o json | jq -r '.items[] | select(.metadata.name | test("test-")).spec.containers[].image'
10.5 - kubectl for Docker Users
You can use the Kubernetes command line tool kubectl to interact with the API Server. Using kubectl is straightforward if you are familiar with the Docker command line tool. However, there are a few differences between the Docker commands and the kubectl commands. The following sections show a Docker sub-command and describe the equivalent kubectl command.
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
55c103fa1296 nginx "nginx -g 'daemon of…" 9 seconds ago Up 9 seconds 0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp nginx-app
kubectl:
# start the pod running nginx
kubectl create deployment --image=nginx nginx-app
deployment.apps/nginx-app created
# add env to nginx-app
kubectl set env deployment/nginx-app DOMAIN=cluster
deployment.apps/nginx-app env updated
Note:kubectl commands print the type and name of the resource created or mutated, which can then be used in subsequent commands. You can expose a new Service after a Deployment is created.
# expose a port through with a service
kubectl expose deployment nginx-app --port=80 --name=nginx-http
service "nginx-http" exposed
By using kubectl, you can create a Deployment to ensure that N pods are running nginx, where N is the number of replicas stated in the spec and defaults to 1. You can also create a service with a selector that matches the pod labels. For more information, see Use a Service to Access an Application in a Cluster.
By default images run in the background, similar to docker run -d .... To run things in the foreground, use kubectl run to create pod:
kubectl run [-i][--tty] --attach <name> --image=<image>
Unlike docker run ..., if you specify --attach, then you attach stdin, stdout and stderr. You cannot control which streams are attached (docker -a ...).
To detach from the container, you can type the escape sequence Ctrl+P followed by Ctrl+Q.
docker ps
To list what is currently running, see kubectl get.
docker:
docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
14636241935f ubuntu:16.04 "echo test" 5 seconds ago Exited (0) 5 seconds ago cocky_fermi
55c103fa1296 nginx "nginx -g 'daemon of…" About a minute ago Up About a minute 0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp nginx-app
kubectl:
kubectl get po
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
nginx-app-8df569cb7-4gd89 1/1 Running 0 3m
ubuntu 0/1 Completed 0 20s
docker attach
To attach a process that is already running in a container, see kubectl attach.
docker:
docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
55c103fa1296 nginx "nginx -g 'daemon of…" 5 minutes ago Up 5 minutes 0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp nginx-app
docker attach 55c103fa1296
...
kubectl:
kubectl get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
nginx-app-5jyvm 1/1 Running 0 10m
kubectl attach -it nginx-app-5jyvm
...
To detach from the container, you can type the escape sequence Ctrl+P followed by Ctrl+Q.
docker exec
To execute a command in a container, see kubectl exec.
docker:
docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
55c103fa1296 nginx "nginx -g 'daemon of…" 6 minutes ago Up 6 minutes 0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp nginx-app
docker exec 55c103fa1296 cat /etc/hostname
55c103fa1296
kubectl:
kubectl get po
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
nginx-app-5jyvm 1/1 Running 0 10m
There is a slight difference between pods and containers; by default pods do not terminate if their processes exit. Instead the pods restart the process. This is similar to the docker run option --restart=always with one major difference. In docker, the output for each invocation of the process is concatenated, but for Kubernetes, each invocation is separate. To see the output from a previous run in Kubernetes, do this:
To stop and delete a running process, see kubectl delete.
docker:
docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
a9ec34d98787 nginx "nginx -g 'daemon of" 22 hours ago Up 22 hours 0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp, 443/tcp nginx-app
docker stop a9ec34d98787
a9ec34d98787
docker rm a9ec34d98787
a9ec34d98787
kubectl:
kubectl get deployment nginx-app
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
nginx-app 1/1 1 1 2m
kubectl get po -l app=nginx-app
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
nginx-app-2883164633-aklf7 1/1 Running 0 2m
kubectl delete deployment nginx-app
deployment "nginx-app" deleted
kubectl get po -l app=nginx-app
# Return nothing
Note: When you use kubectl, you don't delete the pod directly. You have to first delete the Deployment that owns the pod. If you delete the pod directly, the Deployment recreates the pod.
docker login
There is no direct analog of docker login in kubectl. If you are interested in using Kubernetes with a private registry, see Using a Private Registry.
docker version
To get the version of client and server, see kubectl version.
docker:
docker version
Client version: 1.7.0
Client API version: 1.19
Go version (client): go1.4.2
Git commit (client): 0baf609
OS/Arch (client): linux/amd64
Server version: 1.7.0
Server API version: 1.19
Go version (server): go1.4.2
Git commit (server): 0baf609
OS/Arch (server): linux/amd64
Kubernetes master is running at https://203.0.113.141
KubeDNS is running at https://203.0.113.141/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kube-dns/proxy
kubernetes-dashboard is running at https://203.0.113.141/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kubernetes-dashboard/proxy
Grafana is running at https://203.0.113.141/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/monitoring-grafana/proxy
Heapster is running at https://203.0.113.141/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/monitoring-heapster/proxy
InfluxDB is running at https://203.0.113.141/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/monitoring-influxdb/proxy
10.6 - kubectl Usage Conventions
Recommended usage conventions for kubectl.
Using kubectl in Reusable Scripts
For a stable output in a script:
Request one of the machine-oriented output forms, such as -o name, -o json, -o yaml, -o go-template, or -o jsonpath.
Fully-qualify the version. For example, jobs.v1.batch/myjob. This will ensure that kubectl does not use its default version that can change over time.
Don't rely on context, preferences, or other implicit states.
Best Practices
kubectl run
For kubectl run to satisfy infrastructure as code:
Tag the image with a version-specific tag and don't move that tag to a new version. For example, use :v1234, v1.2.3, r03062016-1-4, rather than :latest (For more information, see Best Practices for Configuration).
Check in the script for an image that is heavily parameterized.
Switch to configuration files checked into source control for features that are needed, but not expressible via kubectl run flags.
You can use the --dry-run=client flag to preview the object that would be sent to your cluster, without really submitting it.
kubectl apply
You can use kubectl apply to create or update resources. For more information about using kubectl apply to update resources, see Kubectl Book.
11 - Component tools
11.1 - Feature Gates
This page contains an overview of the various feature gates an administrator
can specify on different Kubernetes components.
See feature stages for an explanation of the stages for a feature.
Overview
Feature gates are a set of key=value pairs that describe Kubernetes features.
You can turn these features on or off using the --feature-gates command line flag
on each Kubernetes component.
Each Kubernetes component lets you enable or disable a set of feature gates that
are relevant to that component.
Use -h flag to see a full set of feature gates for all components.
To set feature gates for a component, such as kubelet, use the --feature-gates
flag assigned to a list of feature pairs:
--feature-gates=...,GracefulNodeShutdown=true
The following tables are a summary of the feature gates that you can set on
different Kubernetes components.
The "Since" column contains the Kubernetes release when a feature is introduced
or its release stage is changed.
The "Until" column, if not empty, contains the last Kubernetes release in which
you can still use a feature gate.
Feature gates for features in Alpha or Beta states
Feature
Default
Stage
Since
Until
APIListChunking
false
Alpha
1.8
1.8
APIListChunking
true
Beta
1.9
APIPriorityAndFairness
false
Alpha
1.18
1.19
APIPriorityAndFairness
true
Beta
1.20
APIResponseCompression
false
Alpha
1.7
1.15
APIResponseCompression
true
Beta
1.16
APIServerIdentity
false
Alpha
1.20
APIServerTracing
false
Alpha
1.22
AllowInsecureBackendProxy
true
Beta
1.17
AnyVolumeDataSource
false
Alpha
1.18
AppArmor
true
Beta
1.4
ControllerManagerLeaderMigration
false
Alpha
1.21
1.21
ControllerManagerLeaderMigration
true
Beta
1.22
CPUManager
false
Alpha
1.8
1.9
CPUManager
true
Beta
1.10
CPUManagerPolicyAlphaOptions
false
Alpha
1.23
CPUManagerPolicyBetaOptions
true
Beta
1.23
CPUManagerPolicyOptions
false
Alpha
1.22
1.22
CPUManagerPolicyOptions
true
Beta
1.23
CSIInlineVolume
false
Alpha
1.15
1.15
CSIInlineVolume
true
Beta
1.16
-
CSIMigration
false
Alpha
1.14
1.16
CSIMigration
true
Beta
1.17
CSIMigrationAWS
false
Alpha
1.14
1.16
CSIMigrationAWS
false
Beta
1.17
1.22
CSIMigrationAWS
true
Beta
1.23
CSIMigrationAzureDisk
false
Alpha
1.15
1.18
CSIMigrationAzureDisk
false
Beta
1.19
1.22
CSIMigrationAzureDisk
true
Beta
1.23
CSIMigrationAzureFile
false
Alpha
1.15
1.19
CSIMigrationAzureFile
false
Beta
1.21
CSIMigrationGCE
false
Alpha
1.14
1.16
CSIMigrationGCE
false
Beta
1.17
1.22
CSIMigrationGCE
true
Beta
1.23
CSIMigrationOpenStack
false
Alpha
1.14
1.17
CSIMigrationOpenStack
true
Beta
1.18
CSIMigrationvSphere
false
Beta
1.19
CSIMigrationPortworx
false
Alpha
1.23
csiMigrationRBD
false
Alpha
1.23
CSIStorageCapacity
false
Alpha
1.19
1.20
CSIStorageCapacity
true
Beta
1.21
CSIVolumeHealth
false
Alpha
1.21
CSRDuration
true
Beta
1.22
ControllerManagerLeaderMigration
false
Alpha
1.21
1.21
ControllerManagerLeaderMigration
true
Beta
1.22
CustomCPUCFSQuotaPeriod
false
Alpha
1.12
CustomResourceValidationExpressions
false
Alpha
1.23
DaemonSetUpdateSurge
false
Alpha
1.21
1.21
DaemonSetUpdateSurge
true
Beta
1.22
DefaultPodTopologySpread
false
Alpha
1.19
1.19
DefaultPodTopologySpread
true
Beta
1.20
DelegateFSGroupToCSIDriver
false
Alpha
1.22
1.22
DelegateFSGroupToCSIDriver
true
Beta
1.23
DevicePlugins
false
Alpha
1.8
1.9
DevicePlugins
true
Beta
1.10
DisableAcceleratorUsageMetrics
false
Alpha
1.19
1.19
DisableAcceleratorUsageMetrics
true
Beta
1.20
DisableCloudProviders
false
Alpha
1.22
DisableKubeletCloudCredentialProviders
false
Alpha
1.23
DownwardAPIHugePages
false
Alpha
1.20
1.20
DownwardAPIHugePages
false
Beta
1.21
EfficientWatchResumption
false
Alpha
1.20
1.20
EfficientWatchResumption
true
Beta
1.21
EndpointSliceTerminatingCondition
false
Alpha
1.20
1.21
EndpointSliceTerminatingCondition
true
Beta
1.22
EphemeralContainers
false
Alpha
1.16
1.22
EphemeralContainers
true
Beta
1.23
ExpandCSIVolumes
false
Alpha
1.14
1.15
ExpandCSIVolumes
true
Beta
1.16
ExpandedDNSConfig
false
Alpha
1.22
ExpandInUsePersistentVolumes
false
Alpha
1.11
1.14
ExpandInUsePersistentVolumes
true
Beta
1.15
ExpandPersistentVolumes
false
Alpha
1.8
1.10
ExpandPersistentVolumes
true
Beta
1.11
ExperimentalHostUserNamespaceDefaulting
false
Beta
1.5
GracefulNodeShutdown
false
Alpha
1.20
1.20
GracefulNodeShutdown
true
Beta
1.21
GracefulNodeShutdownBasedOnPodPriority
false
Alpha
1.23
GRPCContainerProbe
false
Alpha
1.23
HonorPVReclaimPolicy
false
Alpha
1.23
HPAContainerMetrics
false
Alpha
1.20
HPAScaleToZero
false
Alpha
1.16
IdentifyPodOS
false
Alpha
1.23
IndexedJob
false
Alpha
1.21
1.21
IndexedJob
true
Beta
1.22
InTreePluginAWSUnregister
false
Alpha
1.21
InTreePluginAzureDiskUnregister
false
Alpha
1.21
InTreePluginAzureFileUnregister
false
Alpha
1.21
InTreePluginGCEUnregister
false
Alpha
1.21
InTreePluginOpenStackUnregister
false
Alpha
1.21
InTreePluginPortworxUnregister
false
Alpha
1.23
InTreePluginRBDUnregister
false
Alpha
1.23
InTreePluginvSphereUnregister
false
Alpha
1.21
JobMutableNodeSchedulingDirectives
true
Beta
1.23
JobReadyPods
false
Alpha
1.23
JobTrackingWithFinalizers
false
Alpha
1.22
1.22
JobTrackingWithFinalizers
true
Beta
1.23
KubeletCredentialProviders
false
Alpha
1.20
KubeletInUserNamespace
false
Alpha
1.22
KubeletPodResources
false
Alpha
1.13
1.14
KubeletPodResources
true
Beta
1.15
KubeletPodResourcesGetAllocatable
false
Alpha
1.21
1.22
KubeletPodResourcesGetAllocatable
false
Beta
1.23
LocalStorageCapacityIsolation
false
Alpha
1.7
1.9
LocalStorageCapacityIsolation
true
Beta
1.10
LocalStorageCapacityIsolationFSQuotaMonitoring
false
Alpha
1.15
LogarithmicScaleDown
false
Alpha
1.21
1.21
LogarithmicScaleDown
true
Beta
1.22
MemoryManager
false
Alpha
1.21
1.21
MemoryManager
true
Beta
1.22
MemoryQoS
false
Alpha
1.22
MixedProtocolLBService
false
Alpha
1.20
NetworkPolicyEndPort
false
Alpha
1.21
1.21
NetworkPolicyEndPort
true
Beta
1.22
NodeSwap
false
Alpha
1.22
NonPreemptingPriority
false
Alpha
1.15
1.18
NonPreemptingPriority
true
Beta
1.19
OpenAPIEnums
false
Alpha
1.23
OpenAPIV3
false
Alpha
1.23
PodAndContainerStatsFromCRI
false
Alpha
1.23
PodAffinityNamespaceSelector
false
Alpha
1.21
1.21
PodAffinityNamespaceSelector
true
Beta
1.22
PodDeletionCost
false
Alpha
1.21
1.21
PodDeletionCost
true
Beta
1.22
PodOverhead
false
Alpha
1.16
1.17
PodOverhead
true
Beta
1.18
PodSecurity
false
Alpha
1.22
1.22
PodSecurity
true
Beta
1.23
PreferNominatedNode
false
Alpha
1.21
1.21
PreferNominatedNode
true
Beta
1.22
ProbeTerminationGracePeriod
false
Alpha
1.21
1.21
ProbeTerminationGracePeriod
false
Beta
1.22
ProcMountType
false
Alpha
1.12
ProxyTerminatingEndpoints
false
Alpha
1.22
QOSReserved
false
Alpha
1.11
ReadWriteOncePod
false
Alpha
1.22
RecoverVolumeExpansionFailure
false
Alpha
1.23
RemainingItemCount
false
Alpha
1.15
1.15
RemainingItemCount
true
Beta
1.16
RemoveSelfLink
false
Alpha
1.16
1.19
RemoveSelfLink
true
Beta
1.20
RotateKubeletServerCertificate
false
Alpha
1.7
1.11
RotateKubeletServerCertificate
true
Beta
1.12
SeccompDefault
false
Alpha
1.22
ServiceInternalTrafficPolicy
false
Alpha
1.21
1.21
ServiceInternalTrafficPolicy
true
Beta
1.22
ServiceLBNodePortControl
false
Alpha
1.20
1.21
ServiceLBNodePortControl
true
Beta
1.22
ServiceLoadBalancerClass
false
Alpha
1.21
1.21
ServiceLoadBalancerClass
true
Beta
1.22
SizeMemoryBackedVolumes
false
Alpha
1.20
1.21
SizeMemoryBackedVolumes
true
Beta
1.22
StatefulSetAutoDeletePVC
false
Alpha
1.22
StatefulSetMinReadySeconds
false
Alpha
1.22
1.22
StatefulSetMinReadySeconds
true
Beta
1.23
StorageVersionAPI
false
Alpha
1.20
StorageVersionHash
false
Alpha
1.14
1.14
StorageVersionHash
true
Beta
1.15
SuspendJob
false
Alpha
1.21
1.21
SuspendJob
true
Beta
1.22
TopologyAwareHints
false
Alpha
1.21
1.22
TopologyAwareHints
false
Beta
1.23
TopologyManager
false
Alpha
1.16
1.17
TopologyManager
true
Beta
1.18
VolumeCapacityPriority
false
Alpha
1.21
-
WinDSR
false
Alpha
1.14
WinOverlay
false
Alpha
1.14
1.19
WinOverlay
true
Beta
1.20
WindowsHostProcessContainers
false
Alpha
1.22
1.22
WindowsHostProcessContainers
false
Beta
1.23
Feature gates for graduated or deprecated features
Feature Gates for Graduated or Deprecated Features
Feature
Default
Stage
Since
Until
Accelerators
false
Alpha
1.6
1.10
Accelerators
-
Deprecated
1.11
-
AdvancedAuditing
false
Alpha
1.7
1.7
AdvancedAuditing
true
Beta
1.8
1.11
AdvancedAuditing
true
GA
1.12
-
AffinityInAnnotations
false
Alpha
1.6
1.7
AffinityInAnnotations
-
Deprecated
1.8
-
AllowExtTrafficLocalEndpoints
false
Beta
1.4
1.6
AllowExtTrafficLocalEndpoints
true
GA
1.7
-
AttachVolumeLimit
false
Alpha
1.11
1.11
AttachVolumeLimit
true
Beta
1.12
1.16
AttachVolumeLimit
true
GA
1.17
-
BalanceAttachedNodeVolumes
false
Alpha
1.11
1.21
BalanceAttachedNodeVolumes
false
Deprecated
1.22
BlockVolume
false
Alpha
1.9
1.12
BlockVolume
true
Beta
1.13
1.17
BlockVolume
true
GA
1.18
-
BoundServiceAccountTokenVolume
false
Alpha
1.13
1.20
BoundServiceAccountTokenVolume
true
Beta
1.21
1.21
BoundServiceAccountTokenVolume
true
GA
1.22
-
ConfigurableFSGroupPolicy
false
Alpha
1.18
1.19
ConfigurableFSGroupPolicy
true
Beta
1.20
1.22
ConfigurableFSGroupPolicy
true
GA
1.23
CRIContainerLogRotation
false
Alpha
1.10
1.10
CRIContainerLogRotation
true
Beta
1.11
1.20
CRIContainerLogRotation
true
GA
1.21
-
CSIBlockVolume
false
Alpha
1.11
1.13
CSIBlockVolume
true
Beta
1.14
1.17
CSIBlockVolume
true
GA
1.18
-
CSIDriverRegistry
false
Alpha
1.12
1.13
CSIDriverRegistry
true
Beta
1.14
1.17
CSIDriverRegistry
true
GA
1.18
CSIMigrationAWSComplete
false
Alpha
1.17
1.20
CSIMigrationAWSComplete
-
Deprecated
1.21
-
CSIMigrationAzureDiskComplete
false
Alpha
1.17
1.20
CSIMigrationAzureDiskComplete
-
Deprecated
1.21
-
CSIMigrationAzureFileComplete
false
Alpha
1.17
1.20
CSIMigrationAzureFileComplete
-
Deprecated
1.21
-
CSIMigrationGCEComplete
false
Alpha
1.17
1.20
CSIMigrationGCEComplete
-
Deprecated
1.21
-
CSIMigrationOpenStackComplete
false
Alpha
1.17
1.20
CSIMigrationOpenStackComplete
-
Deprecated
1.21
-
CSIMigrationvSphereComplete
false
Beta
1.19
1.21
CSIMigrationvSphereComplete
-
Deprecated
1.22
-
CSINodeInfo
false
Alpha
1.12
1.13
CSINodeInfo
true
Beta
1.14
1.16
CSINodeInfo
true
GA
1.17
CSIPersistentVolume
false
Alpha
1.9
1.9
CSIPersistentVolume
true
Beta
1.10
1.12
CSIPersistentVolume
true
GA
1.13
-
CSIServiceAccountToken
false
Alpha
1.20
1.20
CSIServiceAccountToken
true
Beta
1.21
1.21
CSIServiceAccountToken
true
GA
1.22
CSIVolumeFSGroupPolicy
false
Alpha
1.19
1.19
CSIVolumeFSGroupPolicy
true
Beta
1.20
1.22
CSIVolumeFSGroupPolicy
true
GA
1.23
CronJobControllerV2
false
Alpha
1.20
1.20
CronJobControllerV2
true
Beta
1.21
1.21
CronJobControllerV2
true
GA
1.22
-
CustomPodDNS
false
Alpha
1.9
1.9
CustomPodDNS
true
Beta
1.10
1.13
CustomPodDNS
true
GA
1.14
-
CustomResourceDefaulting
false
Alpha
1.15
1.15
CustomResourceDefaulting
true
Beta
1.16
1.16
CustomResourceDefaulting
true
GA
1.17
-
CustomResourcePublishOpenAPI
false
Alpha
1.14
1.14
CustomResourcePublishOpenAPI
true
Beta
1.15
1.15
CustomResourcePublishOpenAPI
true
GA
1.16
-
CustomResourceSubresources
false
Alpha
1.10
1.10
CustomResourceSubresources
true
Beta
1.11
1.15
CustomResourceSubresources
true
GA
1.16
-
CustomResourceValidation
false
Alpha
1.8
1.8
CustomResourceValidation
true
Beta
1.9
1.15
CustomResourceValidation
true
GA
1.16
-
CustomResourceWebhookConversion
false
Alpha
1.13
1.14
CustomResourceWebhookConversion
true
Beta
1.15
1.15
CustomResourceWebhookConversion
true
GA
1.16
-
DryRun
false
Alpha
1.12
1.12
DryRun
true
Beta
1.13
1.18
DryRun
true
GA
1.19
-
DynamicAuditing
false
Alpha
1.13
1.18
DynamicAuditing
-
Deprecated
1.19
-
DynamicKubeletConfig
false
Alpha
1.4
1.10
DynamicKubeletConfig
true
Beta
1.11
1.21
DynamicKubeletConfig
false
Deprecated
1.22
-
DynamicProvisioningScheduling
false
Alpha
1.11
1.11
DynamicProvisioningScheduling
-
Deprecated
1.12
-
DynamicVolumeProvisioning
true
Alpha
1.3
1.7
DynamicVolumeProvisioning
true
GA
1.8
-
EnableAggregatedDiscoveryTimeout
true
Deprecated
1.16
-
EnableEquivalenceClassCache
false
Alpha
1.8
1.14
EnableEquivalenceClassCache
-
Deprecated
1.15
-
EndpointSlice
false
Alpha
1.16
1.16
EndpointSlice
false
Beta
1.17
1.17
EndpointSlice
true
Beta
1.18
1.20
EndpointSlice
true
GA
1.21
-
EndpointSliceNodeName
false
Alpha
1.20
1.20
EndpointSliceNodeName
true
GA
1.21
-
EndpointSliceProxying
false
Alpha
1.18
1.18
EndpointSliceProxying
true
Beta
1.19
1.21
EndpointSliceProxying
true
GA
1.22
-
EvenPodsSpread
false
Alpha
1.16
1.17
EvenPodsSpread
true
Beta
1.18
1.18
EvenPodsSpread
true
GA
1.19
-
ExecProbeTimeout
true
GA
1.20
-
ExperimentalCriticalPodAnnotation
false
Alpha
1.5
1.12
ExperimentalCriticalPodAnnotation
false
Deprecated
1.13
-
ExternalPolicyForExternalIP
true
GA
1.18
-
GCERegionalPersistentDisk
true
Beta
1.10
1.12
GCERegionalPersistentDisk
true
GA
1.13
-
GenericEphemeralVolume
false
Alpha
1.19
1.20
GenericEphemeralVolume
true
Beta
1.21
1.22
GenericEphemeralVolume
true
GA
1.23
-
HugePageStorageMediumSize
false
Alpha
1.18
1.18
HugePageStorageMediumSize
true
Beta
1.19
1.21
HugePageStorageMediumSize
true
GA
1.22
-
HugePages
false
Alpha
1.8
1.9
HugePages
true
Beta
1.10
1.13
HugePages
true
GA
1.14
-
HyperVContainer
false
Alpha
1.10
1.19
HyperVContainer
false
Deprecated
1.20
-
ImmutableEphemeralVolumes
false
Alpha
1.18
1.18
ImmutableEphemeralVolumes
true
Beta
1.19
1.20
ImmutableEphemeralVolumes
true
GA
1.21
IngressClassNamespacedParams
false
Alpha
1.21
1.21
IngressClassNamespacedParams
true
Beta
1.22
1.22
IngressClassNamespacedParams
true
GA
1.23
-
Initializers
false
Alpha
1.7
1.13
Initializers
-
Deprecated
1.14
-
IPv6DualStack
false
Alpha
1.15
1.20
IPv6DualStack
true
Beta
1.21
1.22
IPv6DualStack
true
GA
1.23
-
KubeletConfigFile
false
Alpha
1.8
1.9
KubeletConfigFile
-
Deprecated
1.10
-
KubeletPluginsWatcher
false
Alpha
1.11
1.11
KubeletPluginsWatcher
true
Beta
1.12
1.12
KubeletPluginsWatcher
true
GA
1.13
-
LegacyNodeRoleBehavior
false
Alpha
1.16
1.18
LegacyNodeRoleBehavior
true
Beta
1.19
1.20
LegacyNodeRoleBehavior
false
GA
1.21
-
MountContainers
false
Alpha
1.9
1.16
MountContainers
false
Deprecated
1.17
-
MountPropagation
false
Alpha
1.8
1.9
MountPropagation
true
Beta
1.10
1.11
MountPropagation
true
GA
1.12
-
NodeDisruptionExclusion
false
Alpha
1.16
1.18
NodeDisruptionExclusion
true
Beta
1.19
1.20
NodeDisruptionExclusion
true
GA
1.21
-
NodeLease
false
Alpha
1.12
1.13
NodeLease
true
Beta
1.14
1.16
NodeLease
true
GA
1.17
-
NamespaceDefaultLabelName
true
Beta
1.21
1.21
NamespaceDefaultLabelName
true
GA
1.22
-
PVCProtection
false
Alpha
1.9
1.9
PVCProtection
-
Deprecated
1.10
-
PersistentLocalVolumes
false
Alpha
1.7
1.9
PersistentLocalVolumes
true
Beta
1.10
1.13
PersistentLocalVolumes
true
GA
1.14
-
PodDisruptionBudget
false
Alpha
1.3
1.4
PodDisruptionBudget
true
Beta
1.5
1.20
PodDisruptionBudget
true
GA
1.21
-
PodPriority
false
Alpha
1.8
1.10
PodPriority
true
Beta
1.11
1.13
PodPriority
true
GA
1.14
-
PodReadinessGates
false
Alpha
1.11
1.11
PodReadinessGates
true
Beta
1.12
1.13
PodReadinessGates
true
GA
1.14
-
PodShareProcessNamespace
false
Alpha
1.10
1.11
PodShareProcessNamespace
true
Beta
1.12
1.16
PodShareProcessNamespace
true
GA
1.17
-
RequestManagement
false
Alpha
1.15
1.16
RequestManagement
-
Deprecated
1.17
-
ResourceLimitsPriorityFunction
false
Alpha
1.9
1.18
ResourceLimitsPriorityFunction
-
Deprecated
1.19
-
ResourceQuotaScopeSelectors
false
Alpha
1.11
1.11
ResourceQuotaScopeSelectors
true
Beta
1.12
1.16
ResourceQuotaScopeSelectors
true
GA
1.17
-
RootCAConfigMap
false
Alpha
1.13
1.19
RootCAConfigMap
true
Beta
1.20
1.20
RootCAConfigMap
true
GA
1.21
-
RotateKubeletClientCertificate
true
Beta
1.8
1.18
RotateKubeletClientCertificate
true
GA
1.19
-
RunAsGroup
true
Beta
1.14
1.20
RunAsGroup
true
GA
1.21
-
RuntimeClass
false
Alpha
1.12
1.13
RuntimeClass
true
Beta
1.14
1.19
RuntimeClass
true
GA
1.20
-
SCTPSupport
false
Alpha
1.12
1.18
SCTPSupport
true
Beta
1.19
1.19
SCTPSupport
true
GA
1.20
-
ScheduleDaemonSetPods
false
Alpha
1.11
1.11
ScheduleDaemonSetPods
true
Beta
1.12
1.16
ScheduleDaemonSetPods
true
GA
1.17
-
SelectorIndex
false
Alpha
1.18
1.18
SelectorIndex
true
Beta
1.19
1.19
SelectorIndex
true
GA
1.20
-
ServerSideApply
false
Alpha
1.14
1.15
ServerSideApply
true
Beta
1.16
1.21
ServerSideApply
true
GA
1.22
-
ServiceAccountIssuerDiscovery
false
Alpha
1.18
1.19
ServiceAccountIssuerDiscovery
true
Beta
1.20
1.20
ServiceAccountIssuerDiscovery
true
GA
1.21
-
ServiceAppProtocol
false
Alpha
1.18
1.18
ServiceAppProtocol
true
Beta
1.19
1.19
ServiceAppProtocol
true
GA
1.20
-
ServiceLoadBalancerFinalizer
false
Alpha
1.15
1.15
ServiceLoadBalancerFinalizer
true
Beta
1.16
1.16
ServiceLoadBalancerFinalizer
true
GA
1.17
-
ServiceNodeExclusion
false
Alpha
1.8
1.18
ServiceNodeExclusion
true
Beta
1.19
1.20
ServiceNodeExclusion
true
GA
1.21
-
ServiceTopology
false
Alpha
1.17
1.19
ServiceTopology
false
Deprecated
1.20
-
SetHostnameAsFQDN
false
Alpha
1.19
1.19
SetHostnameAsFQDN
true
Beta
1.20
1.21
SetHostnameAsFQDN
true
GA
1.22
-
StartupProbe
false
Alpha
1.16
1.17
StartupProbe
true
Beta
1.18
1.19
StartupProbe
true
GA
1.20
-
StorageObjectInUseProtection
true
Beta
1.10
1.10
StorageObjectInUseProtection
true
GA
1.11
-
StreamingProxyRedirects
false
Beta
1.5
1.5
StreamingProxyRedirects
true
Beta
1.6
1.17
StreamingProxyRedirects
true
Deprecated
1.18
1.21
StreamingProxyRedirects
false
Deprecated
1.22
-
SupportIPVSProxyMode
false
Alpha
1.8
1.8
SupportIPVSProxyMode
false
Beta
1.9
1.9
SupportIPVSProxyMode
true
Beta
1.10
1.10
SupportIPVSProxyMode
true
GA
1.11
-
SupportNodePidsLimit
false
Alpha
1.14
1.14
SupportNodePidsLimit
true
Beta
1.15
1.19
SupportNodePidsLimit
true
GA
1.20
-
SupportPodPidsLimit
false
Alpha
1.10
1.13
SupportPodPidsLimit
true
Beta
1.14
1.19
SupportPodPidsLimit
true
GA
1.20
-
Sysctls
true
Beta
1.11
1.20
Sysctls
true
GA
1.21
TTLAfterFinished
false
Alpha
1.12
1.20
TTLAfterFinished
true
Beta
1.21
1.22
TTLAfterFinished
true
GA
1.23
-
TaintBasedEvictions
false
Alpha
1.6
1.12
TaintBasedEvictions
true
Beta
1.13
1.17
TaintBasedEvictions
true
GA
1.18
-
TaintNodesByCondition
false
Alpha
1.8
1.11
TaintNodesByCondition
true
Beta
1.12
1.16
TaintNodesByCondition
true
GA
1.17
-
TokenRequest
false
Alpha
1.10
1.11
TokenRequest
true
Beta
1.12
1.19
TokenRequest
true
GA
1.20
-
TokenRequestProjection
false
Alpha
1.11
1.11
TokenRequestProjection
true
Beta
1.12
1.19
TokenRequestProjection
true
GA
1.20
-
ValidateProxyRedirects
false
Alpha
1.12
1.13
ValidateProxyRedirects
true
Beta
1.14
1.21
ValidateProxyRedirects
true
Deprecated
1.22
-
VolumePVCDataSource
false
Alpha
1.15
1.15
VolumePVCDataSource
true
Beta
1.16
1.17
VolumePVCDataSource
true
GA
1.18
-
VolumeScheduling
false
Alpha
1.9
1.9
VolumeScheduling
true
Beta
1.10
1.12
VolumeScheduling
true
GA
1.13
-
VolumeSnapshotDataSource
false
Alpha
1.12
1.16
VolumeSnapshotDataSource
true
Beta
1.17
1.19
VolumeSnapshotDataSource
true
GA
1.20
-
VolumeSubpath
true
GA
1.10
-
VolumeSubpathEnvExpansion
false
Alpha
1.14
1.14
VolumeSubpathEnvExpansion
true
Beta
1.15
1.16
VolumeSubpathEnvExpansion
true
GA
1.17
-
WarningHeaders
true
Beta
1.19
1.21
WarningHeaders
true
GA
1.22
-
WatchBookmark
false
Alpha
1.15
1.15
WatchBookmark
true
Beta
1.16
1.16
WatchBookmark
true
GA
1.17
-
WindowsEndpointSliceProxying
false
Alpha
1.19
1.20
WindowsEndpointSliceProxying
true
Beta
1.21
1.21
WindowsEndpointSliceProxying
true
GA
1.22
-
WindowsGMSA
false
Alpha
1.14
1.15
WindowsGMSA
true
Beta
1.16
1.17
WindowsGMSA
true
GA
1.18
-
WindowsRunAsUserName
false
Alpha
1.16
1.16
WindowsRunAsUserName
true
Beta
1.17
1.17
WindowsRunAsUserName
true
GA
1.18
-
Using a feature
Feature stages
A feature can be in Alpha, Beta or GA stage.
An Alpha feature means:
Disabled by default.
Might be buggy. Enabling the feature may expose bugs.
Support for feature may be dropped at any time without notice.
The API may change in incompatible ways in a later software release without notice.
Recommended for use only in short-lived testing clusters, due to increased
risk of bugs and lack of long-term support.
A Beta feature means:
Enabled by default.
The feature is well tested. Enabling the feature is considered safe.
Support for the overall feature will not be dropped, though details may change.
The schema and/or semantics of objects may change in incompatible ways in a
subsequent beta or stable release. When this happens, we will provide instructions
for migrating to the next version. This may require deleting, editing, and
re-creating API objects. The editing process may require some thought.
This may require downtime for applications that rely on the feature.
Recommended for only non-business-critical uses because of potential for
incompatible changes in subsequent releases. If you have multiple clusters
that can be upgraded independently, you may be able to relax this restriction.
Note: Please do try Beta features and give feedback on them!
After they exit beta, it may not be practical for us to make more changes.
A General Availability (GA) feature is also referred to as a stable feature. It means:
The feature is always enabled; you cannot disable it.
The corresponding feature gate is no longer needed.
Stable versions of features will appear in released software for many subsequent versions.
List of feature gates
Each feature gate is designed for enabling/disabling a specific feature:
APIListChunking: Enable the API clients to retrieve (LIST or GET)
resources from API server in chunks.
APIPriorityAndFairness: Enable managing request concurrency with
prioritization and fairness at each server. (Renamed from RequestManagement)
APIResponseCompression: Compress the API responses for LIST or GET requests.
APIServerIdentity: Assign each API server an ID in a cluster.
APIServerTracing: Add support for distributed tracing in the API server.
Accelerators: Provided an early form of plugin to enable Nvidia GPU support when using
Docker Engine; no longer available. See
Device Plugins for
an alternative.
AllowExtTrafficLocalEndpoints: Enable a service to route external requests to node local endpoints.
AllowInsecureBackendProxy: Enable the users to skip TLS verification of
kubelets on Pod log requests.
AnyVolumeDataSource: Enable use of any custom resource as the DataSource of a
PVC.
AppArmor: Enable use of AppArmor mandatory access control for Pods running on Linux nodes.
See AppArmor Tutorial for more details.
AttachVolumeLimit: Enable volume plugins to report limits on number of volumes
that can be attached to a node.
See dynamic volume limits
for more details.
BalanceAttachedNodeVolumes: Include volume count on node to be considered for
balanced resource allocation while scheduling. A node which has closer CPU,
memory utilization, and volume count is favored by the scheduler while making decisions.
BlockVolume: Enable the definition and consumption of raw block devices in Pods.
See Raw Block Volume Support
for more details.
BoundServiceAccountTokenVolume: Migrate ServiceAccount volumes to use a projected volume
consisting of a ServiceAccountTokenVolumeProjection. Cluster admins can use metric
serviceaccount_stale_tokens_total to monitor workloads that are depending on the extended
tokens. If there are no such workloads, turn off extended tokens by starting kube-apiserver with
flag --service-account-extend-token-expiration=false.
Check Bound Service Account Tokens
for more details.
ControllerManagerLeaderMigration: Enables Leader Migration for
kube-controller-manager and
cloud-controller-manager
which allows a cluster operator to live migrate
controllers from the kube-controller-manager into an external controller-manager
(e.g. the cloud-controller-manager) in an HA cluster without downtime.
CPUManagerPolicyAlphaOptions: This allows fine-tuning of CPUManager policies,
experimental, Alpha-quality options
This feature gate guards a group of CPUManager options whose quality level is alpha.
This feature gate will never graduate to beta or stable.
CPUManagerPolicyBetaOptions: This allows fine-tuning of CPUManager policies,
experimental, Beta-quality options
This feature gate guards a group of CPUManager options whose quality level is beta.
This feature gate will never graduate to stable.
CPUManagerPolicyOptions: Allow fine-tuning of CPUManager policies.
CRIContainerLogRotation: Enable container log rotation for CRI container runtime.
The default max size of a log file is 10MB and the default max number of
log files allowed for a container is 5.
These values can be configured in the kubelet config.
See logging at node level
for more details.
CSIBlockVolume: Enable external CSI volume drivers to support block storage.
See csi raw block volume support
for more details.
CSIDriverRegistry: Enable all logic related to the CSIDriver API object in
csi.storage.k8s.io.
CSIInlineVolume: Enable CSI Inline volumes support for pods.
CSIMigration: Enables shims and translation logic to route volume
operations from in-tree plugins to corresponding pre-installed CSI plugins
CSIMigrationAWS: Enables shims and translation logic to route volume
operations from the AWS-EBS in-tree plugin to EBS CSI plugin. Supports
falling back to in-tree EBS plugin for mount operations to nodes that have
the feature disabled or that do not have EBS CSI plugin installed and
configured. Does not support falling back for provision operations, for those
the CSI plugin must be installed and configured.
CSIMigrationAWSComplete: Stops registering the EBS in-tree plugin in
kubelet and volume controllers and enables shims and translation logic to
route volume operations from the AWS-EBS in-tree plugin to EBS CSI plugin.
Requires CSIMigration and CSIMigrationAWS feature flags enabled and EBS CSI
plugin installed and configured on all nodes in the cluster. This flag has
been deprecated in favor of the InTreePluginAWSUnregister feature flag
which prevents the registration of in-tree EBS plugin.
CSIMigrationAzureDisk: Enables shims and translation logic to route volume
operations from the Azure-Disk in-tree plugin to AzureDisk CSI plugin.
Supports falling back to in-tree AzureDisk plugin for mount operations to
nodes that have the feature disabled or that do not have AzureDisk CSI plugin
installed and configured. Does not support falling back for provision
operations, for those the CSI plugin must be installed and configured.
Requires CSIMigration feature flag enabled.
CSIMigrationAzureDiskComplete: Stops registering the Azure-Disk in-tree
plugin in kubelet and volume controllers and enables shims and translation
logic to route volume operations from the Azure-Disk in-tree plugin to
AzureDisk CSI plugin. Requires CSIMigration and CSIMigrationAzureDisk feature
flags enabled and AzureDisk CSI plugin installed and configured on all nodes
in the cluster. This flag has been deprecated in favor of the
InTreePluginAzureDiskUnregister feature flag which prevents the registration
of in-tree AzureDisk plugin.
CSIMigrationAzureFile: Enables shims and translation logic to route volume
operations from the Azure-File in-tree plugin to AzureFile CSI plugin.
Supports falling back to in-tree AzureFile plugin for mount operations to
nodes that have the feature disabled or that do not have AzureFile CSI plugin
installed and configured. Does not support falling back for provision
operations, for those the CSI plugin must be installed and configured.
Requires CSIMigration feature flag enabled.
CSIMigrationAzureFileComplete: Stops registering the Azure-File in-tree
plugin in kubelet and volume controllers and enables shims and translation
logic to route volume operations from the Azure-File in-tree plugin to
AzureFile CSI plugin. Requires CSIMigration and CSIMigrationAzureFile feature
flags enabled and AzureFile CSI plugin installed and configured on all nodes
in the cluster. This flag has been deprecated in favor of the
InTreePluginAzureFileUnregister feature flag which prevents the registration
of in-tree AzureFile plugin.
CSIMigrationGCE: Enables shims and translation logic to route volume
operations from the GCE-PD in-tree plugin to PD CSI plugin. Supports falling
back to in-tree GCE plugin for mount operations to nodes that have the
feature disabled or that do not have PD CSI plugin installed and configured.
Does not support falling back for provision operations, for those the CSI
plugin must be installed and configured. Requires CSIMigration feature flag
enabled.
CSIMigrationGCEComplete: Stops registering the GCE-PD in-tree plugin in
kubelet and volume controllers and enables shims and translation logic to
route volume operations from the GCE-PD in-tree plugin to PD CSI plugin.
Requires CSIMigration and CSIMigrationGCE feature flags enabled and PD CSI
plugin installed and configured on all nodes in the cluster. This flag has
been deprecated in favor of the InTreePluginGCEUnregister feature flag which
prevents the registration of in-tree GCE PD plugin.
CSIMigrationOpenStack: Enables shims and translation logic to route volume
operations from the Cinder in-tree plugin to Cinder CSI plugin. Supports
falling back to in-tree Cinder plugin for mount operations to nodes that have
the feature disabled or that do not have Cinder CSI plugin installed and
configured. Does not support falling back for provision operations, for those
the CSI plugin must be installed and configured. Requires CSIMigration
feature flag enabled.
CSIMigrationOpenStackComplete: Stops registering the Cinder in-tree plugin in
kubelet and volume controllers and enables shims and translation logic to route
volume operations from the Cinder in-tree plugin to Cinder CSI plugin.
Requires CSIMigration and CSIMigrationOpenStack feature flags enabled and Cinder
CSI plugin installed and configured on all nodes in the cluster. This flag has
been deprecated in favor of the InTreePluginOpenStackUnregister feature flag
which prevents the registration of in-tree openstack cinder plugin.
csiMigrationRBD: Enables shims and translation logic to route volume
operations from the RBD in-tree plugin to Ceph RBD CSI plugin. Requires
CSIMigration and csiMigrationRBD feature flags enabled and Ceph CSI plugin
installed and configured in the cluster. This flag has been deprecated in
favor of the InTreePluginRBDUnregister feature flag which prevents the registration of
in-tree RBD plugin.
CSIMigrationvSphere: Enables shims and translation logic to route volume operations
from the vSphere in-tree plugin to vSphere CSI plugin. Supports falling back
to in-tree vSphere plugin for mount operations to nodes that have the feature
disabled or that do not have vSphere CSI plugin installed and configured.
Does not support falling back for provision operations, for those the CSI
plugin must be installed and configured. Requires CSIMigration feature flag
enabled.
CSIMigrationvSphereComplete: Stops registering the vSphere in-tree plugin in kubelet
and volume controllers and enables shims and translation logic to route volume operations
from the vSphere in-tree plugin to vSphere CSI plugin. Requires CSIMigration and
CSIMigrationvSphere feature flags enabled and vSphere CSI plugin installed and
configured on all nodes in the cluster. This flag has been deprecated in favor
of the InTreePluginvSphereUnregister feature flag which prevents the
registration of in-tree vsphere plugin.
CSIMigrationPortworx: Enables shims and translation logic to route volume operations
from the Portworx in-tree plugin to Portworx CSI plugin.
Requires Portworx CSI driver to be installed and configured in the cluster.
CSINodeInfo: Enable all logic related to the CSINodeInfo API object in csi.storage.k8s.io.
CSIPersistentVolume: Enable discovering and mounting volumes provisioned through a
CSI (Container Storage Interface)
compatible volume plugin.
CSIServiceAccountToken: Enable CSI drivers to receive the pods' service account token
that they mount volumes for. See
Token Requests.
CSIStorageCapacity: Enables CSI drivers to publish storage capacity information
and the Kubernetes scheduler to use that information when scheduling pods. See
Storage Capacity.
Check the csi volume type documentation for more details.
CSIVolumeFSGroupPolicy: Allows CSIDrivers to use the fsGroupPolicy field.
This field controls whether volumes created by a CSIDriver support volume ownership
and permission modifications when these volumes are mounted.
CSIVolumeHealth: Enable support for CSI volume health monitoring on node.
CSRDuration: Allows clients to request a duration for certificates issued
via the Kubernetes CSR API.
ControllerManagerLeaderMigration: Enables leader migration for
kube-controller-manager and cloud-controller-manager.
CronJobControllerV2: Use an alternative implementation of the
CronJob controller. Otherwise,
version 1 of the same controller is selected.
CustomCPUCFSQuotaPeriod: Enable nodes to change cpuCFSQuotaPeriod in
kubelet config.
CustomResourceValidationExpressions: Enable expression language validation in CRD
which will validate customer resource based on validation rules written in
the x-kubernetes-validations extension.
CustomPodDNS: Enable customizing the DNS settings for a Pod using its dnsConfig property.
Check Pod's DNS Config
for more details.
CustomResourceDefaulting: Enable CRD support for default values in OpenAPI v3 validation schemas.
CustomResourcePublishOpenAPI: Enables publishing of CRD OpenAPI specs.
CustomResourceSubresources: Enable /status and /scale subresources
on resources created from CustomResourceDefinition.
CustomResourceValidation: Enable schema based validation on resources created from
CustomResourceDefinition.
CustomResourceWebhookConversion: Enable webhook-based conversion
on resources created from CustomResourceDefinition.
DefaultPodTopologySpread: Enables the use of PodTopologySpread scheduling plugin to do
default spreading.
DelegateFSGroupToCSIDriver: If supported by the CSI driver, delegates the
role of applying fsGroup from a Pod's securityContext to the driver by
passing fsGroup through the NodeStageVolume and NodePublishVolume CSI calls.
DevicePlugins: Enable the device-plugins
based resource provisioning on nodes.
DisableCloudProviders: Disables any functionality in kube-apiserver,
kube-controller-manager and kubelet related to the --cloud-provider
component flag.
DisableKubeletCloudCredentialProviders: Disable the in-tree functionality in kubelet
to authenticate to a cloud provider container registry for image pull credentials.
DownwardAPIHugePages: Enables usage of hugepages in
downward API.
DryRun: Enable server-side dry run requests
so that validation, merging, and mutation can be tested without committing.
DynamicAuditing: Used to enable dynamic auditing before v1.19.
DynamicKubeletConfig: Enable the dynamic configuration of kubelet. See
Reconfigure kubelet.
DynamicProvisioningScheduling: Extend the default scheduler to be aware of
volume topology and handle PV provisioning.
This feature is superseded by the VolumeScheduling feature completely in v1.12.
DynamicVolumeProvisioning: Enable the
dynamic provisioning of persistent volumes to Pods.
EfficientWatchResumption: Allows for storage-originated bookmark (progress
notify) events to be delivered to the users. This is only applied to watch
operations.
EnableAggregatedDiscoveryTimeout: Enable the five second
timeout on aggregated discovery calls.
EnableEquivalenceClassCache: Enable the scheduler to cache equivalence of
nodes when scheduling Pods.
EndpointSlice: Enables EndpointSlices for more scalable and extensible
network endpoints. See Enabling EndpointSlices.
EndpointSliceProxying: When enabled, kube-proxy running
on Linux will use EndpointSlices as the primary data source instead of
Endpoints, enabling scalability and performance improvements. See
Enabling Endpoint Slices.
EndpointSliceTerminatingCondition: Enables EndpointSlice terminating and serving
condition fields.
EphemeralContainers: Enable the ability to add
ephemeral containers
to running pods.
ExecProbeTimeout: Ensure kubelet respects exec probe timeouts.
This feature gate exists in case any of your existing workloads depend on a
now-corrected fault where Kubernetes ignored exec probe timeouts. See
readiness probes.
ExpandCSIVolumes: Enable the expanding of CSI volumes.
ExpandedDNSConfig: Enable kubelet and kube-apiserver to allow more DNS
search paths and longer list of DNS search paths. This feature requires container
runtime support(Containerd: v1.5.6 or higher, CRI-O: v1.22 or higher). See
Expanded DNS Configuration.
ExperimentalCriticalPodAnnotation: Enable annotating specific pods as critical
so that their scheduling is guaranteed.
This feature is deprecated by Pod Priority and Preemption as of v1.13.
ExperimentalHostUserNamespaceDefaulting: Enabling the defaulting user
namespace to host. This is for containers that are using other host namespaces,
host mounts, or containers that are privileged or using specific non-namespaced
capabilities (e.g. MKNODE, SYS_MODULE etc.). This should only be enabled
if user namespace remapping is enabled in the Docker daemon.
ExternalPolicyForExternalIP: Fix a bug where ExternalTrafficPolicy is not
applied to Service ExternalIPs.
GCERegionalPersistentDisk: Enable the regional PD feature on GCE.
GenericEphemeralVolume: Enables ephemeral, inline volumes that support all features
of normal volumes (can be provided by third-party storage vendors, storage capacity tracking,
restore from snapshot, etc.).
See Ephemeral Volumes.
GracefulNodeShutdown: Enables support for graceful shutdown in kubelet.
During a system shutdown, kubelet will attempt to detect the shutdown event
and gracefully terminate pods running on the node. See
Graceful Node Shutdown
for more details.
GracefulNodeShutdownBasedOnPodPriority: Enables the kubelet to check Pod priorities
when shutting down a node gracefully.
IdentifyPodOS: Allows the Pod OS field to be specified. This helps in identifying
the OS of the pod authoritatively during the API server admission time.
In Kubernetes 1.23, the allowed values for the pod.spec.os.name
are windows and linux.
ImmutableEphemeralVolumes: Allows for marking individual Secrets and ConfigMaps as
immutable for better safety and performance.
IndexedJob: Allows the Job
controller to manage Pod completions per completion index.
IngressClassNamespacedParams: Allow namespace-scoped parameters reference in
IngressClass resource. This feature adds two fields - Scope and Namespace
to IngressClass.spec.parameters.
Initializers: Allow asynchronous coordination of object creation using the
Initializers admission plugin.
InTreePluginAWSUnregister: Stops registering the aws-ebs in-tree plugin in kubelet
and volume controllers.
InTreePluginAzureDiskUnregister: Stops registering the azuredisk in-tree plugin in kubelet
and volume controllers.
InTreePluginAzureFileUnregister: Stops registering the azurefile in-tree plugin in kubelet
and volume controllers.
InTreePluginGCEUnregister: Stops registering the gce-pd in-tree plugin in kubelet
and volume controllers.
InTreePluginOpenStackUnregister: Stops registering the OpenStack cinder in-tree plugin in kubelet
and volume controllers.
InTreePluginPortworxUnregister: Stops registering the Portworx in-tree plugin in kubelet
and volume controllers.
InTreePluginRBDUnregister: Stops registering the RBD in-tree plugin in kubelet
and volume controllers.
InTreePluginvSphereUnregister: Stops registering the vSphere in-tree plugin in kubelet
and volume controllers.
IPv6DualStack: Enable dual stack
support for IPv6.
JobMutableNodeSchedulingDirectives: Allows updating node scheduling directives in
the pod template of Job.
JobReadyPods: Enables tracking the number of Pods that have a Readycondition.
The count of Ready pods is recorded in the
status
of a Job status.
JobTrackingWithFinalizers: Enables tracking Job
completions without relying on Pods remaining in the cluster indefinitely.
The Job controller uses Pod finalizers and a field in the Job status to keep
track of the finished Pods to count towards completion.
KubeletPluginsWatcher: Enable probe-based plugin watcher utility to enable kubelet
to discover plugins such as CSI volume drivers.
KubeletPodResources: Enable the kubelet's pod resources gRPC endpoint. See
Support Device Monitoring
for more details.
KubeletPodResourcesGetAllocatable: Enable the kubelet's pod resources
GetAllocatableResources functionality. This API augments the
resource allocation reporting
with informations about the allocatable resources, enabling clients to properly
track the free compute resources on a node.
LegacyNodeRoleBehavior: When disabled, legacy behavior in service load balancers and
node disruption will ignore the node-role.kubernetes.io/master label in favor of the
feature-specific labels provided by NodeDisruptionExclusion and ServiceNodeExclusion.
LocalStorageCapacityIsolationFSQuotaMonitoring: When LocalStorageCapacityIsolation
is enabled for
local ephemeral storage
and the backing filesystem for emptyDir volumes
supports project quotas and they are enabled, use project quotas to monitor
emptyDir volume storage consumption rather than
filesystem walk for better performance and accuracy.
LogarithmicScaleDown: Enable semi-random selection of pods to evict on controller scaledown
based on logarithmic bucketing of pod timestamps.
MemoryManager: Allows setting memory affinity for a container based on
NUMA topology.
MemoryQoS: Enable memory protection and usage throttle on pod / container using
cgroup v2 memory controller.
MixedProtocolLBService: Enable using different protocols in the same LoadBalancer type
Service instance.
MountContainers: Enable using utility containers on host as the volume mounter.
MountPropagation: Enable sharing volume mounted by one container to other containers or pods.
For more details, please see mount propagation.
NamespaceDefaultLabelName: Configure the API Server to set an immutable
labelkubernetes.io/metadata.name
on all namespaces, containing the namespace name.
NetworkPolicyEndPort: Enable use of the field endPort in NetworkPolicy objects,
allowing the selection of a port range instead of a single port.
NodeDisruptionExclusion: Enable use of the Node label node.kubernetes.io/exclude-disruption
which prevents nodes from being evacuated during zone failures.
NodeLease: Enable the new Lease API to report node heartbeats, which could be used
as a node health signal.
NodeSwap: Enable the kubelet to allocate swap memory for Kubernetes workloads on a node.
Must be used with KubeletConfiguration.failSwapOn set to false.
For more details, please see swap memory
NonPreemptingPriority: Enable preemptionPolicy field for PriorityClass and Pod.
OpenAPIEnums: Enables populating "enum" fields of OpenAPI schemas in the
spec returned from the API server.
OpenAPIV3: Enables the API server to publish OpenAPI v3.
PodDeletionCost: Enable the Pod Deletion Cost
feature which allows users to influence ReplicaSet downscaling order.
PersistentLocalVolumes: Enable the usage of local volume type in Pods.
Pod affinity has to be specified if requesting a local volume.
PodAndContainerStatsFromCRI: Configure the kubelet to gather container and
pod stats from the CRI container runtime rather than gathering them from cAdvisor.
PodOverhead: Enable the PodOverhead
feature to account for pod overheads.
PodPriority: Enable the descheduling and preemption of Pods based on their
priorities.
PodReadinessGates: Enable the setting of PodReadinessGate field for extending
Pod readiness evaluation. See Pod readiness gate
for more details.
PodSecurity: Enables the PodSecurity admission plugin.
PodShareProcessNamespace: Enable the setting of shareProcessNamespace in a Pod for sharing
a single process namespace between containers running in a pod. More details can be found in
Share Process Namespace between Containers in a Pod.
PreferNominatedNode: This flag tells the scheduler whether the nominated
nodes will be checked first before looping through all the other nodes in
the cluster.
ProcMountType: Enables control over the type proc mounts for containers
by setting the procMount field of a SecurityContext.
ProxyTerminatingEndpoints: Enable the kube-proxy to handle terminating
endpoints when ExternalTrafficPolicy=Local.
PVCProtection: Enable the prevention of a PersistentVolumeClaim (PVC) from
being deleted when it is still used by any Pod.
QOSReserved: Allows resource reservations at the QoS level preventing pods
at lower QoS levels from bursting into resources requested at higher QoS levels
(memory only for now).
ReadWriteOncePod: Enables the usage of ReadWriteOncePod PersistentVolume
access mode.
RecoverVolumeExpansionFailure: Enables users to edit their PVCs to smaller
sizes so as they can recover from previously issued volume expansion failures.
See Recovering from Failure when Expanding Volumes
for more details.
RemainingItemCount: Allow the API servers to show a count of remaining
items in the response to a
chunking list request.
RemoveSelfLink: Deprecates and removes selfLink from ObjectMeta and ListMeta.
RequestManagement: Enables managing request concurrency with prioritization and fairness
at each API server. Deprecated by APIPriorityAndFairness since 1.17.
ResourceLimitsPriorityFunction: Enable a scheduler priority function that
assigns a lowest possible score of 1 to a node that satisfies at least one of
the input Pod's cpu and memory limits. The intent is to break ties between
nodes with same scores.
RootCAConfigMap: Configure the kube-controller-manager to publish a
ConfigMap named kube-root-ca.crt
to every namespace. This ConfigMap contains a CA bundle used for verifying connections
to the kube-apiserver. See
Bound Service Account Tokens
for more details.
RotateKubeletClientCertificate: Enable the rotation of the client TLS certificate on the kubelet.
See kubelet configuration
for more details.
RotateKubeletServerCertificate: Enable the rotation of the server TLS certificate on the kubelet.
See kubelet configuration
for more details.
RunAsGroup: Enable control over the primary group ID set on the init
processes of containers.
RuntimeClass: Enable the RuntimeClass feature
for selecting container runtime configurations.
ScheduleDaemonSetPods: Enable DaemonSet Pods to be scheduled by the default scheduler
instead of the DaemonSet controller.
SCTPSupport: Enables the SCTPprotocol value in Pod, Service,
Endpoints, EndpointSlice, and NetworkPolicy definitions.
SeccompDefault: Enables the use of RuntimeDefault as the default seccomp profile
for all workloads.
The seccomp profile is specified in the securityContext of a Pod and/or a Container.
SelectorIndex: Allows label and field based indexes in API server watch
cache to accelerate list operations.
ServiceAccountIssuerDiscovery: Enable OIDC discovery endpoints (issuer and
JWKS URLs) for the service account issuer in the API server. See
Configure Service Accounts for Pods
for more details.
ServiceAppProtocol: Enables the appProtocol field on Services and Endpoints.
ServiceInternalTrafficPolicy: Enables the internalTrafficPolicy field on Services
ServiceLBNodePortControl: Enables the allocateLoadBalancerNodePorts field on Services.
ServiceLoadBalancerFinalizer: Enable finalizer protection for Service load balancers.
ServiceNodeExclusion: Enable the exclusion of nodes from load balancers
created by a cloud provider. A node is eligible for exclusion if labelled with
"node.kubernetes.io/exclude-from-external-load-balancers".
ServiceTopology: Enable service to route traffic based upon the Node
topology of the cluster. See
ServiceTopology
for more details.
SetHostnameAsFQDN: Enable the ability of setting Fully Qualified Domain
Name(FQDN) as the hostname of a pod. See
Pod's setHostnameAsFQDN field.
SizeMemoryBackedVolumes: Enable kubelets to determine the size limit for
memory-backed volumes (mainly emptyDir volumes).
StartupProbe: Enable the
startup
probe in the kubelet.
StatefulSetMinReadySeconds: Allows minReadySeconds to be respected by
the StatefulSet controller.
StorageObjectInUseProtection: Postpone the deletion of PersistentVolume or
PersistentVolumeClaim objects if they are still being used.
StorageVersionHash: Allow API servers to expose the storage version hash in the
discovery.
StreamingProxyRedirects: Instructs the API server to intercept (and follow)
redirects from the backend (kubelet) for streaming requests.
Examples of streaming requests include the exec, attach and port-forward requests.
SupportIPVSProxyMode: Enable providing in-cluster service load balancing using IPVS.
See service proxies for more details.
SupportNodePidsLimit: Enable the support to limiting PIDs on the Node.
The parameter pid=<number> in the --system-reserved and --kube-reserved
options can be specified to ensure that the specified number of process IDs
will be reserved for the system as a whole and for Kubernetes system daemons
respectively.
SupportPodPidsLimit: Enable the support to limiting PIDs in Pods.
SuspendJob: Enable support to suspend and resume Jobs. See
the Jobs docs for
more details.
Sysctls: Enable support for namespaced kernel parameters (sysctls) that can be
set for each pod. See
sysctls for more details.
TTLAfterFinished: Allow a
TTL controller
to clean up resources after they finish execution.
TaintBasedEvictions: Enable evicting pods from nodes based on taints on Nodes
and tolerations on Pods.
See taints and tolerations
for more details.
TaintNodesByCondition: Enable automatic tainting nodes based on
node conditions.
TokenRequest: Enable the TokenRequest endpoint on service account resources.
TokenRequestProjection: Enable the injection of service account tokens into a
Pod through a projected volume.
TopologyAwareHints: Enables topology aware routing based on topology hints
in EndpointSlices. See Topology Aware
Hints for more
details.
TopologyManager: Enable a mechanism to coordinate fine-grained hardware resource
assignments for different components in Kubernetes. See
Control Topology Management Policies on a node.
ValidateProxyRedirects: This flag controls whether the API server should
validate that redirects are only followed to the same host. Only used if the
StreamingProxyRedirects flag is enabled.
VolumeCapacityPriority: Enable support for prioritizing nodes in different
topologies based on available PV capacity.
VolumePVCDataSource: Enable support for specifying an existing PVC as a DataSource.
VolumeScheduling: Enable volume topology aware scheduling and make the
PersistentVolumeClaim (PVC) binding aware of scheduling decisions. It also
enables the usage of local volume
type when used together with the PersistentLocalVolumes feature gate.
VolumeSnapshotDataSource: Enable volume snapshot data source support.
VolumeSubpath: Allow mounting a subpath of a volume in a container.
VolumeSubpathEnvExpansion: Enable subPathExpr field for expanding environment
variables into a subPath.
WarningHeaders: Allow sending warning headers in API responses.
WatchBookmark: Enable support for watch bookmark events.
WinDSR: Allows kube-proxy to create DSR loadbalancers for Windows.
WinOverlay: Allows kube-proxy to run in overlay mode for Windows.
WindowsEndpointSliceProxying: When enabled, kube-proxy running on Windows
will use EndpointSlices as the primary data source instead of Endpoints,
enabling scalability and performance improvements. See
Enabling Endpoint Slices.
WindowsGMSA: Enables passing of GMSA credential specs from pods to container runtimes.
WindowsHostProcessContainers: Enables support for Windows HostProcess containers.
WindowsRunAsUserName : Enable support for running applications in Windows containers
with as a non-default user. See
Configuring RunAsUserName
for more details.
What's next
The deprecation policy for Kubernetes explains
the project's approach to removing features and components.
11.2 - kubelet
Synopsis
The kubelet is the primary "node agent" that runs on each node. It can
register the node with the apiserver using one of: the hostname; a flag to
override the hostname; or specific logic for a cloud provider.
The kubelet works in terms of a PodSpec. A PodSpec is a YAML or JSON object
that describes a pod. The kubelet takes a set of PodSpecs that are provided
through various mechanisms (primarily through the apiserver) and ensures that
the containers described in those PodSpecs are running and healthy. The
kubelet doesn't manage containers which were not created by Kubernetes.
Other than from a PodSpec from the apiserver, there are three ways that a
container manifest can be provided to the Kubelet.
File: Path passed as a flag on the command line. Files under this path will be
monitored periodically for updates. The monitoring period is 20s by default
and is configurable via a flag.
HTTP endpoint: HTTP endpoint passed as a parameter on the command line. This
endpoint is checked every 20 seconds (also configurable with a flag).
HTTP server: The kubelet can also listen for HTTP and respond to a simple API
(underspec'd currently) to submit a new manifest.
kubelet [flags]
Options
--add-dir-header
If true, adds the file directory to the header of the log messages (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components)
--address string Default: 0.0.0.0
The IP address for the Kubelet to serve on (set to 0.0.0.0 or :: for listening in all interfaces and IP families) (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--allowed-unsafe-sysctls strings
Comma-separated whitelist of unsafe sysctls or unsafe sysctl patterns (ending in *). Use these at your own risk. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--alsologtostderr
Log to standard error as well as files (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components)
--anonymous-auth Default: true
Enables anonymous requests to the Kubelet server. Requests that are not rejected by another authentication method are treated as anonymous requests. Anonymous requests have a username of system:anonymous, and a group name of system:unauthenticated. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--authentication-token-webhook
Use the TokenReview API to determine authentication for bearer tokens. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
The duration to cache responses from the webhook token authenticator. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--authorization-mode string Default: AlwaysAllow
Authorization mode for Kubelet server. Valid options are AlwaysAllow or Webhook. Webhook mode uses the SubjectAccessReview API to determine authorization. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
The duration to cache 'authorized' responses from the webhook authorizer. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
The duration to cache 'unauthorized' responses from the webhook authorizer. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--azure-container-registry-config string
Path to the file containing Azure container registry configuration information.
--bootstrap-kubeconfig string
Path to a kubeconfig file that will be used to get client certificate for kubelet. If the file specified by --kubeconfig does not exist, the bootstrap kubeconfig is used to request a client certificate from the API server. On success, a kubeconfig file referencing the generated client certificate and key is written to the path specified by --kubeconfig. The client certificate and key file will be stored in the directory pointed by --cert-dir.
--cert-dir string Default: /var/lib/kubelet/pki
The directory where the TLS certs are located. If --tls-cert-file and --tls-private-key-file are provided, this flag will be ignored.
--cgroup-driver string Default: cgroupfs
Driver that the kubelet uses to manipulate cgroups on the host. Possible values: cgroupfs, systemd. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)/td>
--cgroup-root string Default: ''
Optional root cgroup to use for pods. This is handled by the container runtime on a best effort basis. Default: '', which means use the container runtime default. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--cgroups-per-qos Default: true
Enable creation of QoS cgroup hierarchy, if true top level QoS and pod cgroups are created. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--client-ca-file string
If set, any request presenting a client certificate signed by one of the authorities in the client-ca-file is authenticated with an identity corresponding to the CommonName of the client certificate. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--cloud-config string
The path to the cloud provider configuration file. Empty string for no configuration file. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in 1.24 or later, in favor of removing cloud providers code from kubelet.)
--cloud-provider string
The provider for cloud services. Set to empty string for running with no cloud provider. If set, the cloud provider determines the name of the node (consult cloud provider documentation to determine if and how the hostname is used). (DEPRECATED: will be removed in 1.24 or later, in favor of removing cloud provider code from Kubelet.)
--cluster-dns strings
Comma-separated list of DNS server IP address. This value is used for containers DNS server in case of Pods with "dnsPolicy=ClusterFirst". Note: all DNS servers appearing in the list MUST serve the same set of records otherwise name resolution within the cluster may not work correctly. There is no guarantee as to which DNS server may be contacted for name resolution. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--cluster-domain string
Domain for this cluster. If set, kubelet will configure all containers to search this domain in addition to the host's search domains (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--cni-bin-dir string Default: /opt/cni/bin
A comma-separated list of full paths of directories in which to search for CNI plugin binaries. This docker-specific flag only works when container-runtime is set to docker. (DEPRECATED: will be removed along with dockershim.)
The full path of the directory in which CNI should store cache files. This docker-specific flag only works when container-runtime is set to docker. (DEPRECATED: will be removed along with dockershim.)
--cni-conf-dir string Default: /etc/cni/net.d
<Warning: Alpha feature> The full path of the directory in which to search for CNI config files. This docker-specific flag only works when container-runtime is set to docker. (DEPRECATED: will be removed along with dockershim.)
--config string
The Kubelet will load its initial configuration from this file. The path may be absolute or relative; relative paths start at the Kubelet's current working directory. Omit this flag to use the built-in default configuration values. Command-line flags override configuration from this file.
--container-log-max-files int32 Default: 5
<Warning: Beta feature> Set the maximum number of container log files that can be present for a container. The number must be >= 2. This flag can only be used with --container-runtime=remote. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--container-log-max-size string Default: 10Mi
<Warning: Beta feature> Set the maximum size (e.g. 10Mi) of container log file before it is rotated. This flag can only be used with --container-runtime=remote. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--container-runtime string Default: docker
The container runtime to use. Possible values: docker, remote.
[Experimental] The endpoint of remote runtime service. Currently unix socket endpoint is supported on Linux, while npipe and tcp endpoints are supported on windows. Examples: unix:///var/run/dockershim.sock, npipe:////./pipe/dockershim.
--contention-profiling
Enable lock contention profiling, if profiling is enabled (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--cpu-cfs-quota Default: true
Enable CPU CFS quota enforcement for containers that specify CPU limits (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--cpu-cfs-quota-period duration Default: 100ms
Sets CPU CFS quota period value, cpu.cfs_period_us, defaults to Linux Kernel default. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--cpu-manager-policy string Default: none
CPU Manager policy to use. Possible values: none, static. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--cpu-manager-policy-options mapStringString
Comma-separated list of options to fine-tune the behavior of the selected CPU Manager policy. If not supplied, keep the default behaviour. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
<Warning: Alpha feature> CPU Manager reconciliation period. Examples: 10s, or 1m. If not supplied, defaults to node status update frequency. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
Use this for the docker endpoint to communicate with. This docker-specific flag only works when container-runtime is set to docker. (DEPRECATED: will be removed along with dockershim.)
--dynamic-config-dir string
The Kubelet will use this directory for checkpointing downloaded configurations and tracking configuration health. The Kubelet will create this directory if it does not already exist. The path may be absolute or relative; relative paths start at the Kubelet's current working directory. Providing this flag enables dynamic Kubelet configuration. The DynamicKubeletConfig feature gate must be enabled to pass this flag. (DEPRECATED: Feature DynamicKubeletConfig is deprecated in 1.22 and will not move to GA. It is planned to be removed from Kubernetes in the version 1.24 or later. Please use alternative ways to update kubelet configuration.)
--enable-controller-attach-detach Default: true
Enables the Attach/Detach controller to manage attachment/detachment of volumes scheduled to this node, and disables kubelet from executing any attach/detach operations. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--enable-debugging-handlers Default: true
Enables server endpoints for log collection and local running of containers and commands. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--enable-server Default: true
Enable the Kubelet's server. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--enforce-node-allocatable strings Default: pods
A comma separated list of levels of node allocatable enforcement to be enforced by kubelet. Acceptable options are none, pods, system-reserved, and kube-reserved. If the latter two options are specified, --system-reserved-cgroup and --kube-reserved-cgroup must also be set, respectively. If none is specified, no additional options should be set. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/reserve-compute-resources/ for more details. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--event-burst int32 Default: 10
Maximum size of a bursty event records, temporarily allows event records to burst to this number, while still not exceeding --event-qps. The number must be >= 0. If 0 will use default burst (10). (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--event-qps int32 Default: 5
QPS to limit event creations. The number must be >= 0. If 0 will use default QPS (5). (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
A set of eviction thresholds (e.g. memory.available<1Gi) that if met would trigger a pod eviction. On a Linux node, the default value also includes nodefs.inodesFree<5%. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--eviction-max-pod-grace-period int32
Maximum allowed grace period (in seconds) to use when terminating pods in response to a soft eviction threshold being met. If negative, defer to pod specified value. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--eviction-minimum-reclaim mapStringString
A set of minimum reclaims (e.g. imagefs.available=2Gi) that describes the minimum amount of resource the kubelet will reclaim when performing a pod eviction if that resource is under pressure. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
Duration for which the kubelet has to wait before transitioning out of an eviction pressure condition. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--eviction-soft mapStringString
A set of eviction thresholds (e.g. memory.available<1.5Gi) that if met over a corresponding grace period would trigger a pod eviction. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--eviction-soft-grace-period mapStringString
A set of eviction grace periods (e.g. memory.available=1m30s) that correspond to how long a soft eviction threshold must hold before triggering a pod eviction. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--exit-on-lock-contention
Whether kubelet should exit upon lock-file contention.
When set to true, hard eviction thresholds will be ignored while calculating node allocatable. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/reserve-compute-resources/ for more details. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in 1.24 or later)
[Experimental] if set to true, the kubelet will check the underlying node for required components (binaries, etc.) before performing the mount (DEPRECATED: will be removed in 1.24 or later, in favor of using CSI.)
--experimental-kernel-memcg-notification
Use kernelMemcgNotification configuration, this flag will be removed in 1.24 or later. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--experimental-log-sanitization bool
[Experimental] When enabled, prevents logging of fields tagged as sensitive (passwords, keys, tokens). Runtime log sanitization may introduce significant computation overhead and therefore should not be enabled in production. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--experimental-mounter-path string Default: mount
[Experimental] Path of mounter binary. Leave empty to use the default mount. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in 1.24 or later, in favor of using CSI.)
--fail-swap-on Default: true
Makes the Kubelet fail to start if swap is enabled on the node. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--feature-gates <A list of 'key=true/false' pairs>
Duration between checking config files for new data. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--hairpin-mode string Default: promiscuous-bridge
How should the kubelet setup hairpin NAT. This allows endpoints of a Service to load balance back to themselves if they should try to access their own Service. Valid values are promiscuous-bridge, hairpin-veth and none. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--healthz-bind-address string Default: 127.0.0.1
The IP address for the healthz server to serve on (set to 0.0.0.0 or :: for listening in all interfaces and IP families). (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--healthz-port int32 Default: 10248
The port of the localhost healthz endpoint (set to 0 to disable). (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
-h, --help
help for kubelet
--hostname-override string
If non-empty, will use this string as identification instead of the actual hostname. If --cloud-provider is set, the cloud provider determines the name of the node (consult cloud provider documentation to determine if and how the hostname is used).
--http-check-frequency duration Default: 20s
Duration between checking HTTP for new data. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--image-credential-provider-bin-dir string
The path to the directory where credential provider plugin binaries are located.
--image-credential-provider-config string
The path to the credential provider plugin config file.
--image-gc-high-threshold int32 Default: 85
The percent of disk usage after which image garbage collection is always run. Values must be within the range [0, 100], To disable image garbage collection, set to 100. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--image-gc-low-threshold int32 Default: 80
The percent of disk usage before which image garbage collection is never run. Lowest disk usage to garbage collect to. Values must be within the range [0, 100] and should not be larger than that of --image-gc-high-threshold. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
If no pulling progress is made before this deadline, the image pulling will be cancelled. This docker-specific flag only works when container-runtime is set to docker. (DEPRECATED: will be removed along with dockershim.)
--image-service-endpoint string
[Experimental] The endpoint of remote image service. If not specified, it will be the same with --container-runtime-endpoint by default. Currently UNIX socket endpoint is supported on Linux, while npipe and TCP endpoints are supported on Windows. Examples: unix:///var/run/dockershim.sock, npipe:////./pipe/dockershim
--iptables-drop-bit int32 Default: 15
The bit of the fwmark space to mark packets for dropping. Must be within the range [0, 31]. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--iptables-masquerade-bit int32 Default: 14
The bit of the fwmark space to mark packets for SNAT. Must be within the range [0, 31]. Please match this parameter with corresponding parameter in kube-proxy. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--keep-terminated-pod-volumes
Keep terminated pod volumes mounted to the node after the pod terminates. Can be useful for debugging volume related issues. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future version)
--kernel-memcg-notification
If enabled, the kubelet will integrate with the kernel memcg notification to determine if memory eviction thresholds are crossed rather than polling. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--kube-api-burst int32 Default: 10
Burst to use while talking with kubernetes API server. The number must be >= 0. If 0 will use default burst (10). (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
Content type of requests sent to apiserver. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--kube-api-qps int32 Default: 5
QPS to use while talking with kubernetes API server. The number must be >= 0. If 0 will use default QPS (5). Doesn't cover events and node heartbeat apis which rate limiting is controlled by a different set of flags. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--kube-reserved mapStringString Default: <None>
A set of <resource name>=<resource quantity> (e.g. cpu=200m,memory=500Mi,ephemeral-storage=1Gi,pid='100') pairs that describe resources reserved for kubernetes system components. Currently cpu, memory and local ephemeral-storage for root file system are supported. See http://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/compute-resources for more detail. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--kube-reserved-cgroup string Default: ''
Absolute name of the top level cgroup that is used to manage kubernetes components for which compute resources were reserved via --kube-reserved flag. Ex. /kube-reserved. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--kubeconfig string
Path to a kubeconfig file, specifying how to connect to the API server. Providing --kubeconfig enables API server mode, omitting --kubeconfig enables standalone mode.
--kubelet-cgroups string
Optional absolute name of cgroups to create and run the Kubelet in. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--lock-file string
<Warning: Alpha feature> The path to file for kubelet to use as a lock file.
--log-backtrace-at <A string of format 'file:line'> Default: ":0"
When logging hits line :, emit a stack trace. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components)
--log-dir string
If non-empty, write log files in this directory. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components)
--log-file string
If non-empty, use this log file. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components)
--log-file-max-size uint Default: 1800
Defines the maximum size a log file can grow to. Unit is megabytes. If the value is 0, the maximum file size is unlimited. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components)
--log-flush-frequency duration Default: 5s
Maximum number of seconds between log flushes.
--log-json-info-buffer-size string Default: '0'
[Experimental] In JSON format with split output streams, the info messages can be buffered for a while to increase performance. The default value of zero bytes disables buffering. The size can be specified as number of bytes (512), multiples of 1000 (1K), multiples of 1024 (2Ki), or powers of those (3M, 4G, 5Mi, 6Gi). (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--log-json-split-stream
[Experimental] In JSON format, write error messages to stderr and info messages to stdout. The default is to write a single stream to stdout. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--logging-format string Default: text
Sets the log format. Permitted formats: text, json. Non-default formats don't honor these flags: --add-dir-header, --alsologtostderr, --log-backtrace-at, --log-dir, --log-file, --log-file-max-size, --logtostderr, --skip_headers, --skip_log_headers, --stderrthreshold, --log-flush-frequency. Non-default choices are currently alpha and subject to change without warning. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--logtostderr Default: true
log to standard error instead of files. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components)
--make-iptables-util-chains Default: true
If true, kubelet will ensure iptables utility rules are present on host. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--manifest-url string
URL for accessing additional Pod specifications to run (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--manifest-url-header string
Comma-separated list of HTTP headers to use when accessing the URL provided to --manifest-url. Multiple headers with the same name will be added in the same order provided. This flag can be repeatedly invoked. For example: --manifest-url-header 'a:hello,b:again,c:world' --manifest-url-header 'b:beautiful' (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
The namespace from which the kubernetes master services should be injected into pods. (DEPRECATED: This flag will be removed in a future version.)
--max-open-files int Default: 1000000
Number of files that can be opened by Kubelet process. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--max-pods int32 Default: 110
Number of Pods that can run on this Kubelet. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--maximum-dead-containers int32 Default: -1
Maximum number of old instances of containers to retain globally. Each container takes up some disk space. To disable, set to a negative number. (DEPRECATED: Use --eviction-hard or --eviction-soft instead. Will be removed in a future version.)
Maximum number of old instances to retain per container. Each container takes up some disk space. (DEPRECATED: Use --eviction-hard or --eviction-soft instead. Will be removed in a future version.)
--memory-manager-policy string Default: None
Memory Manager policy to use. Possible values: 'None', 'Static'. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--minimum-container-ttl-duration duration
Minimum age for a finished container before it is garbage collected. Examples: '300ms', '10s' or '2h45m' (DEPRECATED: Use --eviction-hard or --eviction-soft instead. Will be removed in a future version.)
Minimum age for an unused image before it is garbage collected. Examples: '300ms', '10s' or '2h45m'. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--network-plugin string
The name of the network plugin to be invoked for various events in kubelet/pod lifecycle. This docker-specific flag only works when container-runtime is set to docker. (DEPRECATED: will be removed along with dockershim.)
--network-plugin-mtu int32
The MTU to be passed to the network plugin, to override the default. Set to 0 to use the default 1460 MTU. This docker-specific flag only works when container-runtime is set to docker. (DEPRECATED: will be removed along with dockershim.)
--node-ip string
IP address (or comma-separated dual-stack IP addresses) of the node. If unset, kubelet will use the node's default IPv4 address, if any, or its default IPv6 address if it has no IPv4 addresses. You can pass '::' to make it prefer the default IPv6 address rather than the default IPv4 address.
--node-labels mapStringString
<Warning: Alpha feature>Labels to add when registering the node in the cluster. Labels must be key=value pairs separated by ','. Labels in the 'kubernetes.io' namespace must begin with an allowed prefix ('kubelet.kubernetes.io', 'node.kubernetes.io') or be in the specifically allowed set ('beta.kubernetes.io/arch', 'beta.kubernetes.io/instance-type', 'beta.kubernetes.io/os', 'failure-domain.beta.kubernetes.io/region', 'failure-domain.beta.kubernetes.io/zone', 'kubernetes.io/arch', 'kubernetes.io/hostname', 'kubernetes.io/os', 'node.kubernetes.io/instance-type', 'topology.kubernetes.io/region', 'topology.kubernetes.io/zone')
--node-status-max-images int32 Default: 50
The maximum number of images to report in node.status.images. If -1 is specified, no cap will be applied. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
Specifies how often kubelet posts node status to master. Note: be cautious when changing the constant, it must work with nodeMonitorGracePeriod in Node controller. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--non-masquerade-cidr string Default: 10.0.0.0/8
Traffic to IPs outside this range will use IP masquerade. Set to '0.0.0.0/0' to never masquerade. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future version)
--one-output
If true, only write logs to their native severity level (vs also writing to each lower severity level). (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components)
--oom-score-adj int32 Default: -999
The oom-score-adj value for kubelet process. Values must be within the range [-1000, 1000]. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--pod-cidr string
The CIDR to use for pod IP addresses, only used in standalone mode. In cluster mode, this is obtained from the master. For IPv6, the maximum number of IP's allocated is 65536 (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
Specified image will not be pruned by the image garbage collector. When container-runtime is set to docker, all containers in each pod will use the network/IPC namespaces from this image. Other CRI implementations have their own configuration to set this image.
--pod-manifest-path string
Path to the directory containing static pod files to run, or the path to a single static pod file. Files starting with dots will be ignored. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--pod-max-pids int Default: -1
Set the maximum number of processes per pod. If -1, the kubelet defaults to the node allocatable PID capacity. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--pods-per-core int32
Number of Pods per core that can run on this kubelet. The total number of pods on this kubelet cannot exceed --max-pods, so --max-pods will be used if this calculation results in a larger number of pods allowed on the kubelet. A value of 0 disables this limit. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--port int32 Default: 10250
The port for the kubelet to serve on. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--protect-kernel-defaults
Default kubelet behaviour for kernel tuning. If set, kubelet errors if any of kernel tunables is different than kubelet defaults. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--provider-id string
Unique identifier for identifying the node in a machine database, i.e cloud provider. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--qos-reserved mapStringString
<Warning: Alpha feature> A set of <resource name>=<percentage> (e.g. memory=50%) pairs that describe how pod resource requests are reserved at the QoS level. Currently only memory is supported. Requires the QOSReserved feature gate to be enabled. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--read-only-port int32 Default: 10255
The read-only port for the kubelet to serve on with no authentication/authorization (set to 0 to disable). (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--really-crash-for-testing
If true, when panics occur crash. Intended for testing. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future version.)
--register-node Default: true
Register the node with the API server. If --kubeconfig is not provided, this flag is irrelevant, as the Kubelet won't have an API server to register with. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--register-schedulable Default: true
Register the node as schedulable. Won't have any effect if --register-node is false. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future version)
--register-with-taints mapStringString
Register the node with the given list of taints (comma separated <key>=<value>:<effect>). No-op if --register-node is false. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--registry-burst int32 Default: 10
Maximum size of a bursty pulls, temporarily allows pulls to burst to this number, while still not exceeding --registry-qps. Only used if --registry-qps is greater than 0. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--registry-qps int32 Default: 5
If > 0, limit registry pull QPS to this value. If 0, unlimited. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--reserved-cpus string
A comma-separated list of CPUs or CPU ranges that are reserved for system and kubernetes usage. This specific list will supersede cpu counts in --system-reserved and --kube-reserved. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--reserved-memory string
A comma-separated list of memory reservations for NUMA nodes. (e.g. --reserved-memory 0:memory=1Gi,hugepages-1M=2Gi --reserved-memory 1:memory=2Gi). The total sum for each memory type should be equal to the sum of --kube-reserved, --system-reserved and --eviction-threshold. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/memory-manager/#reserved-memory-flag for more details. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--resolv-conf string Default: /etc/resolv.conf
Resolver configuration file used as the basis for the container DNS resolution configuration. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--root-dir string Default: /var/lib/kubelet
Directory path for managing kubelet files (volume mounts, etc).
--rotate-certificates
<Warning: Beta feature> Auto rotate the kubelet client certificates by requesting new certificates from the kube-apiserver when the certificate expiration approaches. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--rotate-server-certificates
Auto-request and rotate the kubelet serving certificates by requesting new certificates from the kube-apiserver when the certificate expiration approaches. Requires the RotateKubeletServerCertificate feature gate to be enabled, and approval of the submitted CertificateSigningRequest objects. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--runonce
If true, exit after spawning pods from local manifests or remote urls. Exclusive with --enable-server (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--runtime-cgroups string
Optional absolute name of cgroups to create and run the runtime in.
--runtime-request-timeout duration Default: 2m0s
Timeout of all runtime requests except long running request - pull, logs, exec and attach. When timeout exceeded, kubelet will cancel the request, throw out an error and retry later. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--seccomp-default RuntimeDefault
<Warning: Alpha feature> Enable the use of RuntimeDefault as the default seccomp profile for all workloads. The SeccompDefault feature gate must be enabled to allow this flag, which is disabled by default.
--serialize-image-pulls Default: true
Pull images one at a time. We recommend *not* changing the default value on nodes that run docker daemon with version < 1.9 or an aufs storage backend. Issue #10959 has more details. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--skip-headers
If true, avoid header prefixes in the log messages. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components)
--skip-log-headers
If true, avoid headers when opening log files. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components)
--stderrthreshold int Default: 2
logs at or above this threshold go to stderr. (DEPRECATED: will be removed in a future release, see https://github.com/kubernetes/enhancements/tree/master/keps/sig-instrumentation/2845-deprecate-klog-specific-flags-in-k8s-components)
Maximum time a streaming connection can be idle before the connection is automatically closed. 0 indicates no timeout. Example: 5m. Note: All connections to the kubelet server have a maximum duration of 4 hours. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--sync-frequency duration Default: 1m0s
Max period between synchronizing running containers and config. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--system-cgroups string
Optional absolute name of cgroups in which to place all non-kernel processes that are not already inside a cgroup under '/'. Empty for no container. Rolling back the flag requires a reboot. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--system-reserved mapStringString Default: <none>
A set of <resource name>=<resource quantity> (e.g. cpu=200m,memory=500Mi,ephemeral-storage=1Gi,pid='100') pairs that describe resources reserved for non-kubernetes components. Currently only cpu and memory are supported. See http://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/compute-resources for more detail. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--system-reserved-cgroup string Default: ''
Absolute name of the top level cgroup that is used to manage non-kubernetes components for which compute resources were reserved via --system-reserved flag. Ex. /system-reserved. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--tls-cert-file string
File containing x509 Certificate used for serving HTTPS (with intermediate certs, if any, concatenated after server cert). If --tls-cert-file and --tls-private-key-file are not provided, a self-signed certificate and key are generated for the public address and saved to the directory passed to --cert-dir. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--tls-cipher-suites strings
Comma-separated list of cipher suites for the server. If omitted, the default Go cipher suites will be used.
Preferred values:
TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256, TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384, TLS_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256, TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA, TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256, TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA, TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
Insecure values:
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA, TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256, TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA.
(DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--tls-min-version string
Minimum TLS version supported. Possible values: VersionTLS10, VersionTLS11, VersionTLS12, VersionTLS13. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--tls-private-key-file string
File containing x509 private key matching --tls-cert-file. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--topology-manager-policy string Default: 'none'
Topology Manager policy to use. Possible values: 'none', 'best-effort', 'restricted', 'single-numa-node'. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
Scope to which topology hints applied. Topology Manager collects hints from Hint Providers and applies them to defined scope to ensure the pod admission. Possible values: 'container', 'pod'. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
-v, --v Level
Number for the log level verbosity
--version version[=true]
Print version information and quit
--vmodule <A list of 'pattern=N' string>
Comma-separated list of pattern=N settings for file-filtered logging
The full path of the directory in which to search for additional third party volume plugins. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
--volume-stats-agg-period duration Default: 1m0s
Specifies interval for kubelet to calculate and cache the volume disk usage for all pods and volumes. To disable volume calculations, set to 0. (DEPRECATED: This parameter should be set via the config file specified by the Kubelet's --config flag. See https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/kubelet-config-file/ for more information.)
11.3 - kube-apiserver
Synopsis
The Kubernetes API server validates and configures data
for the api objects which include pods, services, replicationcontrollers, and
others. The API Server services REST operations and provides the frontend to the
cluster's shared state through which all other components interact.
kube-apiserver [flags]
Options
--admission-control-config-file string
File with admission control configuration.
--advertise-address string
The IP address on which to advertise the apiserver to members of the cluster. This address must be reachable by the rest of the cluster. If blank, the --bind-address will be used. If --bind-address is unspecified, the host's default interface will be used.
--allow-metric-labels stringToString Default: []
The map from metric-label to value allow-list of this label. The key's format is <MetricName>,<LabelName>. The value's format is <allowed_value>,<allowed_value>...e.g. metric1,label1='v1,v2,v3', metric1,label2='v1,v2,v3' metric2,label1='v1,v2,v3'.
--allow-privileged
If true, allow privileged containers. [default=false]
--anonymous-auth Default: true
Enables anonymous requests to the secure port of the API server. Requests that are not rejected by another authentication method are treated as anonymous requests. Anonymous requests have a username of system:anonymous, and a group name of system:unauthenticated.
--api-audiences strings
Identifiers of the API. The service account token authenticator will validate that tokens used against the API are bound to at least one of these audiences. If the --service-account-issuer flag is configured and this flag is not, this field defaults to a single element list containing the issuer URL.
--apiserver-count int Default: 1
The number of apiservers running in the cluster, must be a positive number. (In use when --endpoint-reconciler-type=master-count is enabled.)
--audit-log-batch-buffer-size int Default: 10000
The size of the buffer to store events before batching and writing. Only used in batch mode.
--audit-log-batch-max-size int Default: 1
The maximum size of a batch. Only used in batch mode.
--audit-log-batch-max-wait duration
The amount of time to wait before force writing the batch that hadn't reached the max size. Only used in batch mode.
--audit-log-batch-throttle-burst int
Maximum number of requests sent at the same moment if ThrottleQPS was not utilized before. Only used in batch mode.
--audit-log-batch-throttle-enable
Whether batching throttling is enabled. Only used in batch mode.
--audit-log-batch-throttle-qps float
Maximum average number of batches per second. Only used in batch mode.
--audit-log-compress
If set, the rotated log files will be compressed using gzip.
--audit-log-format string Default: "json"
Format of saved audits. "legacy" indicates 1-line text format for each event. "json" indicates structured json format. Known formats are legacy,json.
--audit-log-maxage int
The maximum number of days to retain old audit log files based on the timestamp encoded in their filename.
--audit-log-maxbackup int
The maximum number of old audit log files to retain. Setting a value of 0 will mean there's no restriction on the number of files.
--audit-log-maxsize int
The maximum size in megabytes of the audit log file before it gets rotated.
--audit-log-mode string Default: "blocking"
Strategy for sending audit events. Blocking indicates sending events should block server responses. Batch causes the backend to buffer and write events asynchronously. Known modes are batch,blocking,blocking-strict.
--audit-log-path string
If set, all requests coming to the apiserver will be logged to this file. '-' means standard out.
--audit-log-truncate-enabled
Whether event and batch truncating is enabled.
--audit-log-truncate-max-batch-size int Default: 10485760
Maximum size of the batch sent to the underlying backend. Actual serialized size can be several hundreds of bytes greater. If a batch exceeds this limit, it is split into several batches of smaller size.
--audit-log-truncate-max-event-size int Default: 102400
Maximum size of the audit event sent to the underlying backend. If the size of an event is greater than this number, first request and response are removed, and if this doesn't reduce the size enough, event is discarded.
The amount of time to wait before retrying the first failed request.
--audit-webhook-mode string Default: "batch"
Strategy for sending audit events. Blocking indicates sending events should block server responses. Batch causes the backend to buffer and write events asynchronously. Known modes are batch,blocking,blocking-strict.
--audit-webhook-truncate-enabled
Whether event and batch truncating is enabled.
--audit-webhook-truncate-max-batch-size int Default: 10485760
Maximum size of the batch sent to the underlying backend. Actual serialized size can be several hundreds of bytes greater. If a batch exceeds this limit, it is split into several batches of smaller size.
--audit-webhook-truncate-max-event-size int Default: 102400
Maximum size of the audit event sent to the underlying backend. If the size of an event is greater than this number, first request and response are removed, and if this doesn't reduce the size enough, event is discarded.
The duration to cache responses from the webhook token authenticator.
--authentication-token-webhook-config-file string
File with webhook configuration for token authentication in kubeconfig format. The API server will query the remote service to determine authentication for bearer tokens.
The duration to cache 'unauthorized' responses from the webhook authorizer.
--authorization-webhook-config-file string
File with webhook configuration in kubeconfig format, used with --authorization-mode=Webhook. The API server will query the remote service to determine access on the API server's secure port.
The API version of the authorization.k8s.io SubjectAccessReview to send to and expect from the webhook.
--azure-container-registry-config string
Path to the file containing Azure container registry configuration information.
--bind-address string Default: 0.0.0.0
The IP address on which to listen for the --secure-port port. The associated interface(s) must be reachable by the rest of the cluster, and by CLI/web clients. If blank or an unspecified address (0.0.0.0 or ::), all interfaces will be used.
--cert-dir string Default: "/var/run/kubernetes"
The directory where the TLS certs are located. If --tls-cert-file and --tls-private-key-file are provided, this flag will be ignored.
--client-ca-file string
If set, any request presenting a client certificate signed by one of the authorities in the client-ca-file is authenticated with an identity corresponding to the CommonName of the client certificate.
--cloud-config string
The path to the cloud provider configuration file. Empty string for no configuration file.
--cloud-provider string
The provider for cloud services. Empty string for no provider.
CIDRs opened in GCE firewall for L7 LB traffic proxy & health checks
--contention-profiling
Enable lock contention profiling, if profiling is enabled
--cors-allowed-origins strings
List of allowed origins for CORS, comma separated. An allowed origin can be a regular expression to support subdomain matching. If this list is empty CORS will not be enabled.
--default-not-ready-toleration-seconds int Default: 300
Indicates the tolerationSeconds of the toleration for notReady:NoExecute that is added by default to every pod that does not already have such a toleration.
--default-unreachable-toleration-seconds int Default: 300
Indicates the tolerationSeconds of the toleration for unreachable:NoExecute that is added by default to every pod that does not already have such a toleration.
--default-watch-cache-size int Default: 100
Default watch cache size. If zero, watch cache will be disabled for resources that do not have a default watch size set.
--delete-collection-workers int Default: 1
Number of workers spawned for DeleteCollection call. These are used to speed up namespace cleanup.
--disable-admission-plugins strings
admission plugins that should be disabled although they are in the default enabled plugins list (NamespaceLifecycle, LimitRanger, ServiceAccount, TaintNodesByCondition, PodSecurity, Priority, DefaultTolerationSeconds, DefaultStorageClass, StorageObjectInUseProtection, PersistentVolumeClaimResize, RuntimeClass, CertificateApproval, CertificateSigning, CertificateSubjectRestriction, DefaultIngressClass, MutatingAdmissionWebhook, ValidatingAdmissionWebhook, ResourceQuota). Comma-delimited list of admission plugins: AlwaysAdmit, AlwaysDeny, AlwaysPullImages, CertificateApproval, CertificateSigning, CertificateSubjectRestriction, DefaultIngressClass, DefaultStorageClass, DefaultTolerationSeconds, DenyServiceExternalIPs, EventRateLimit, ExtendedResourceToleration, ImagePolicyWebhook, LimitPodHardAntiAffinityTopology, LimitRanger, MutatingAdmissionWebhook, NamespaceAutoProvision, NamespaceExists, NamespaceLifecycle, NodeRestriction, OwnerReferencesPermissionEnforcement, PersistentVolumeClaimResize, PersistentVolumeLabel, PodNodeSelector, PodSecurity, PodSecurityPolicy, PodTolerationRestriction, Priority, ResourceQuota, RuntimeClass, SecurityContextDeny, ServiceAccount, StorageObjectInUseProtection, TaintNodesByCondition, ValidatingAdmissionWebhook. The order of plugins in this flag does not matter.
--disabled-metrics strings
This flag provides an escape hatch for misbehaving metrics. You must provide the fully qualified metric name in order to disable it. Disclaimer: disabling metrics is higher in precedence than showing hidden metrics.
--egress-selector-config-file string
File with apiserver egress selector configuration.
--enable-admission-plugins strings
admission plugins that should be enabled in addition to default enabled ones (NamespaceLifecycle, LimitRanger, ServiceAccount, TaintNodesByCondition, PodSecurity, Priority, DefaultTolerationSeconds, DefaultStorageClass, StorageObjectInUseProtection, PersistentVolumeClaimResize, RuntimeClass, CertificateApproval, CertificateSigning, CertificateSubjectRestriction, DefaultIngressClass, MutatingAdmissionWebhook, ValidatingAdmissionWebhook, ResourceQuota). Comma-delimited list of admission plugins: AlwaysAdmit, AlwaysDeny, AlwaysPullImages, CertificateApproval, CertificateSigning, CertificateSubjectRestriction, DefaultIngressClass, DefaultStorageClass, DefaultTolerationSeconds, DenyServiceExternalIPs, EventRateLimit, ExtendedResourceToleration, ImagePolicyWebhook, LimitPodHardAntiAffinityTopology, LimitRanger, MutatingAdmissionWebhook, NamespaceAutoProvision, NamespaceExists, NamespaceLifecycle, NodeRestriction, OwnerReferencesPermissionEnforcement, PersistentVolumeClaimResize, PersistentVolumeLabel, PodNodeSelector, PodSecurity, PodSecurityPolicy, PodTolerationRestriction, Priority, ResourceQuota, RuntimeClass, SecurityContextDeny, ServiceAccount, StorageObjectInUseProtection, TaintNodesByCondition, ValidatingAdmissionWebhook. The order of plugins in this flag does not matter.
--enable-aggregator-routing
Turns on aggregator routing requests to endpoints IP rather than cluster IP.
--enable-bootstrap-token-auth
Enable to allow secrets of type 'bootstrap.kubernetes.io/token' in the 'kube-system' namespace to be used for TLS bootstrapping authentication.
--enable-garbage-collector Default: true
Enables the generic garbage collector. MUST be synced with the corresponding flag of the kube-controller-manager.
--enable-priority-and-fairness Default: true
If true and the APIPriorityAndFairness feature gate is enabled, replace the max-in-flight handler with an enhanced one that queues and dispatches with priority and fairness
--encryption-provider-config string
The file containing configuration for encryption providers to be used for storing secrets in etcd
The interval of requests to poll etcd and update metric. 0 disables the metric collection
--etcd-healthcheck-timeout duration Default: 2s
The timeout to use when checking etcd health.
--etcd-keyfile string
SSL key file used to secure etcd communication.
--etcd-prefix string Default: "/registry"
The prefix to prepend to all resource paths in etcd.
--etcd-servers strings
List of etcd servers to connect with (scheme://ip:port), comma separated.
--etcd-servers-overrides strings
Per-resource etcd servers overrides, comma separated. The individual override format: group/resource#servers, where servers are URLs, semicolon separated. Note that this applies only to resources compiled into this server binary.
--event-ttl duration Default: 1h0m0s
Amount of time to retain events.
--experimental-logging-sanitization
[Experimental] When enabled prevents logging of fields tagged as sensitive (passwords, keys, tokens). Runtime log sanitization may introduce significant computation overhead and therefore should not be enabled in production.
--external-hostname string
The hostname to use when generating externalized URLs for this master (e.g. Swagger API Docs or OpenID Discovery).
To prevent HTTP/2 clients from getting stuck on a single apiserver, randomly close a connection (GOAWAY). The client's other in-flight requests won't be affected, and the client will reconnect, likely landing on a different apiserver after going through the load balancer again. This argument sets the fraction of requests that will be sent a GOAWAY. Clusters with single apiservers, or which don't use a load balancer, should NOT enable this. Min is 0 (off), Max is .02 (1/50 requests); .001 (1/1000) is a recommended starting point.
-h, --help
help for kube-apiserver
--http2-max-streams-per-connection int
The limit that the server gives to clients for the maximum number of streams in an HTTP/2 connection. Zero means to use golang's default.
--identity-lease-duration-seconds int Default: 3600
The duration of kube-apiserver lease in seconds, must be a positive number. (In use when the APIServerIdentity feature gate is enabled.)
--identity-lease-renew-interval-seconds int Default: 10
The interval of kube-apiserver renewing its lease in seconds, must be a positive number. (In use when the APIServerIdentity feature gate is enabled.)
--kubelet-certificate-authority string
Path to a cert file for the certificate authority.
List of the preferred NodeAddressTypes to use for kubelet connections.
--kubelet-timeout duration Default: 5s
Timeout for kubelet operations.
--kubernetes-service-node-port int
If non-zero, the Kubernetes master service (which apiserver creates/maintains) will be of type NodePort, using this as the value of the port. If zero, the Kubernetes master service will be of type ClusterIP.
--lease-reuse-duration-seconds int Default: 60
The time in seconds that each lease is reused. A lower value could avoid large number of objects reusing the same lease. Notice that a too small value may cause performance problems at storage layer.
--livez-grace-period duration
This option represents the maximum amount of time it should take for apiserver to complete its startup sequence and become live. From apiserver's start time to when this amount of time has elapsed, /livez will assume that unfinished post-start hooks will complete successfully and therefore return true.
--log-flush-frequency duration Default: 5s
Maximum number of seconds between log flushes
--logging-format string Default: "text"
Sets the log format. Permitted formats: "text". Non-default formats don't honor these flags: --add-dir-header, --alsologtostderr, --log-backtrace-at, --log-dir, --log-file, --log-file-max-size, --logtostderr, --one-output, --skip-headers, --skip-log-headers, --stderrthreshold, --vmodule. Non-default choices are currently alpha and subject to change without warning.
DEPRECATED: the namespace from which the Kubernetes master services should be injected into pods.
--max-connection-bytes-per-sec int
If non-zero, throttle each user connection to this number of bytes/sec. Currently only applies to long-running requests.
--max-mutating-requests-inflight int Default: 200
This and --max-requests-inflight are summed to determine the server's total concurrency limit (which must be positive) if --enable-priority-and-fairness is true. Otherwise, this flag limits the maximum number of mutating requests in flight, or a zero value disables the limit completely.
--max-requests-inflight int Default: 400
This and --max-mutating-requests-inflight are summed to determine the server's total concurrency limit (which must be positive) if --enable-priority-and-fairness is true. Otherwise, this flag limits the maximum number of non-mutating requests in flight, or a zero value disables the limit completely.
--min-request-timeout int Default: 1800
An optional field indicating the minimum number of seconds a handler must keep a request open before timing it out. Currently only honored by the watch request handler, which picks a randomized value above this number as the connection timeout, to spread out load.
--oidc-ca-file string
If set, the OpenID server's certificate will be verified by one of the authorities in the oidc-ca-file, otherwise the host's root CA set will be used.
--oidc-client-id string
The client ID for the OpenID Connect client, must be set if oidc-issuer-url is set.
--oidc-groups-claim string
If provided, the name of a custom OpenID Connect claim for specifying user groups. The claim value is expected to be a string or array of strings. This flag is experimental, please see the authentication documentation for further details.
--oidc-groups-prefix string
If provided, all groups will be prefixed with this value to prevent conflicts with other authentication strategies.
--oidc-issuer-url string
The URL of the OpenID issuer, only HTTPS scheme will be accepted. If set, it will be used to verify the OIDC JSON Web Token (JWT).
A key=value pair that describes a required claim in the ID Token. If set, the claim is verified to be present in the ID Token with a matching value. Repeat this flag to specify multiple claims.
--oidc-signing-algs strings Default: "RS256"
Comma-separated list of allowed JOSE asymmetric signing algorithms. JWTs with a supported 'alg' header values are: RS256, RS384, RS512, ES256, ES384, ES512, PS256, PS384, PS512. Values are defined by RFC 7518 https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7518#section-3.1.
--oidc-username-claim string Default: "sub"
The OpenID claim to use as the user name. Note that claims other than the default ('sub') is not guaranteed to be unique and immutable. This flag is experimental, please see the authentication documentation for further details.
--oidc-username-prefix string
If provided, all usernames will be prefixed with this value. If not provided, username claims other than 'email' are prefixed by the issuer URL to avoid clashes. To skip any prefixing, provide the value '-'.
--permit-address-sharing
If true, SO_REUSEADDR will be used when binding the port. This allows binding to wildcard IPs like 0.0.0.0 and specific IPs in parallel, and it avoids waiting for the kernel to release sockets in TIME_WAIT state. [default=false]
--permit-port-sharing
If true, SO_REUSEPORT will be used when binding the port, which allows more than one instance to bind on the same address and port. [default=false]
--profiling Default: true
Enable profiling via web interface host:port/debug/pprof/
--proxy-client-cert-file string
Client certificate used to prove the identity of the aggregator or kube-apiserver when it must call out during a request. This includes proxying requests to a user api-server and calling out to webhook admission plugins. It is expected that this cert includes a signature from the CA in the --requestheader-client-ca-file flag. That CA is published in the 'extension-apiserver-authentication' configmap in the kube-system namespace. Components receiving calls from kube-aggregator should use that CA to perform their half of the mutual TLS verification.
--proxy-client-key-file string
Private key for the client certificate used to prove the identity of the aggregator or kube-apiserver when it must call out during a request. This includes proxying requests to a user api-server and calling out to webhook admission plugins.
--request-timeout duration Default: 1m0s
An optional field indicating the duration a handler must keep a request open before timing it out. This is the default request timeout for requests but may be overridden by flags such as --min-request-timeout for specific types of requests.
--requestheader-allowed-names strings
List of client certificate common names to allow to provide usernames in headers specified by --requestheader-username-headers. If empty, any client certificate validated by the authorities in --requestheader-client-ca-file is allowed.
--requestheader-client-ca-file string
Root certificate bundle to use to verify client certificates on incoming requests before trusting usernames in headers specified by --requestheader-username-headers. WARNING: generally do not depend on authorization being already done for incoming requests.
--requestheader-extra-headers-prefix strings
List of request header prefixes to inspect. X-Remote-Extra- is suggested.
--requestheader-group-headers strings
List of request headers to inspect for groups. X-Remote-Group is suggested.
--requestheader-username-headers strings
List of request headers to inspect for usernames. X-Remote-User is common.
A set of key=value pairs that enable or disable built-in APIs. Supported options are: v1=true|false for the core API group <group>/<version>=true|false for a specific API group and version (e.g. apps/v1=true) api/all=true|false controls all API versions api/ga=true|false controls all API versions of the form v[0-9]+ api/beta=true|false controls all API versions of the form v[0-9]+beta[0-9]+ api/alpha=true|false controls all API versions of the form v[0-9]+alpha[0-9]+ api/legacy is deprecated, and will be removed in a future version
--secure-port int Default: 6443
The port on which to serve HTTPS with authentication and authorization. It cannot be switched off with 0.
Turns on projected service account expiration extension during token generation, which helps safe transition from legacy token to bound service account token feature. If this flag is enabled, admission injected tokens would be extended up to 1 year to prevent unexpected failure during transition, ignoring value of service-account-max-token-expiration.
--service-account-issuer strings
Identifier of the service account token issuer. The issuer will assert this identifier in "iss" claim of issued tokens. This value is a string or URI. If this option is not a valid URI per the OpenID Discovery 1.0 spec, the ServiceAccountIssuerDiscovery feature will remain disabled, even if the feature gate is set to true. It is highly recommended that this value comply with the OpenID spec: https://openid.net/specs/openid-connect-discovery-1_0.html. In practice, this means that service-account-issuer must be an https URL. It is also highly recommended that this URL be capable of serving OpenID discovery documents at {service-account-issuer}/.well-known/openid-configuration. When this flag is specified multiple times, the first is used to generate tokens and all are used to determine which issuers are accepted.
--service-account-jwks-uri string
Overrides the URI for the JSON Web Key Set in the discovery doc served at /.well-known/openid-configuration. This flag is useful if the discovery docand key set are served to relying parties from a URL other than the API server's external (as auto-detected or overridden with external-hostname).
--service-account-key-file strings
File containing PEM-encoded x509 RSA or ECDSA private or public keys, used to verify ServiceAccount tokens. The specified file can contain multiple keys, and the flag can be specified multiple times with different files. If unspecified, --tls-private-key-file is used. Must be specified when --service-account-signing-key-file is provided
--service-account-lookup Default: true
If true, validate ServiceAccount tokens exist in etcd as part of authentication.
--service-account-max-token-expiration duration
The maximum validity duration of a token created by the service account token issuer. If an otherwise valid TokenRequest with a validity duration larger than this value is requested, a token will be issued with a validity duration of this value.
--service-account-signing-key-file string
Path to the file that contains the current private key of the service account token issuer. The issuer will sign issued ID tokens with this private key.
--service-cluster-ip-range string
A CIDR notation IP range from which to assign service cluster IPs. This must not overlap with any IP ranges assigned to nodes or pods. Max of two dual-stack CIDRs is allowed.
--service-node-port-range <a string in the form 'N1-N2'> Default: 30000-32767
A port range to reserve for services with NodePort visibility. Example: '30000-32767'. Inclusive at both ends of the range.
--show-hidden-metrics-for-version string
The previous version for which you want to show hidden metrics. Only the previous minor version is meaningful, other values will not be allowed. The format is <major>.<minor>, e.g.: '1.16'. The purpose of this format is make sure you have the opportunity to notice if the next release hides additional metrics, rather than being surprised when they are permanently removed in the release after that.
--shutdown-delay-duration duration
Time to delay the termination. During that time the server keeps serving requests normally. The endpoints /healthz and /livez will return success, but /readyz immediately returns failure. Graceful termination starts after this delay has elapsed. This can be used to allow load balancer to stop sending traffic to this server.
--shutdown-send-retry-after
If true the HTTP Server will continue listening until all non long running request(s) in flight have been drained, during this window all incoming requests will be rejected with a status code 429 and a 'Retry-After' response header, in addition 'Connection: close' response header is set in order to tear down the TCP connection when idle.
--storage-backend string
The storage backend for persistence. Options: 'etcd3' (default).
The media type to use to store objects in storage. Some resources or storage backends may only support a specific media type and will ignore this setting.
--strict-transport-security-directives strings
List of directives for HSTS, comma separated. If this list is empty, then HSTS directives will not be added. Example: 'max-age=31536000,includeSubDomains,preload'
--tls-cert-file string
File containing the default x509 Certificate for HTTPS. (CA cert, if any, concatenated after server cert). If HTTPS serving is enabled, and --tls-cert-file and --tls-private-key-file are not provided, a self-signed certificate and key are generated for the public address and saved to the directory specified by --cert-dir.
--tls-cipher-suites strings
Comma-separated list of cipher suites for the server. If omitted, the default Go cipher suites will be used. Preferred values: TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256, TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384, TLS_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256, TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA, TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256, TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA, TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384. Insecure values: TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA, TLS_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA, TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256, TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA.
--tls-min-version string
Minimum TLS version supported. Possible values: VersionTLS10, VersionTLS11, VersionTLS12, VersionTLS13
--tls-private-key-file string
File containing the default x509 private key matching --tls-cert-file.
--tls-sni-cert-key string
A pair of x509 certificate and private key file paths, optionally suffixed with a list of domain patterns which are fully qualified domain names, possibly with prefixed wildcard segments. The domain patterns also allow IP addresses, but IPs should only be used if the apiserver has visibility to the IP address requested by a client. If no domain patterns are provided, the names of the certificate are extracted. Non-wildcard matches trump over wildcard matches, explicit domain patterns trump over extracted names. For multiple key/certificate pairs, use the --tls-sni-cert-key multiple times. Examples: "example.crt,example.key" or "foo.crt,foo.key:*.foo.com,foo.com".
--token-auth-file string
If set, the file that will be used to secure the secure port of the API server via token authentication.
--tracing-config-file string
File with apiserver tracing configuration.
-v, --v int
number for the log level verbosity
--version version[=true]
Print version information and quit
--vmodule pattern=N,...
comma-separated list of pattern=N settings for file-filtered logging (only works for text log format)
--watch-cache Default: true
Enable watch caching in the apiserver
--watch-cache-sizes strings
Watch cache size settings for some resources (pods, nodes, etc.), comma separated. The individual setting format: resource[.group]#size, where resource is lowercase plural (no version), group is omitted for resources of apiVersion v1 (the legacy core API) and included for others, and size is a number. It takes effect when watch-cache is enabled. Some resources (replicationcontrollers, endpoints, nodes, pods, services, apiservices.apiregistration.k8s.io) have system defaults set by heuristics, others default to default-watch-cache-size
11.4 - kube-controller-manager
Synopsis
The Kubernetes controller manager is a daemon that embeds
the core control loops shipped with Kubernetes. In applications of robotics and
automation, a control loop is a non-terminating loop that regulates the state of
the system. In Kubernetes, a controller is a control loop that watches the shared
state of the cluster through the apiserver and makes changes attempting to move the
current state towards the desired state. Examples of controllers that ship with
Kubernetes today are the replication controller, endpoints controller, namespace
controller, and serviceaccounts controller.
kube-controller-manager [flags]
Options
--allocate-node-cidrs
Should CIDRs for Pods be allocated and set on the cloud provider.
--allow-metric-labels stringToString Default: []
The map from metric-label to value allow-list of this label. The key's format is <MetricName>,<LabelName>. The value's format is <allowed_value>,<allowed_value>...e.g. metric1,label1='v1,v2,v3', metric1,label2='v1,v2,v3' metric2,label1='v1,v2,v3'.
The reconciler sync wait time between volume attach detach. This duration must be larger than one second, and increasing this value from the default may allow for volumes to be mismatched with pods.
--authentication-kubeconfig string
kubeconfig file pointing at the 'core' kubernetes server with enough rights to create tokenreviews.authentication.k8s.io. This is optional. If empty, all token requests are considered to be anonymous and no client CA is looked up in the cluster.
--authentication-skip-lookup
If false, the authentication-kubeconfig will be used to lookup missing authentication configuration from the cluster.
The duration to cache responses from the webhook token authenticator.
--authentication-tolerate-lookup-failure
If true, failures to look up missing authentication configuration from the cluster are not considered fatal. Note that this can result in authentication that treats all requests as anonymous.
A list of HTTP paths to skip during authorization, i.e. these are authorized without contacting the 'core' kubernetes server.
--authorization-kubeconfig string
kubeconfig file pointing at the 'core' kubernetes server with enough rights to create subjectaccessreviews.authorization.k8s.io. This is optional. If empty, all requests not skipped by authorization are forbidden.
The duration to cache 'unauthorized' responses from the webhook authorizer.
--azure-container-registry-config string
Path to the file containing Azure container registry configuration information.
--bind-address string Default: 0.0.0.0
The IP address on which to listen for the --secure-port port. The associated interface(s) must be reachable by the rest of the cluster, and by CLI/web clients. If blank or an unspecified address (0.0.0.0 or ::), all interfaces will be used.
--cert-dir string
The directory where the TLS certs are located. If --tls-cert-file and --tls-private-key-file are provided, this flag will be ignored.
If set, any request presenting a client certificate signed by one of the authorities in the client-ca-file is authenticated with an identity corresponding to the CommonName of the client certificate.
--cloud-config string
The path to the cloud provider configuration file. Empty string for no configuration file.
--cloud-provider string
The provider for cloud services. Empty string for no provider.
--cluster-cidr string
CIDR Range for Pods in cluster. Requires --allocate-node-cidrs to be true
--cluster-name string Default: "kubernetes"
The instance prefix for the cluster.
--cluster-signing-cert-file string
Filename containing a PEM-encoded X509 CA certificate used to issue cluster-scoped certificates. If specified, no more specific --cluster-signing-* flag may be specified.
The max length of duration signed certificates will be given. Individual CSRs may request shorter certs by setting spec.expirationSeconds.
--cluster-signing-key-file string
Filename containing a PEM-encoded RSA or ECDSA private key used to sign cluster-scoped certificates. If specified, no more specific --cluster-signing-* flag may be specified.
Filename containing a PEM-encoded X509 CA certificate used to issue certificates for the kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client signer. If specified, --cluster-signing-{cert,key}-file must not be set.
Filename containing a PEM-encoded RSA or ECDSA private key used to sign certificates for the kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client signer. If specified, --cluster-signing-{cert,key}-file must not be set.
--cluster-signing-kubelet-client-cert-file string
Filename containing a PEM-encoded X509 CA certificate used to issue certificates for the kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client-kubelet signer. If specified, --cluster-signing-{cert,key}-file must not be set.
--cluster-signing-kubelet-client-key-file string
Filename containing a PEM-encoded RSA or ECDSA private key used to sign certificates for the kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client-kubelet signer. If specified, --cluster-signing-{cert,key}-file must not be set.
Filename containing a PEM-encoded X509 CA certificate used to issue certificates for the kubernetes.io/kubelet-serving signer. If specified, --cluster-signing-{cert,key}-file must not be set.
--cluster-signing-kubelet-serving-key-file string
Filename containing a PEM-encoded RSA or ECDSA private key used to sign certificates for the kubernetes.io/kubelet-serving signer. If specified, --cluster-signing-{cert,key}-file must not be set.
--cluster-signing-legacy-unknown-cert-file string
Filename containing a PEM-encoded X509 CA certificate used to issue certificates for the kubernetes.io/legacy-unknown signer. If specified, --cluster-signing-{cert,key}-file must not be set.
--cluster-signing-legacy-unknown-key-file string
Filename containing a PEM-encoded RSA or ECDSA private key used to sign certificates for the kubernetes.io/legacy-unknown signer. If specified, --cluster-signing-{cert,key}-file must not be set.
--concurrent-deployment-syncs int32 Default: 5
The number of deployment objects that are allowed to sync concurrently. Larger number = more responsive deployments, but more CPU (and network) load
--concurrent-endpoint-syncs int32 Default: 5
The number of endpoint syncing operations that will be done concurrently. Larger number = faster endpoint updating, but more CPU (and network) load
The number of ephemeral volume syncing operations that will be done concurrently. Larger number = faster ephemeral volume updating, but more CPU (and network) load
--concurrent-gc-syncs int32 Default: 20
The number of garbage collector workers that are allowed to sync concurrently.
--concurrent-namespace-syncs int32 Default: 10
The number of namespace objects that are allowed to sync concurrently. Larger number = more responsive namespace termination, but more CPU (and network) load
--concurrent-rc-syncs int32 Default: 5
The number of replication controllers that are allowed to sync concurrently. Larger number = more responsive replica management, but more CPU (and network) load
--concurrent-replicaset-syncs int32 Default: 5
The number of replica sets that are allowed to sync concurrently. Larger number = more responsive replica management, but more CPU (and network) load
The number of service endpoint syncing operations that will be done concurrently. Larger number = faster endpoint slice updating, but more CPU (and network) load. Defaults to 5.
--concurrent-service-syncs int32 Default: 1
The number of services that are allowed to sync concurrently. Larger number = more responsive service management, but more CPU (and network) load
The number of service account token objects that are allowed to sync concurrently. Larger number = more responsive token generation, but more CPU (and network) load
--concurrent-statefulset-syncs int32 Default: 5
The number of statefulset objects that are allowed to sync concurrently. Larger number = more responsive statefulsets, but more CPU (and network) load
The number of TTL-after-finished controller workers that are allowed to sync concurrently.
--configure-cloud-routes Default: true
Should CIDRs allocated by allocate-node-cidrs be configured on the cloud provider.
--contention-profiling
Enable lock contention profiling, if profiling is enabled
--controller-start-interval duration
Interval between starting controller managers.
--controllers strings Default: "*"
A list of controllers to enable. '*' enables all on-by-default controllers, 'foo' enables the controller named 'foo', '-foo' disables the controller named 'foo'. All controllers: attachdetach, bootstrapsigner, cloud-node-lifecycle, clusterrole-aggregation, cronjob, csrapproving, csrcleaner, csrsigning, daemonset, deployment, disruption, endpoint, endpointslice, endpointslicemirroring, ephemeral-volume, garbagecollector, horizontalpodautoscaling, job, namespace, nodeipam, nodelifecycle, persistentvolume-binder, persistentvolume-expander, podgc, pv-protection, pvc-protection, replicaset, replicationcontroller, resourcequota, root-ca-cert-publisher, route, service, serviceaccount, serviceaccount-token, statefulset, tokencleaner, ttl, ttl-after-finished Disabled-by-default controllers: bootstrapsigner, tokencleaner
--disable-attach-detach-reconcile-sync
Disable volume attach detach reconciler sync. Disabling this may cause volumes to be mismatched with pods. Use wisely.
--disabled-metrics strings
This flag provides an escape hatch for misbehaving metrics. You must provide the fully qualified metric name in order to disable it. Disclaimer: disabling metrics is higher in precedence than showing hidden metrics.
--enable-dynamic-provisioning Default: true
Enable dynamic provisioning for environments that support it.
--enable-garbage-collector Default: true
Enables the generic garbage collector. MUST be synced with the corresponding flag of the kube-apiserver.
--enable-hostpath-provisioner
Enable HostPath PV provisioning when running without a cloud provider. This allows testing and development of provisioning features. HostPath provisioning is not supported in any way, won't work in a multi-node cluster, and should not be used for anything other than testing or development.
--enable-leader-migration
Whether to enable controller leader migration.
--enable-taint-manager Default: true
WARNING: Beta feature. If set to true enables NoExecute Taints and will evict all not-tolerating Pod running on Nodes tainted with this kind of Taints.
--endpoint-updates-batch-period duration
The length of endpoint updates batching period. Processing of pod changes will be delayed by this duration to join them with potential upcoming updates and reduce the overall number of endpoints updates. Larger number = higher endpoint programming latency, but lower number of endpoints revision generated
--endpointslice-updates-batch-period duration
The length of endpoint slice updates batching period. Processing of pod changes will be delayed by this duration to join them with potential upcoming updates and reduce the overall number of endpoints updates. Larger number = higher endpoint programming latency, but lower number of endpoints revision generated
--experimental-logging-sanitization
[Experimental] When enabled prevents logging of fields tagged as sensitive (passwords, keys, tokens). Runtime log sanitization may introduce significant computation overhead and therefore should not be enabled in production.
--external-cloud-volume-plugin string
The plugin to use when cloud provider is set to external. Can be empty, should only be set when cloud-provider is external. Currently used to allow node and volume controllers to work for in tree cloud providers.
QPS to use while talking with kubernetes apiserver.
--kubeconfig string
Path to kubeconfig file with authorization and master location information.
--large-cluster-size-threshold int32 Default: 50
Number of nodes from which NodeController treats the cluster as large for the eviction logic purposes. --secondary-node-eviction-rate is implicitly overridden to 0 for clusters this size or smaller.
--leader-elect Default: true
Start a leader election client and gain leadership before executing the main loop. Enable this when running replicated components for high availability.
The duration that non-leader candidates will wait after observing a leadership renewal until attempting to acquire leadership of a led but unrenewed leader slot. This is effectively the maximum duration that a leader can be stopped before it is replaced by another candidate. This is only applicable if leader election is enabled.
The interval between attempts by the acting master to renew a leadership slot before it stops leading. This must be less than or equal to the lease duration. This is only applicable if leader election is enabled.
The type of resource object that is used for locking during leader election. Supported options are 'endpoints', 'configmaps', 'leases', 'endpointsleases' and 'configmapsleases'.
The namespace of resource object that is used for locking during leader election.
--leader-elect-retry-period duration Default: 2s
The duration the clients should wait between attempting acquisition and renewal of a leadership. This is only applicable if leader election is enabled.
--leader-migration-config string
Path to the config file for controller leader migration, or empty to use the value that reflects default configuration of the controller manager. The config file should be of type LeaderMigrationConfiguration, group controllermanager.config.k8s.io, version v1alpha1.
--log-flush-frequency duration Default: 5s
Maximum number of seconds between log flushes
--logging-format string Default: "text"
Sets the log format. Permitted formats: "text". Non-default formats don't honor these flags: --add-dir-header, --alsologtostderr, --log-backtrace-at, --log-dir, --log-file, --log-file-max-size, --logtostderr, --one-output, --skip-headers, --skip-log-headers, --stderrthreshold, --vmodule. Non-default choices are currently alpha and subject to change without warning.
--master string
The address of the Kubernetes API server (overrides any value in kubeconfig).
--max-endpoints-per-slice int32 Default: 100
The maximum number of endpoints that will be added to an EndpointSlice. More endpoints per slice will result in less endpoint slices, but larger resources. Defaults to 100.
--min-resync-period duration Default: 12h0m0s
The resync period in reflectors will be random between MinResyncPeriod and 2*MinResyncPeriod.
The number of service endpoint syncing operations that will be done concurrently by the EndpointSliceMirroring controller. Larger number = faster endpoint slice updating, but more CPU (and network) load. Defaults to 5.
The length of EndpointSlice updates batching period for EndpointSliceMirroring controller. Processing of EndpointSlice changes will be delayed by this duration to join them with potential upcoming updates and reduce the overall number of EndpointSlice updates. Larger number = higher endpoint programming latency, but lower number of endpoints revision generated
The maximum number of endpoints that will be added to an EndpointSlice by the EndpointSliceMirroring controller. More endpoints per slice will result in less endpoint slices, but larger resources. Defaults to 100.
--namespace-sync-period duration Default: 5m0s
The period for syncing namespace life-cycle updates
--node-cidr-mask-size int32
Mask size for node cidr in cluster. Default is 24 for IPv4 and 64 for IPv6.
--node-cidr-mask-size-ipv4 int32
Mask size for IPv4 node cidr in dual-stack cluster. Default is 24.
--node-cidr-mask-size-ipv6 int32
Mask size for IPv6 node cidr in dual-stack cluster. Default is 64.
--node-eviction-rate float Default: 0.1
Number of nodes per second on which pods are deleted in case of node failure when a zone is healthy (see --unhealthy-zone-threshold for definition of healthy/unhealthy). Zone refers to entire cluster in non-multizone clusters.
--node-monitor-grace-period duration Default: 40s
Amount of time which we allow running Node to be unresponsive before marking it unhealthy. Must be N times more than kubelet's nodeStatusUpdateFrequency, where N means number of retries allowed for kubelet to post node status.
--node-monitor-period duration Default: 5s
The period for syncing NodeStatus in NodeController.
Amount of time which we allow starting Node to be unresponsive before marking it unhealthy.
--permit-address-sharing
If true, SO_REUSEADDR will be used when binding the port. This allows binding to wildcard IPs like 0.0.0.0 and specific IPs in parallel, and it avoids waiting for the kernel to release sockets in TIME_WAIT state. [default=false]
--permit-port-sharing
If true, SO_REUSEPORT will be used when binding the port, which allows more than one instance to bind on the same address and port. [default=false]
--pod-eviction-timeout duration Default: 5m0s
The grace period for deleting pods on failed nodes.
--profiling Default: true
Enable profiling via web interface host:port/debug/pprof/
The minimum ActiveDeadlineSeconds to use for a HostPath Recycler pod. This is for development and testing only and will not work in a multi-node cluster.
The file path to a pod definition used as a template for HostPath persistent volume recycling. This is for development and testing only and will not work in a multi-node cluster.
--pv-recycler-pod-template-filepath-nfs string
The file path to a pod definition used as a template for NFS persistent volume recycling
the increment of time added per Gi to ActiveDeadlineSeconds for a HostPath scrubber pod. This is for development and testing only and will not work in a multi-node cluster.
--pvclaimbinder-sync-period duration Default: 15s
The period for syncing persistent volumes and persistent volume claims
--requestheader-allowed-names strings
List of client certificate common names to allow to provide usernames in headers specified by --requestheader-username-headers. If empty, any client certificate validated by the authorities in --requestheader-client-ca-file is allowed.
--requestheader-client-ca-file string
Root certificate bundle to use to verify client certificates on incoming requests before trusting usernames in headers specified by --requestheader-username-headers. WARNING: generally do not depend on authorization being already done for incoming requests.
Number of nodes per second on which pods are deleted in case of node failure when a zone is unhealthy (see --unhealthy-zone-threshold for definition of healthy/unhealthy). Zone refers to entire cluster in non-multizone clusters. This value is implicitly overridden to 0 if the cluster size is smaller than --large-cluster-size-threshold.
--secure-port int Default: 10257
The port on which to serve HTTPS with authentication and authorization. If 0, don't serve HTTPS at all.
--service-account-private-key-file string
Filename containing a PEM-encoded private RSA or ECDSA key used to sign service account tokens.
--service-cluster-ip-range string
CIDR Range for Services in cluster. Requires --allocate-node-cidrs to be true
--show-hidden-metrics-for-version string
The previous version for which you want to show hidden metrics. Only the previous minor version is meaningful, other values will not be allowed. The format is <major>.<minor>, e.g.: '1.16'. The purpose of this format is make sure you have the opportunity to notice if the next release hides additional metrics, rather than being surprised when they are permanently removed in the release after that.
Number of terminated pods that can exist before the terminated pod garbage collector starts deleting terminated pods. If <= 0, the terminated pod garbage collector is disabled.
--tls-cert-file string
File containing the default x509 Certificate for HTTPS. (CA cert, if any, concatenated after server cert). If HTTPS serving is enabled, and --tls-cert-file and --tls-private-key-file are not provided, a self-signed certificate and key are generated for the public address and saved to the directory specified by --cert-dir.
--tls-cipher-suites strings
Comma-separated list of cipher suites for the server. If omitted, the default Go cipher suites will be used. Preferred values: TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256, TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384, TLS_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256, TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA, TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256, TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA, TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384. Insecure values: TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA, TLS_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA, TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256, TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA.
--tls-min-version string
Minimum TLS version supported. Possible values: VersionTLS10, VersionTLS11, VersionTLS12, VersionTLS13
--tls-private-key-file string
File containing the default x509 private key matching --tls-cert-file.
--tls-sni-cert-key string
A pair of x509 certificate and private key file paths, optionally suffixed with a list of domain patterns which are fully qualified domain names, possibly with prefixed wildcard segments. The domain patterns also allow IP addresses, but IPs should only be used if the apiserver has visibility to the IP address requested by a client. If no domain patterns are provided, the names of the certificate are extracted. Non-wildcard matches trump over wildcard matches, explicit domain patterns trump over extracted names. For multiple key/certificate pairs, use the --tls-sni-cert-key multiple times. Examples: "example.crt,example.key" or "foo.crt,foo.key:*.foo.com,foo.com".
--unhealthy-zone-threshold float Default: 0.55
Fraction of Nodes in a zone which needs to be not Ready (minimum 3) for zone to be treated as unhealthy.
--use-service-account-credentials
If true, use individual service account credentials for each controller.
-v, --v int
number for the log level verbosity
--version version[=true]
Print version information and quit
--vmodule pattern=N,...
comma-separated list of pattern=N settings for file-filtered logging (only works for text log format)
--volume-host-allow-local-loopback Default: true
If false, deny local loopback IPs in addition to any CIDR ranges in --volume-host-cidr-denylist
--volume-host-cidr-denylist strings
A comma-separated list of CIDR ranges to avoid from volume plugins.
11.5 - kube-proxy
Synopsis
The Kubernetes network proxy runs on each node. This
reflects services as defined in the Kubernetes API on each node and can do simple
TCP, UDP, and SCTP stream forwarding or round robin TCP, UDP, and SCTP forwarding across a set of backends.
Service cluster IPs and ports are currently found through Docker-links-compatible
environment variables specifying ports opened by the service proxy. There is an optional
addon that provides cluster DNS for these cluster IPs. The user must create a service
with the apiserver API to configure the proxy.
kube-proxy [flags]
Options
--azure-container-registry-config string
Path to the file containing Azure container registry configuration information.
--bind-address string Default: 0.0.0.0
The IP address for the proxy server to serve on (set to '0.0.0.0' for all IPv4 interfaces and '::' for all IPv6 interfaces)
--bind-address-hard-fail
If true kube-proxy will treat failure to bind to a port as fatal and exit
CIDRs opened in GCE firewall for L4 LB traffic proxy & health checks
--cluster-cidr string
The CIDR range of pods in the cluster. When configured, traffic sent to a Service cluster IP from outside this range will be masqueraded and traffic sent from pods to an external LoadBalancer IP will be directed to the respective cluster IP instead
--config string
The path to the configuration file.
--config-sync-period duration Default: 15m0s
How often configuration from the apiserver is refreshed. Must be greater than 0.
--conntrack-max-per-core int32 Default: 32768
Maximum number of NAT connections to track per CPU core (0 to leave the limit as-is and ignore conntrack-min).
--conntrack-min int32 Default: 131072
Minimum number of conntrack entries to allocate, regardless of conntrack-max-per-core (set conntrack-max-per-core=0 to leave the limit as-is).
Idle timeout for established TCP connections (0 to leave as-is)
--default-not-ready-toleration-seconds int Default: 300
Indicates the tolerationSeconds of the toleration for notReady:NoExecute that is added by default to every pod that does not already have such a toleration.
--default-unreachable-toleration-seconds int Default: 300
Indicates the tolerationSeconds of the toleration for unreachable:NoExecute that is added by default to every pod that does not already have such a toleration.
The IP address with port for the health check server to serve on (set to '0.0.0.0:10256' for all IPv4 interfaces and '[::]:10256' for all IPv6 interfaces). Set empty to disable.
-h, --help
help for kube-proxy
--hostname-override string
If non-empty, will use this string as identification instead of the actual hostname.
--iptables-masquerade-bit int32 Default: 14
If using the pure iptables proxy, the bit of the fwmark space to mark packets requiring SNAT with. Must be within the range [0, 31].
--iptables-min-sync-period duration Default: 1s
The minimum interval of how often the iptables rules can be refreshed as endpoints and services change (e.g. '5s', '1m', '2h22m').
--iptables-sync-period duration Default: 30s
The maximum interval of how often iptables rules are refreshed (e.g. '5s', '1m', '2h22m'). Must be greater than 0.
--ipvs-exclude-cidrs strings
A comma-separated list of CIDR's which the ipvs proxier should not touch when cleaning up IPVS rules.
--ipvs-min-sync-period duration
The minimum interval of how often the ipvs rules can be refreshed as endpoints and services change (e.g. '5s', '1m', '2h22m').
--ipvs-scheduler string
The ipvs scheduler type when proxy mode is ipvs
--ipvs-strict-arp
Enable strict ARP by setting arp_ignore to 1 and arp_announce to 2
--ipvs-sync-period duration Default: 30s
The maximum interval of how often ipvs rules are refreshed (e.g. '5s', '1m', '2h22m'). Must be greater than 0.
--ipvs-tcp-timeout duration
The timeout for idle IPVS TCP connections, 0 to leave as-is. (e.g. '5s', '1m', '2h22m').
--ipvs-tcpfin-timeout duration
The timeout for IPVS TCP connections after receiving a FIN packet, 0 to leave as-is. (e.g. '5s', '1m', '2h22m').
--ipvs-udp-timeout duration
The timeout for IPVS UDP packets, 0 to leave as-is. (e.g. '5s', '1m', '2h22m').
--kube-api-burst int32 Default: 10
Burst to use while talking with kubernetes apiserver
The IP address with port for the metrics server to serve on (set to '0.0.0.0:10249' for all IPv4 interfaces and '[::]:10249' for all IPv6 interfaces). Set empty to disable.
--nodeport-addresses strings
A string slice of values which specify the addresses to use for NodePorts. Values may be valid IP blocks (e.g. 1.2.3.0/24, 1.2.3.4/32). The default empty string slice ([]) means to use all local addresses.
--oom-score-adj int32 Default: -999
The oom-score-adj value for kube-proxy process. Values must be within the range [-1000, 1000]
--profiling
If true enables profiling via web interface on /debug/pprof handler.
--proxy-mode ProxyMode
Which proxy mode to use: 'userspace' (older) or 'iptables' (faster) or 'ipvs' or 'kernelspace' (windows). If blank, use the best-available proxy (currently iptables). If the iptables proxy is selected, regardless of how, but the system's kernel or iptables versions are insufficient, this always falls back to the userspace proxy.
--proxy-port-range port-range
Range of host ports (beginPort-endPort, single port or beginPort+offset, inclusive) that may be consumed in order to proxy service traffic. If (unspecified, 0, or 0-0) then ports will be randomly chosen.
--show-hidden-metrics-for-version string
The previous version for which you want to show hidden metrics. Only the previous minor version is meaningful, other values will not be allowed. The format is <major>.<minor>, e.g.: '1.16'. The purpose of this format is make sure you have the opportunity to notice if the next release hides additional metrics, rather than being surprised when they are permanently removed in the release after that.
--udp-timeout duration Default: 250ms
How long an idle UDP connection will be kept open (e.g. '250ms', '2s'). Must be greater than 0. Only applicable for proxy-mode=userspace
--version version[=true]
Print version information and quit
--write-config-to string
If set, write the default configuration values to this file and exit.
11.6 - kube-scheduler
Synopsis
The Kubernetes scheduler is a control plane process which assigns
Pods to Nodes. The scheduler determines which Nodes are valid placements for
each Pod in the scheduling queue according to constraints and available
resources. The scheduler then ranks each valid Node and binds the Pod to a
suitable Node. Multiple different schedulers may be used within a cluster;
kube-scheduler is the reference implementation.
See scheduling
for more information about scheduling and the kube-scheduler component.
kube-scheduler [flags]
Options
--allow-metric-labels stringToString Default: []
The map from metric-label to value allow-list of this label. The key's format is <MetricName>,<LabelName>. The value's format is <allowed_value>,<allowed_value>...e.g. metric1,label1='v1,v2,v3', metric1,label2='v1,v2,v3' metric2,label1='v1,v2,v3'.
--authentication-kubeconfig string
kubeconfig file pointing at the 'core' kubernetes server with enough rights to create tokenreviews.authentication.k8s.io. This is optional. If empty, all token requests are considered to be anonymous and no client CA is looked up in the cluster.
--authentication-skip-lookup
If false, the authentication-kubeconfig will be used to lookup missing authentication configuration from the cluster.
If true, failures to look up missing authentication configuration from the cluster are not considered fatal. Note that this can result in authentication that treats all requests as anonymous.
A list of HTTP paths to skip during authorization, i.e. these are authorized without contacting the 'core' kubernetes server.
--authorization-kubeconfig string
kubeconfig file pointing at the 'core' kubernetes server with enough rights to create subjectaccessreviews.authorization.k8s.io. This is optional. If empty, all requests not skipped by authorization are forbidden.
The duration to cache 'unauthorized' responses from the webhook authorizer.
--azure-container-registry-config string
Path to the file containing Azure container registry configuration information.
--bind-address string Default: 0.0.0.0
The IP address on which to listen for the --secure-port port. The associated interface(s) must be reachable by the rest of the cluster, and by CLI/web clients. If blank or an unspecified address (0.0.0.0 or ::), all interfaces will be used.
--cert-dir string
The directory where the TLS certs are located. If --tls-cert-file and --tls-private-key-file are provided, this flag will be ignored.
--client-ca-file string
If set, any request presenting a client certificate signed by one of the authorities in the client-ca-file is authenticated with an identity corresponding to the CommonName of the client certificate.
--config string
The path to the configuration file.
--contention-profiling Default: true
DEPRECATED: enable lock contention profiling, if profiling is enabled. This parameter is ignored if a config file is specified in --config.
--disabled-metrics strings
This flag provides an escape hatch for misbehaving metrics. You must provide the fully qualified metric name in order to disable it. Disclaimer: disabling metrics is higher in precedence than showing hidden metrics.
--experimental-logging-sanitization
[Experimental] When enabled prevents logging of fields tagged as sensitive (passwords, keys, tokens). Runtime log sanitization may introduce significant computation overhead and therefore should not be enabled in production.
DEPRECATED: content type of requests sent to apiserver. This parameter is ignored if a config file is specified in --config.
--kube-api-qps float Default: 50
DEPRECATED: QPS to use while talking with kubernetes apiserver. This parameter is ignored if a config file is specified in --config.
--kubeconfig string
DEPRECATED: path to kubeconfig file with authorization and master location information. This parameter is ignored if a config file is specified in --config.
--leader-elect Default: true
Start a leader election client and gain leadership before executing the main loop. Enable this when running replicated components for high availability.
The duration that non-leader candidates will wait after observing a leadership renewal until attempting to acquire leadership of a led but unrenewed leader slot. This is effectively the maximum duration that a leader can be stopped before it is replaced by another candidate. This is only applicable if leader election is enabled.
The interval between attempts by the acting master to renew a leadership slot before it stops leading. This must be less than or equal to the lease duration. This is only applicable if leader election is enabled.
The type of resource object that is used for locking during leader election. Supported options are 'endpoints', 'configmaps', 'leases', 'endpointsleases' and 'configmapsleases'.
The namespace of resource object that is used for locking during leader election.
--leader-elect-retry-period duration Default: 2s
The duration the clients should wait between attempting acquisition and renewal of a leadership. This is only applicable if leader election is enabled.
DEPRECATED: define the name of the lock object. Will be removed in favor of leader-elect-resource-name. This parameter is ignored if a config file is specified in --config.
DEPRECATED: define the namespace of the lock object. Will be removed in favor of leader-elect-resource-namespace. This parameter is ignored if a config file is specified in --config.
--log-flush-frequency duration Default: 5s
Maximum number of seconds between log flushes
--logging-format string Default: "text"
Sets the log format. Permitted formats: "text". Non-default formats don't honor these flags: --add-dir-header, --alsologtostderr, --log-backtrace-at, --log-dir, --log-file, --log-file-max-size, --logtostderr, --one-output, --skip-headers, --skip-log-headers, --stderrthreshold, --vmodule. Non-default choices are currently alpha and subject to change without warning.
--master string
The address of the Kubernetes API server (overrides any value in kubeconfig)
--permit-address-sharing
If true, SO_REUSEADDR will be used when binding the port. This allows binding to wildcard IPs like 0.0.0.0 and specific IPs in parallel, and it avoids waiting for the kernel to release sockets in TIME_WAIT state. [default=false]
--permit-port-sharing
If true, SO_REUSEPORT will be used when binding the port, which allows more than one instance to bind on the same address and port. [default=false]
--profiling Default: true
DEPRECATED: enable profiling via web interface host:port/debug/pprof/. This parameter is ignored if a config file is specified in --config.
--requestheader-allowed-names strings
List of client certificate common names to allow to provide usernames in headers specified by --requestheader-username-headers. If empty, any client certificate validated by the authorities in --requestheader-client-ca-file is allowed.
--requestheader-client-ca-file string
Root certificate bundle to use to verify client certificates on incoming requests before trusting usernames in headers specified by --requestheader-username-headers. WARNING: generally do not depend on authorization being already done for incoming requests.
List of request headers to inspect for usernames. X-Remote-User is common.
--secure-port int Default: 10259
The port on which to serve HTTPS with authentication and authorization. If 0, don't serve HTTPS at all.
--show-hidden-metrics-for-version string
The previous version for which you want to show hidden metrics. Only the previous minor version is meaningful, other values will not be allowed. The format is <major>.<minor>, e.g.: '1.16'. The purpose of this format is make sure you have the opportunity to notice if the next release hides additional metrics, rather than being surprised when they are permanently removed in the release after that.
--tls-cert-file string
File containing the default x509 Certificate for HTTPS. (CA cert, if any, concatenated after server cert). If HTTPS serving is enabled, and --tls-cert-file and --tls-private-key-file are not provided, a self-signed certificate and key are generated for the public address and saved to the directory specified by --cert-dir.
--tls-cipher-suites strings
Comma-separated list of cipher suites for the server. If omitted, the default Go cipher suites will be used. Preferred values: TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256, TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384, TLS_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256, TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA, TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256, TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA, TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384. Insecure values: TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256, TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256, TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA, TLS_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA, TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256, TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA.
--tls-min-version string
Minimum TLS version supported. Possible values: VersionTLS10, VersionTLS11, VersionTLS12, VersionTLS13
--tls-private-key-file string
File containing the default x509 private key matching --tls-cert-file.
--tls-sni-cert-key string
A pair of x509 certificate and private key file paths, optionally suffixed with a list of domain patterns which are fully qualified domain names, possibly with prefixed wildcard segments. The domain patterns also allow IP addresses, but IPs should only be used if the apiserver has visibility to the IP address requested by a client. If no domain patterns are provided, the names of the certificate are extracted. Non-wildcard matches trump over wildcard matches, explicit domain patterns trump over extracted names. For multiple key/certificate pairs, use the --tls-sni-cert-key multiple times. Examples: "example.crt,example.key" or "foo.crt,foo.key:*.foo.com,foo.com".
-v, --v int
number for the log level verbosity
--version version[=true]
Print version information and quit
--vmodule pattern=N,...
comma-separated list of pattern=N settings for file-filtered logging (only works for text log format)
--write-config-to string
If set, write the configuration values to this file and exit.
11.7 - Kubelet authentication/authorization
Overview
A kubelet's HTTPS endpoint exposes APIs which give access to data of varying sensitivity,
and allow you to perform operations with varying levels of power on the node and within containers.
This document describes how to authenticate and authorize access to the kubelet's HTTPS endpoint.
Kubelet authentication
By default, requests to the kubelet's HTTPS endpoint that are not rejected by other configured
authentication methods are treated as anonymous requests, and given a username of system:anonymous
and a group of system:unauthenticated.
To disable anonymous access and send 401 Unauthorized responses to unauthenticated requests:
start the kubelet with the --anonymous-auth=false flag
To enable X509 client certificate authentication to the kubelet's HTTPS endpoint:
start the kubelet with the --client-ca-file flag, providing a CA bundle to verify client certificates with
start the apiserver with --kubelet-client-certificate and --kubelet-client-key flags
To enable API bearer tokens (including service account tokens) to be used to authenticate to the kubelet's HTTPS endpoint:
ensure the authentication.k8s.io/v1beta1 API group is enabled in the API server
start the kubelet with the --authentication-token-webhook and --kubeconfig flags
the kubelet calls the TokenReview API on the configured API server to determine user information from bearer tokens
Kubelet authorization
Any request that is successfully authenticated (including an anonymous request) is then authorized. The default authorization mode is AlwaysAllow, which allows all requests.
There are many possible reasons to subdivide access to the kubelet API:
anonymous auth is enabled, but anonymous users' ability to call the kubelet API should be limited
bearer token auth is enabled, but arbitrary API users' (like service accounts) ability to call the kubelet API should be limited
client certificate auth is enabled, but only some of the client certificates signed by the configured CA should be allowed to use the kubelet API
To subdivide access to the kubelet API, delegate authorization to the API server:
ensure the authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1 API group is enabled in the API server
start the kubelet with the --authorization-mode=Webhook and the --kubeconfig flags
the kubelet calls the SubjectAccessReview API on the configured API server to determine whether each request is authorized
The kubelet authorizes API requests using the same request attributes approach as the apiserver.
The verb is determined from the incoming request's HTTP verb:
HTTP verb
request verb
POST
create
GET, HEAD
get
PUT
update
PATCH
patch
DELETE
delete
The resource and subresource is determined from the incoming request's path:
Kubelet API
resource
subresource
/stats/*
nodes
stats
/metrics/*
nodes
metrics
/logs/*
nodes
log
/spec/*
nodes
spec
all others
nodes
proxy
The namespace and API group attributes are always an empty string, and
the resource name is always the name of the kubelet's Node API object.
When running in this mode, ensure the user identified by the --kubelet-client-certificate and --kubelet-client-key
flags passed to the apiserver is authorized for the following attributes:
verb=*, resource=nodes, subresource=proxy
verb=*, resource=nodes, subresource=stats
verb=*, resource=nodes, subresource=log
verb=*, resource=nodes, subresource=spec
verb=*, resource=nodes, subresource=metrics
11.8 - TLS bootstrapping
In a Kubernetes cluster, the components on the worker nodes - kubelet and kube-proxy - need to communicate with Kubernetes control plane components, specifically kube-apiserver.
In order to ensure that communication is kept private, not interfered with, and ensure that each component of the cluster is talking to another trusted component, we strongly
recommend using client TLS certificates on nodes.
The normal process of bootstrapping these components, especially worker nodes that need certificates so they can communicate safely with kube-apiserver,
can be a challenging process as it is often outside of the scope of Kubernetes and requires significant additional work.
This in turn, can make it challenging to initialize or scale a cluster.
In order to simplify the process, beginning in version 1.4, Kubernetes introduced a certificate request and signing API. The proposal can be
found here.
This document describes the process of node initialization, how to set up TLS client certificate bootstrapping for
kubelets, and how it works.
Initialization Process
When a worker node starts up, the kubelet does the following:
Look for its kubeconfig file
Retrieve the URL of the API server and credentials, normally a TLS key and signed certificate from the kubeconfig file
Attempt to communicate with the API server using the credentials.
Assuming that the kube-apiserver successfully validates the kubelet's credentials, it will treat the kubelet as a valid node, and begin to assign pods to it.
Note that the above process depends upon:
Existence of a key and certificate on the local host in the kubeconfig
The certificate having been signed by a Certificate Authority (CA) trusted by the kube-apiserver
All of the following are responsibilities of whoever sets up and manages the cluster:
Creating the CA key and certificate
Distributing the CA certificate to the control plane nodes, where kube-apiserver is running
Creating a key and certificate for each kubelet; strongly recommended to have a unique one, with a unique CN, for each kubelet
Signing the kubelet certificate using the CA key
Distributing the kubelet key and signed certificate to the specific node on which the kubelet is running
The TLS Bootstrapping described in this document is intended to simplify, and partially or even completely automate, steps 3 onwards, as these are the most common when initializing or scaling
a cluster.
Bootstrap Initialization
In the bootstrap initialization process, the following occurs:
kubelet begins
kubelet sees that it does not have a kubeconfig file
kubelet searches for and finds a bootstrap-kubeconfig file
kubelet reads its bootstrap file, retrieving the URL of the API server and a limited usage "token"
kubelet connects to the API server, authenticates using the token
kubelet now has limited credentials to create and retrieve a certificate signing request (CSR)
kubelet creates a CSR for itself with the signerName set to kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client-kubelet
CSR is approved in one of two ways:
If configured, kube-controller-manager automatically approves the CSR
If configured, an outside process, possibly a person, approves the CSR using the Kubernetes API or via kubectl
Certificate is created for the kubelet
Certificate is issued to the kubelet
kubelet retrieves the certificate
kubelet creates a proper kubeconfig with the key and signed certificate
kubelet begins normal operation
Optional: if configured, kubelet automatically requests renewal of the certificate when it is close to expiry
The renewed certificate is approved and issued, either automatically or manually, depending on configuration.
The rest of this document describes the necessary steps to configure TLS Bootstrapping, and its limitations.
Configuration
To configure for TLS bootstrapping and optional automatic approval, you must configure options on the following components:
kube-apiserver
kube-controller-manager
kubelet
in-cluster resources: ClusterRoleBinding and potentially ClusterRole
In addition, you need your Kubernetes Certificate Authority (CA).
Certificate Authority
As without bootstrapping, you will need a Certificate Authority (CA) key and certificate. As without bootstrapping, these will be used
to sign the kubelet certificate. As before, it is your responsibility to distribute them to control plane nodes.
For the purposes of this document, we will assume these have been distributed to control plane nodes at /var/lib/kubernetes/ca.pem (certificate) and /var/lib/kubernetes/ca-key.pem (key).
We will refer to these as "Kubernetes CA certificate and key".
All Kubernetes components that use these certificates - kubelet, kube-apiserver, kube-controller-manager - assume the key and certificate to be PEM-encoded.
kube-apiserver configuration
The kube-apiserver has several requirements to enable TLS bootstrapping:
Recognizing CA that signs the client certificate
Authenticating the bootstrapping kubelet to the system:bootstrappers group
Authorize the bootstrapping kubelet to create a certificate signing request (CSR)
Recognizing client certificates
This is normal for all client certificate authentication.
If not already set, add the --client-ca-file=FILENAME flag to the kube-apiserver command to enable
client certificate authentication, referencing a certificate authority bundle
containing the signing certificate, for example
--client-ca-file=/var/lib/kubernetes/ca.pem.
Initial bootstrap authentication
In order for the bootstrapping kubelet to connect to kube-apiserver and request a certificate, it must first authenticate to the server.
You can use any authenticator that can authenticate the kubelet.
While any authentication strategy can be used for the kubelet's initial
bootstrap credentials, the following two authenticators are recommended for ease
of provisioning.
Bootstrap tokens are a simpler and more easily managed method to authenticate kubelets, and do not require any additional flags when starting kube-apiserver.
Whichever method you choose, the requirement is that the kubelet be able to authenticate as a user with the rights to:
create and retrieve CSRs
be automatically approved to request node client certificates, if automatic approval is enabled.
A kubelet authenticating using bootstrap tokens is authenticated as a user in the group system:bootstrappers, which is the standard method to use.
As this feature matures, you
should ensure tokens are bound to a Role Based Access Control (RBAC) policy
which limits requests (using the bootstrap token) strictly to client
requests related to certificate provisioning. With RBAC in place, scoping the
tokens to a group allows for great flexibility. For example, you could disable a
particular bootstrap group's access when you are done provisioning the nodes.
Bootstrap tokens
Bootstrap tokens are described in detail here. These are tokens that are stored as secrets in the Kubernetes cluster,
and then issued to the individual kubelet. You can use a single token for an entire cluster, or issue one per worker node.
The process is two-fold:
Create a Kubernetes secret with the token ID, secret and scope(s).
Issue the token to the kubelet
From the kubelet's perspective, one token is like another and has no special meaning.
From the kube-apiserver's perspective, however, the bootstrap token is special. Due to its type, namespace and name, kube-apiserver recognizes it as a special token,
and grants anyone authenticating with that token special bootstrap rights, notably treating them as a member of the system:bootstrappers group. This fulfills a basic requirement
for TLS bootstrapping.
The details for creating the secret are available here.
If you want to use bootstrap tokens, you must enable it on kube-apiserver with the flag:
--enable-bootstrap-token-auth=true
Token authentication file
kube-apiserver has the ability to accept tokens as authentication.
These tokens are arbitrary but should represent at least 128 bits of entropy derived
from a secure random number generator (such as /dev/urandom on most modern Linux
systems). There are multiple ways you can generate a token. For example:
head -c 16 /dev/urandom | od -An -t x | tr -d ' '
will generate tokens that look like 02b50b05283e98dd0fd71db496ef01e8.
The token file should look like the following example, where the first three
values can be anything and the quoted group name should be as depicted:
Add the --token-auth-file=FILENAME flag to the kube-apiserver command (in your
systemd unit file perhaps) to enable the token file. See docs
here for
further details.
Authorize kubelet to create CSR
Now that the bootstrapping node is authenticated as part of the
system:bootstrappers group, it needs to be authorized to create a
certificate signing request (CSR) as well as retrieve it when done.
Fortunately, Kubernetes ships with a ClusterRole with precisely these (and
only these) permissions, system:node-bootstrapper.
To do this, you only need to create a ClusterRoleBinding that binds the system:bootstrappers group to the cluster role system:node-bootstrapper.
# enable bootstrapping nodes to create CSRapiVersion:rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1kind:ClusterRoleBindingmetadata:name:create-csrs-for-bootstrappingsubjects:- kind:Groupname:system:bootstrappersapiGroup:rbac.authorization.k8s.ioroleRef:kind:ClusterRolename:system:node-bootstrapperapiGroup:rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kube-controller-manager configuration
While the apiserver receives the requests for certificates from the kubelet and authenticates those requests,
the controller-manager is responsible for issuing actual signed certificates.
The controller-manager performs this function via a certificate-issuing control loop.
This takes the form of a
cfssl local signer using
assets on disk. Currently, all certificates issued have one year validity and a
default set of key usages.
In order for the controller-manager to sign certificates, it needs the following:
access to the "Kubernetes CA key and certificate" that you created and distributed
enabling CSR signing
Access to key and certificate
As described earlier, you need to create a Kubernetes CA key and certificate, and distribute it to the control plane nodes.
These will be used by the controller-manager to sign the kubelet certificates.
Since these signed certificates will, in turn, be used by the kubelet to authenticate as a regular kubelet to kube-apiserver, it is important that the CA
provided to the controller-manager at this stage also be trusted by kube-apiserver for authentication. This is provided to kube-apiserver
with the flag --client-ca-file=FILENAME (for example, --client-ca-file=/var/lib/kubernetes/ca.pem), as described in the kube-apiserver configuration section.
To provide the Kubernetes CA key and certificate to kube-controller-manager, use the following flags:
The validity duration of signed certificates can be configured with flag:
--cluster-signing-duration
Approval
In order to approve CSRs, you need to tell the controller-manager that it is acceptable to approve them. This is done by granting
RBAC permissions to the correct group.
There are two distinct sets of permissions:
nodeclient: If a node is creating a new certificate for a node, then it does not have a certificate yet. It is authenticating using one of the tokens listed above, and thus is part of the group system:bootstrappers.
selfnodeclient: If a node is renewing its certificate, then it already has a certificate (by definition), which it uses continuously to authenticate as part of the group system:nodes.
To enable the kubelet to request and receive a new certificate, create a ClusterRoleBinding that binds the group in which the bootstrapping node is a member system:bootstrappers to the ClusterRole that grants it permission, system:certificates.k8s.io:certificatesigningrequests:nodeclient:
# Approve all CSRs for the group "system:bootstrappers"apiVersion:rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1kind:ClusterRoleBindingmetadata:name:auto-approve-csrs-for-groupsubjects:- kind:Groupname:system:bootstrappersapiGroup:rbac.authorization.k8s.ioroleRef:kind:ClusterRolename:system:certificates.k8s.io:certificatesigningrequests:nodeclientapiGroup:rbac.authorization.k8s.io
To enable the kubelet to renew its own client certificate, create a ClusterRoleBinding that binds the group in which the fully functioning node is a member system:nodes to the ClusterRole that
grants it permission, system:certificates.k8s.io:certificatesigningrequests:selfnodeclient:
# Approve renewal CSRs for the group "system:nodes"apiVersion:rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1kind:ClusterRoleBindingmetadata:name:auto-approve-renewals-for-nodessubjects:- kind:Groupname:system:nodesapiGroup:rbac.authorization.k8s.ioroleRef:kind:ClusterRolename:system:certificates.k8s.io:certificatesigningrequests:selfnodeclientapiGroup:rbac.authorization.k8s.io
The csrapproving controller that ships as part of
kube-controller-manager and is enabled
by default. The controller uses the
SubjectAccessReview API to
determine if a given user is authorized to request a CSR, then approves based on
the authorization outcome. To prevent conflicts with other approvers, the
builtin approver doesn't explicitly deny CSRs. It only ignores unauthorized
requests. The controller also prunes expired certificates as part of garbage
collection.
kubelet configuration
Finally, with the control plane nodes properly set up and all of the necessary authentication and authorization in place, we can configure the kubelet.
The kubelet requires the following configuration to bootstrap:
A path to store the key and certificate it generates (optional, can use default)
A path to a kubeconfig file that does not yet exist; it will place the bootstrapped config file here
A path to a bootstrap kubeconfig file to provide the URL for the server and bootstrap credentials, e.g. a bootstrap token
Optional: instructions to rotate certificates
The bootstrap kubeconfig should be in a path available to the kubelet, for example /var/lib/kubelet/bootstrap-kubeconfig.
Its format is identical to a normal kubeconfig file. A sample file might look as follows:
certificate-authority: path to a CA file, used to validate the server certificate presented by kube-apiserver
server: URL to kube-apiserver
token: the token to use
The format of the token does not matter, as long as it matches what kube-apiserver expects. In the above example, we used a bootstrap token.
As stated earlier, any valid authentication method can be used, not only tokens.
Because the bootstrap kubeconfigis a standard kubeconfig, you can use kubectl to generate it. To create the above example file:
When starting the kubelet, if the file specified via --kubeconfig does not
exist, the bootstrap kubeconfig specified via --bootstrap-kubeconfig is used
to request a client certificate from the API server. On approval of the
certificate request and receipt back by the kubelet, a kubeconfig file
referencing the generated key and obtained certificate is written to the path
specified by --kubeconfig. The certificate and key file will be placed in the
directory specified by --cert-dir.
Client and Serving Certificates
All of the above relate to kubelet client certificates, specifically, the certificates a kubelet
uses to authenticate to kube-apiserver.
A kubelet also can use serving certificates. The kubelet itself exposes an https endpoint for certain features.
To secure these, the kubelet can do one of:
use provided key and certificate, via the --tls-private-key-file and --tls-cert-file flags
create self-signed key and certificate, if a key and certificate are not provided
request serving certificates from the cluster server, via the CSR API
The client certificate provided by TLS bootstrapping is signed, by default, for client auth only, and thus cannot
be used as serving certificates, or server auth.
However, you can enable its server certificate, at least partially, via certificate rotation.
Certificate Rotation
Kubernetes v1.8 and higher kubelet implements beta features for enabling
rotation of its client and/or serving certificates. These can be enabled through
the respective RotateKubeletClientCertificate and
RotateKubeletServerCertificate feature flags on the kubelet and are enabled by
default.
RotateKubeletClientCertificate causes the kubelet to rotate its client
certificates by creating new CSRs as its existing credentials expire. To enable
this feature pass the following flag to the kubelet:
--rotate-certificates
RotateKubeletServerCertificate causes the kubelet both to request a serving
certificate after bootstrapping its client credentials and to rotate that
certificate. To enable this feature pass the following flag to the kubelet:
--rotate-server-certificates
Note:
The CSR approving controllers implemented in core Kubernetes do not
approve node serving certificates for security
reasons. To use
RotateKubeletServerCertificate operators need to run a custom approving
controller, or manually approve the serving certificate requests.
A deployment-specific approval process for kubelet serving certificates should typically only approve CSRs which:
are requested by nodes (ensure the spec.username field is of the form
system:node:<nodeName> and spec.groups contains system:nodes)
request usages for a serving certificate (ensure spec.usages contains server auth,
optionally contains digital signature and key encipherment, and contains no other usages)
only have IP and DNS subjectAltNames that belong to the requesting node,
and have no URI and Email subjectAltNames (parse the x509 Certificate Signing Request
in spec.request to verify subjectAltNames)
Other authenticating components
All of TLS bootstrapping described in this document relates to the kubelet. However,
other components may need to communicate directly with kube-apiserver. Notable is kube-proxy, which
is part of the Kubernetes control plane and runs on every node, but may also include other components such as monitoring or networking.
Like the kubelet, these other components also require a method of authenticating to kube-apiserver.
You have several options for generating these credentials:
The old way: Create and distribute certificates the same way you did for kubelet before TLS bootstrapping
DaemonSet: Since the kubelet itself is loaded on each node, and is sufficient to start base services, you can run kube-proxy and other node-specific services not as a standalone process, but rather as a daemonset in the kube-system namespace. Since it will be in-cluster, you can give it a proper service account with appropriate permissions to perform its activities. This may be the simplest way to configure such services.
kubectl approval
CSRs can be approved outside of the approval flows builtin to the controller
manager.
The signing controller does not immediately sign all certificate requests.
Instead, it waits until they have been flagged with an "Approved" status by an
appropriately-privileged user. This flow is intended to allow for automated
approval handled by an external approval controller or the approval controller
implemented in the core controller-manager. However cluster administrators can
also manually approve certificate requests using kubectl. An administrator can
list CSRs with kubectl get csr and describe one in detail with kubectl describe csr <name>. An administrator can approve or deny a CSR with kubectl certificate approve <name> and kubectl certificate deny <name>.
Cluster contains information to allow an exec plugin to communicate
with the kubernetes cluster being authenticated to.
To ensure that this struct contains everything someone would need to communicate
with a kubernetes cluster (just like they would via a kubeconfig), the fields
should shadow "k8s.io/client-go/tools/clientcmd/api/v1".Cluster, with the exception
of CertificateAuthority, since CA data will always be passed to the plugin as bytes.
Field
Description
server[Required] string
Server is the address of the kubernetes cluster (https://hostname:port).
tls-server-name string
TLSServerName is passed to the server for SNI and is used in the client to
check server certificates against. If ServerName is empty, the hostname
used to contact the server is used.
insecure-skip-tls-verify bool
InsecureSkipTLSVerify skips the validity check for the server's certificate.
This will make your HTTPS connections insecure.
certificate-authority-data []byte
CAData contains PEM-encoded certificate authority certificates.
If empty, system roots should be used.
proxy-url string
ProxyURL is the URL to the proxy to be used for all requests to this
cluster.
Config holds additional config data that is specific to the exec
plugin with regards to the cluster being authenticated to.
This data is sourced from the clientcmd Cluster object's
extensions[client.authentication.k8s.io/exec] field:
clusters:
name: my-cluster
cluster:
...
extensions:
name: client.authentication.k8s.io/exec # reserved extension name for per cluster exec config
extension:
audience: 06e3fbd18de8 # arbitrary config
In some environments, the user config may be exactly the same across many clusters
(i.e. call this exec plugin) minus some details that are specific to each cluster
such as the audience. This field allows the per cluster config to be directly
specified with the cluster info. Using this field to store secret data is not
recommended as one of the prime benefits of exec plugins is that no secrets need
to be stored directly in the kubeconfig.
Cluster contains information to allow an exec plugin to communicate with the
kubernetes cluster being authenticated to. Note that Cluster is non-nil only
when provideClusterInfo is set to true in the exec provider config (i.e.,
ExecConfig.ProvideClusterInfo).
interactive[Required] bool
Interactive declares whether stdin has been passed to this exec plugin.
ExecCredentialStatus holds credentials for the transport to use.
Token and ClientKeyData are sensitive fields. This data should only be
transmitted in-memory between client and exec plugin process. Exec plugin
itself should at least be protected via file permissions.
Cluster contains information to allow an exec plugin to communicate
with the kubernetes cluster being authenticated to.
To ensure that this struct contains everything someone would need to communicate
with a kubernetes cluster (just like they would via a kubeconfig), the fields
should shadow "k8s.io/client-go/tools/clientcmd/api/v1".Cluster, with the exception
of CertificateAuthority, since CA data will always be passed to the plugin as bytes.
Field
Description
server[Required] string
Server is the address of the kubernetes cluster (https://hostname:port).
tls-server-name string
TLSServerName is passed to the server for SNI and is used in the client to
check server certificates against. If ServerName is empty, the hostname
used to contact the server is used.
insecure-skip-tls-verify bool
InsecureSkipTLSVerify skips the validity check for the server's certificate.
This will make your HTTPS connections insecure.
certificate-authority-data []byte
CAData contains PEM-encoded certificate authority certificates.
If empty, system roots should be used.
proxy-url string
ProxyURL is the URL to the proxy to be used for all requests to this
cluster.
Config holds additional config data that is specific to the exec
plugin with regards to the cluster being authenticated to.
This data is sourced from the clientcmd Cluster object's
extensions[client.authentication.k8s.io/exec] field:
clusters:
name: my-cluster
cluster:
...
extensions:
name: client.authentication.k8s.io/exec # reserved extension name for per cluster exec config
extension:
audience: 06e3fbd18de8 # arbitrary config
In some environments, the user config may be exactly the same across many clusters
(i.e. call this exec plugin) minus some details that are specific to each cluster
such as the audience. This field allows the per cluster config to be directly
specified with the cluster info. Using this field to store secret data is not
recommended as one of the prime benefits of exec plugins is that no secrets need
to be stored directly in the kubeconfig.
Cluster contains information to allow an exec plugin to communicate with the
kubernetes cluster being authenticated to. Note that Cluster is non-nil only
when provideClusterInfo is set to true in the exec provider config (i.e.,
ExecConfig.ProvideClusterInfo).
interactive[Required] bool
Interactive declares whether stdin has been passed to this exec plugin.
ExecCredentialStatus holds credentials for the transport to use.
Token and ClientKeyData are sensitive fields. This data should only be
transmitted in-memory between client and exec plugin process. Exec plugin
itself should at least be protected via file permissions.
The response status, populated even when the ResponseObject is not a Status type.
For successful responses, this will only include the Code and StatusSuccess.
For non-status type error responses, this will be auto-populated with the error Message.
API object from the request, in JSON format. The RequestObject is recorded as-is in the request
(possibly re-encoded as JSON), prior to version conversion, defaulting, admission or
merging. It is an external versioned object type, and may not be a valid object on its own.
Omitted for non-resource requests. Only logged at Request Level and higher.
API object returned in the response, in JSON. The ResponseObject is recorded after conversion
to the external type, and serialized as JSON. Omitted for non-resource requests. Only logged
at Response Level.
Annotations is an unstructured key value map stored with an audit event that may be set by
plugins invoked in the request serving chain, including authentication, authorization and
admission plugins. Note that these annotations are for the audit event, and do not correspond
to the metadata.annotations of the submitted object. Keys should uniquely identify the informing
component to avoid name collisions (e.g. podsecuritypolicy.admission.k8s.io/policy). Values
should be short. Annotations are included in the Metadata level.
Rules specify the audit Level a request should be recorded at.
A request may match multiple rules, in which case the FIRST matching rule is used.
The default audit level is None, but can be overridden by a catch-all rule at the end of the list.
PolicyRules are strictly ordered.
OmitStages is a list of stages for which no events are created. Note that this can also
be specified per rule in which case the union of both are omitted.
omitManagedFields bool
OmitManagedFields indicates whether to omit the managed fields of the request
and response bodies from being written to the API audit log.
This is used as a global default - a value of 'true' will omit the managed fileds,
otherwise the managed fields will be included in the API audit log.
Note that this can also be specified per rule in which case the value specified
in a rule will override the global default.
GroupResources represents resource kinds in an API group.
Field
Description
group string
Group is the name of the API group that contains the resources.
The empty string represents the core API group.
resources []string
Resources is a list of resources this rule applies to.
For example:
'pods' matches pods.
'pods/log' matches the log subresource of pods.
'' matches all resources and their subresources.
'pods/' matches all subresources of pods.
'*/scale' matches all scale subresources.
If wildcard is present, the validation rule will ensure resources do not
overlap with each other.
An empty list implies all resources and subresources in this API groups apply.
resourceNames []string
ResourceNames is a list of resource instance names that the policy matches.
Using this field requires Resources to be specified.
An empty list implies that every instance of the resource is matched.
The Level that requests matching this rule are recorded at.
users []string
The users (by authenticated user name) this rule applies to.
An empty list implies every user.
userGroups []string
The user groups this rule applies to. A user is considered matching
if it is a member of any of the UserGroups.
An empty list implies every user group.
verbs []string
The verbs that match this rule.
An empty list implies every verb.
Resources that this rule matches. An empty list implies all kinds in all API groups.
namespaces []string
Namespaces that this rule matches.
The empty string "" matches non-namespaced resources.
An empty list implies every namespace.
nonResourceURLs []string
NonResourceURLs is a set of URL paths that should be audited.
s are allowed, but only as the full, final step in the path.
Examples:
"/metrics" - Log requests for apiserver metrics
"/healthz" - Log all health checks
OmitStages is a list of stages for which no events are created. Note that this can also
be specified policy wide in which case the union of both are omitted.
An empty list means no restrictions will apply.
omitManagedFields bool
OmitManagedFields indicates whether to omit the managed fields of the request
and response bodies from being written to the API audit log.
a value of 'true' will drop the managed fields from the API audit log
a value of 'false' indicates that the managed fileds should be included
in the API audit log
Note that the value, if specified, in this rule will override the global default
If a value is not specified then the global default specified in
Policy.OmitManagedFields will stand.
Configuration is an embedded configuration object to be used as the plugin's
configuration. If present, it will be used instead of the path to the configuration file.
12.5 - kube-apiserver Configuration (v1alpha1)
Package v1alpha1 is the v1alpha1 version of the API.
connectionServices contains a list of egress selection client configurations
TracingConfiguration
TracingConfiguration provides versioned configuration for tracing clients.
Field
Description
apiVersion string
apiserver.k8s.io/v1alpha1
kind string
TracingConfiguration
endpoint string
Endpoint of the collector that's running on the control-plane node.
The APIServer uses the egressType ControlPlane when sending data to the collector.
The syntax is defined in https://github.com/grpc/grpc/blob/master/doc/naming.md.
Defaults to the otlpgrpc default, localhost:4317
The connection is insecure, and does not support TLS.
samplingRatePerMillion int32
SamplingRatePerMillion is the number of samples to collect per million spans.
Defaults to 0.
Configuration is an embedded configuration object to be used as the plugin's
configuration. If present, it will be used instead of the path to the configuration file.
EgressSelection provides the configuration for a single egress selection client.
Field
Description
name[Required] string
name is the name of the egress selection.
Currently supported values are "controlplane", "master", "etcd" and "cluster"
The "master" egress selector is deprecated in favor of "controlplane"
TLSConfig provides the authentication information to connect to konnectivity server
Only used with TCPTransport
Field
Description
caBundle string
caBundle is the file location of the CA to be used to determine trust with the konnectivity server.
Must be absent/empty if TCPTransport.URL is prefixed with http://
If absent while TCPTransport.URL is prefixed with https://, default to system trust roots.
clientKey string
clientKey is the file location of the client key to be used in mtls handshakes with the konnectivity server.
Must be absent/empty if TCPTransport.URL is prefixed with http://
Must be configured if TCPTransport.URL is prefixed with https://
clientCert string
clientCert is the file location of the client certificate to be used in mtls handshakes with the konnectivity server.
Must be absent/empty if TCPTransport.URL is prefixed with http://
Must be configured if TCPTransport.URL is prefixed with https://
TCP is the TCP configuration for communicating with the konnectivity server via TCP
ProxyProtocol of GRPC is not supported with TCP transport at the moment
Requires at least one of TCP or UDS to be set
UDSTransport provides the information to connect to konnectivity server via UDS
Field
Description
udsName[Required] string
UDSName is the name of the unix domain socket to connect to konnectivity server
This does not use a unix:// prefix. (Eg: /etc/srv/kubernetes/konnectivity-server/konnectivity-server.socket)
KubeProxyConfiguration contains everything necessary to configure the
Kubernetes proxy server.
Field
Description
apiVersion string
kubeproxy.config.k8s.io/v1alpha1
kind string
KubeProxyConfiguration
featureGates[Required] map[string]bool
featureGates is a map of feature names to bools that enable or disable alpha/experimental features.
bindAddress[Required] string
bindAddress is the IP address for the proxy server to serve on (set to 0.0.0.0
for all interfaces)
healthzBindAddress[Required] string
healthzBindAddress is the IP address and port for the health check server to serve on,
defaulting to 0.0.0.0:10256
metricsBindAddress[Required] string
metricsBindAddress is the IP address and port for the metrics server to serve on,
defaulting to 127.0.0.1:10249 (set to 0.0.0.0 for all interfaces)
bindAddressHardFail[Required] bool
bindAddressHardFail, if true, kube-proxy will treat failure to bind to a port as fatal and exit
enableProfiling[Required] bool
enableProfiling enables profiling via web interface on /debug/pprof handler.
Profiling handlers will be handled by metrics server.
clusterCIDR[Required] string
clusterCIDR is the CIDR range of the pods in the cluster. It is used to
bridge traffic coming from outside of the cluster. If not provided,
no off-cluster bridging will be performed.
hostnameOverride[Required] string
hostnameOverride, if non-empty, will be used as the identity instead of the actual hostname.
portRange is the range of host ports (beginPort-endPort, inclusive) that may be consumed
in order to proxy service traffic. If unspecified (0-0) then ports will be randomly chosen.
udpIdleTimeout is how long an idle UDP connection will be kept open (e.g. '250ms', '2s').
Must be greater than 0. Only applicable for proxyMode=userspace.
configSyncPeriod is how often configuration from the apiserver is refreshed. Must be greater
than 0.
nodePortAddresses[Required] []string
nodePortAddresses is the --nodeport-addresses value for kube-proxy process. Values must be valid
IP blocks. These values are as a parameter to select the interfaces where nodeport works.
In case someone would like to expose a service on localhost for local visit and some other interfaces for
particular purpose, a list of IP blocks would do that.
If set it to "127.0.0.0/8", kube-proxy will only select the loopback interface for NodePort.
If set it to a non-zero IP block, kube-proxy will filter that down to just the IPs that applied to the node.
An empty string slice is meant to select all network interfaces.
tcpCloseWaitTimeout is how long an idle conntrack entry
in CLOSE_WAIT state will remain in the conntrack
table. (e.g. '60s'). Must be greater than 0 to set.
tcpFinTimeout is the timeout value used for IPVS TCP sessions after receiving a FIN.
The default value is 0, which preserves the current timeout value on the system.
ProxyMode represents modes used by the Kubernetes proxy server.
Currently, three modes of proxy are available in Linux platform: 'userspace' (older, going to be EOL), 'iptables'
(newer, faster), 'ipvs'(newest, better in performance and scalability).
Two modes of proxy are available in Windows platform: 'userspace'(older, stable) and 'kernelspace' (newer, faster).
In Linux platform, if proxy mode is blank, use the best-available proxy (currently iptables, but may change in the
future). If the iptables proxy is selected, regardless of how, but the system's kernel or iptables versions are
insufficient, this always falls back to the userspace proxy. IPVS mode will be enabled when proxy mode is set to 'ipvs',
and the fall back path is firstly iptables and then userspace.
In Windows platform, if proxy mode is blank, use the best-available proxy (currently userspace, but may change in the
future). If winkernel proxy is selected, regardless of how, but the Windows kernel can't support this mode of proxy,
this always falls back to the userspace proxy.
ClientConnectionConfiguration contains details for constructing a client.
Field
Description
kubeconfig[Required] string
kubeconfig is the path to a KubeConfig file.
acceptContentTypes[Required] string
acceptContentTypes defines the Accept header sent by clients when connecting to a server, overriding the
default value of 'application/json'. This field will control all connections to the server used by a particular
client.
contentType[Required] string
contentType is the content type used when sending data to the server from this client.
qps[Required] float32
qps controls the number of queries per second allowed for this connection.
burst[Required] int32
burst allows extra queries to accumulate when a client is exceeding its rate.
JSONOptions contains options for logging format "json".
Field
Description
splitStream[Required] bool
[Experimental] SplitStream redirects error messages to stderr while
info messages go to stdout, with buffering. The default is to write
both to stdout, without buffering.
LeaderElectionConfiguration defines the configuration of leader election
clients for components that can run with leader election enabled.
Field
Description
leaderElect[Required] bool
leaderElect enables a leader election client to gain leadership
before executing the main loop. Enable this when running replicated
components for high availability.
leaseDuration is the duration that non-leader candidates will wait
after observing a leadership renewal until attempting to acquire
leadership of a led but unrenewed leader slot. This is effectively the
maximum duration that a leader can be stopped before it is replaced
by another candidate. This is only applicable if leader election is
enabled.
renewDeadline is the interval between attempts by the acting master to
renew a leadership slot before it stops leading. This must be less
than or equal to the lease duration. This is only applicable if leader
election is enabled.
retryPeriod is the duration the clients should wait between attempting
acquisition and renewal of a leadership. This is only applicable if
leader election is enabled.
resourceLock[Required] string
resourceLock indicates the resource object type that will be used to lock
during leader election cycles.
resourceName[Required] string
resourceName indicates the name of resource object that will be used to lock
during leader election cycles.
resourceNamespace[Required] string
resourceName indicates the namespace of resource object that will be used to lock
during leader election cycles.
Maximum number of seconds between log flushes. Ignored if the
selected logging backend writes log messages without buffering.
verbosity[Required] uint32
Verbosity is the threshold that determines which log messages are
logged. Default is zero which logs only the most important
messages. Higher values enable additional messages. Error messages
are always logged.
VModule overrides the verbosity threshold for individual files.
Only supported for "text" log format.
sanitization[Required] bool
[Experimental] When enabled prevents logging of fields tagged as sensitive (passwords, keys, tokens).
Runtime log sanitization may introduce significant computation overhead and therefore should not be enabled in production.`)
[Experimental] Options holds additional parameters that are specific
to the different logging formats. Only the options for the selected
format get used, but all of them get validated.
VModuleConfiguration
(Alias of []k8s.io/component-base/config/v1alpha1.VModuleItem)
ClientConnectionConfiguration contains details for constructing a client.
Field
Description
kubeconfig[Required] string
kubeconfig is the path to a KubeConfig file.
acceptContentTypes[Required] string
acceptContentTypes defines the Accept header sent by clients when connecting to a server, overriding the
default value of 'application/json'. This field will control all connections to the server used by a particular
client.
contentType[Required] string
contentType is the content type used when sending data to the server from this client.
qps[Required] float32
qps controls the number of queries per second allowed for this connection.
burst[Required] int32
burst allows extra queries to accumulate when a client is exceeding its rate.
JSONOptions contains options for logging format "json".
Field
Description
splitStream[Required] bool
[Experimental] SplitStream redirects error messages to stderr while
info messages go to stdout, with buffering. The default is to write
both to stdout, without buffering.
LeaderElectionConfiguration defines the configuration of leader election
clients for components that can run with leader election enabled.
Field
Description
leaderElect[Required] bool
leaderElect enables a leader election client to gain leadership
before executing the main loop. Enable this when running replicated
components for high availability.
leaseDuration is the duration that non-leader candidates will wait
after observing a leadership renewal until attempting to acquire
leadership of a led but unrenewed leader slot. This is effectively the
maximum duration that a leader can be stopped before it is replaced
by another candidate. This is only applicable if leader election is
enabled.
renewDeadline is the interval between attempts by the acting master to
renew a leadership slot before it stops leading. This must be less
than or equal to the lease duration. This is only applicable if leader
election is enabled.
retryPeriod is the duration the clients should wait between attempting
acquisition and renewal of a leadership. This is only applicable if
leader election is enabled.
resourceLock[Required] string
resourceLock indicates the resource object type that will be used to lock
during leader election cycles.
resourceName[Required] string
resourceName indicates the name of resource object that will be used to lock
during leader election cycles.
resourceNamespace[Required] string
resourceName indicates the namespace of resource object that will be used to lock
during leader election cycles.
Maximum number of seconds between log flushes. Ignored if the
selected logging backend writes log messages without buffering.
verbosity[Required] uint32
Verbosity is the threshold that determines which log messages are
logged. Default is zero which logs only the most important
messages. Higher values enable additional messages. Error messages
are always logged.
VModule overrides the verbosity threshold for individual files.
Only supported for "text" log format.
sanitization[Required] bool
[Experimental] When enabled prevents logging of fields tagged as sensitive (passwords, keys, tokens).
Runtime log sanitization may introduce significant computation overhead and therefore should not be enabled in production.`)
[Experimental] Options holds additional parameters that are specific
to the different logging formats. Only the options for the selected
format get used, but all of them get validated.
VModuleConfiguration
(Alias of []k8s.io/component-base/config/v1alpha1.VModuleItem)
VModuleConfiguration is a collection of individual file names or patterns
and the corresponding verbosity threshold.
DefaultPreemptionArgs
DefaultPreemptionArgs holds arguments used to configure the
DefaultPreemption plugin.
Field
Description
apiVersion string
kubescheduler.config.k8s.io/v1beta2
kind string
DefaultPreemptionArgs
minCandidateNodesPercentage[Required] int32
MinCandidateNodesPercentage is the minimum number of candidates to
shortlist when dry running preemption as a percentage of number of nodes.
Must be in the range [0, 100]. Defaults to 10% of the cluster size if
unspecified.
minCandidateNodesAbsolute[Required] int32
MinCandidateNodesAbsolute is the absolute minimum number of candidates to
shortlist. The likely number of candidates enumerated for dry running
preemption is given by the formula:
numCandidates = max(numNodes * minCandidateNodesPercentage, minCandidateNodesAbsolute)
We say "likely" because there are other factors such as PDB violations
that play a role in the number of candidates shortlisted. Must be at least
0 nodes. Defaults to 100 nodes if unspecified.
InterPodAffinityArgs
InterPodAffinityArgs holds arguments used to configure the InterPodAffinity plugin.
Field
Description
apiVersion string
kubescheduler.config.k8s.io/v1beta2
kind string
InterPodAffinityArgs
hardPodAffinityWeight[Required] int32
HardPodAffinityWeight is the scoring weight for existing pods with a
matching hard affinity to the incoming pod.
KubeSchedulerConfiguration
KubeSchedulerConfiguration configures a scheduler
Field
Description
apiVersion string
kubescheduler.config.k8s.io/v1beta2
kind string
KubeSchedulerConfiguration
parallelism[Required] int32
Parallelism defines the amount of parallelism in algorithms for scheduling a Pods. Must be greater than 0. Defaults to 16
ClientConnection specifies the kubeconfig file and client connection
settings for the proxy server to use when communicating with the apiserver.
healthzBindAddress[Required] string
Note: Both HealthzBindAddress and MetricsBindAddress fields are deprecated.
Only empty address or port 0 is allowed. Anything else will fail validation.
HealthzBindAddress is the IP address and port for the health check server to serve on.
metricsBindAddress[Required] string
MetricsBindAddress is the IP address and port for the metrics server to serve on.
(Members of DebuggingConfiguration are embedded into this type.)
DebuggingConfiguration holds configuration for Debugging related features
TODO: We might wanna make this a substruct like Debugging componentbaseconfigv1alpha1.DebuggingConfiguration
percentageOfNodesToScore[Required] int32
PercentageOfNodesToScore is the percentage of all nodes that once found feasible
for running a pod, the scheduler stops its search for more feasible nodes in
the cluster. This helps improve scheduler's performance. Scheduler always tries to find
at least "minFeasibleNodesToFind" feasible nodes no matter what the value of this flag is.
Example: if the cluster size is 500 nodes and the value of this flag is 30,
then scheduler stops finding further feasible nodes once it finds 150 feasible ones.
When the value is 0, default percentage (5%--50% based on the size of the cluster) of the
nodes will be scored.
podInitialBackoffSeconds[Required] int64
PodInitialBackoffSeconds is the initial backoff for unschedulable pods.
If specified, it must be greater than 0. If this value is null, the default value (1s)
will be used.
podMaxBackoffSeconds[Required] int64
PodMaxBackoffSeconds is the max backoff for unschedulable pods.
If specified, it must be greater than podInitialBackoffSeconds. If this value is null,
the default value (10s) will be used.
Profiles are scheduling profiles that kube-scheduler supports. Pods can
choose to be scheduled under a particular profile by setting its associated
scheduler name. Pods that don't specify any scheduler name are scheduled
with the "default-scheduler" profile, if present here.
Extenders are the list of scheduler extenders, each holding the values of how to communicate
with the extender. These extenders are shared by all scheduler profiles.
NodeAffinityArgs
NodeAffinityArgs holds arguments to configure the NodeAffinity plugin.
AddedAffinity is applied to all Pods additionally to the NodeAffinity
specified in the PodSpec. That is, Nodes need to satisfy AddedAffinity
AND .spec.NodeAffinity. AddedAffinity is empty by default (all Nodes
match).
When AddedAffinity is used, some Pods with affinity requirements that match
a specific Node (such as Daemonset Pods) might remain unschedulable.
NodeResourcesBalancedAllocationArgs
NodeResourcesBalancedAllocationArgs holds arguments used to configure NodeResourcesBalancedAllocation plugin.
Resources to be managed, the default is "cpu" and "memory" if not specified.
NodeResourcesFitArgs
NodeResourcesFitArgs holds arguments used to configure the NodeResourcesFit plugin.
Field
Description
apiVersion string
kubescheduler.config.k8s.io/v1beta2
kind string
NodeResourcesFitArgs
ignoredResources[Required] []string
IgnoredResources is the list of resources that NodeResources fit filter
should ignore. This doesn't apply to scoring.
ignoredResourceGroups[Required] []string
IgnoredResourceGroups defines the list of resource groups that NodeResources fit filter should ignore.
e.g. if group is ["example.com"], it will ignore all resource names that begin
with "example.com", such as "example.com/aaa" and "example.com/bbb".
A resource group name can't contain '/'. This doesn't apply to scoring.
DefaultConstraints defines topology spread constraints to be applied to
Pods that don't define any in pod.spec.topologySpreadConstraints.
.defaultConstraints[*].labelSelectors must be empty, as they are
deduced from the Pod's membership to Services, ReplicationControllers,
ReplicaSets or StatefulSets.
When not empty, .defaultingType must be "List".
DefaultingType determines how .defaultConstraints are deduced. Can be one
of "System" or "List".
"System": Use kubernetes defined constraints that spread Pods among
Nodes and Zones.
"List": Use constraints defined in .defaultConstraints.
Defaults to "List" if feature gate DefaultPodTopologySpread is disabled
and to "System" if enabled.
VolumeBindingArgs
VolumeBindingArgs holds arguments used to configure the VolumeBinding plugin.
Field
Description
apiVersion string
kubescheduler.config.k8s.io/v1beta2
kind string
VolumeBindingArgs
bindTimeoutSeconds[Required] int64
BindTimeoutSeconds is the timeout in seconds in volume binding operation.
Value must be non-negative integer. The value zero indicates no waiting.
If this value is nil, the default value (600) will be used.
Shape specifies the points defining the score function shape, which is
used to score nodes based on the utilization of statically provisioned
PVs. The utilization is calculated by dividing the total requested
storage of the pod by the total capacity of feasible PVs on each node.
Each point contains utilization (ranges from 0 to 100) and its
associated score (ranges from 0 to 10). You can turn the priority by
specifying different scores for different utilization numbers.
The default shape points are:
0 for 0 utilization
10 for 100 utilization
All points must be sorted in increasing order by utilization.
Extender holds the parameters used to communicate with the extender. If a verb is unspecified/empty,
it is assumed that the extender chose not to provide that extension.
Field
Description
urlPrefix[Required] string
URLPrefix at which the extender is available
filterVerb[Required] string
Verb for the filter call, empty if not supported. This verb is appended to the URLPrefix when issuing the filter call to extender.
preemptVerb[Required] string
Verb for the preempt call, empty if not supported. This verb is appended to the URLPrefix when issuing the preempt call to extender.
prioritizeVerb[Required] string
Verb for the prioritize call, empty if not supported. This verb is appended to the URLPrefix when issuing the prioritize call to extender.
weight[Required] int64
The numeric multiplier for the node scores that the prioritize call generates.
The weight should be a positive integer
bindVerb[Required] string
Verb for the bind call, empty if not supported. This verb is appended to the URLPrefix when issuing the bind call to extender.
If this method is implemented by the extender, it is the extender's responsibility to bind the pod to apiserver. Only one extender
can implement this function.
enableHTTPS[Required] bool
EnableHTTPS specifies whether https should be used to communicate with the extender
HTTPTimeout specifies the timeout duration for a call to the extender. Filter timeout fails the scheduling of the pod. Prioritize
timeout is ignored, k8s/other extenders priorities are used to select the node.
nodeCacheCapable[Required] bool
NodeCacheCapable specifies that the extender is capable of caching node information,
so the scheduler should only send minimal information about the eligible nodes
assuming that the extender already cached full details of all nodes in the cluster
ManagedResources is a list of extended resources that are managed by
this extender.
A pod will be sent to the extender on the Filter, Prioritize and Bind
(if the extender is the binder) phases iff the pod requests at least
one of the extended resources in this list. If empty or unspecified,
all pods will be sent to this extender.
If IgnoredByScheduler is set to true for a resource, kube-scheduler
will skip checking the resource in predicates.
ignorable[Required] bool
Ignorable specifies if the extender is ignorable, i.e. scheduling should not
fail when the extender returns an error or is not reachable.
ExtenderTLSConfig contains settings to enable TLS with extender
Field
Description
insecure[Required] bool
Server should be accessed without verifying the TLS certificate. For testing only.
serverName[Required] string
ServerName is passed to the server for SNI and is used in the client to check server
certificates against. If ServerName is empty, the hostname used to contact the
server is used.
certFile[Required] string
Server requires TLS client certificate authentication
keyFile[Required] string
Server requires TLS client certificate authentication
caFile[Required] string
Trusted root certificates for server
certData[Required] []byte
CertData holds PEM-encoded bytes (typically read from a client certificate file).
CertData takes precedence over CertFile
keyData[Required] []byte
KeyData holds PEM-encoded bytes (typically read from a client certificate key file).
KeyData takes precedence over KeyFile
caData[Required] []byte
CAData holds PEM-encoded bytes (typically read from a root certificates bundle).
CAData takes precedence over CAFile
SchedulerName is the name of the scheduler associated to this profile.
If SchedulerName matches with the pod's "spec.schedulerName", then the pod
is scheduled with this profile.
Plugins specify the set of plugins that should be enabled or disabled.
Enabled plugins are the ones that should be enabled in addition to the
default plugins. Disabled plugins are any of the default plugins that
should be disabled.
When no enabled or disabled plugin is specified for an extension point,
default plugins for that extension point will be used if there is any.
If a QueueSort plugin is specified, the same QueueSort Plugin and
PluginConfig must be specified for all profiles.
PluginConfig is an optional set of custom plugin arguments for each plugin.
Omitting config args for a plugin is equivalent to using the default config
for that plugin.
PluginConfig specifies arguments that should be passed to a plugin at the time of initialization.
A plugin that is invoked at multiple extension points is initialized once. Args can have arbitrary structure.
It is up to the plugin to process these Args.
PluginSet specifies enabled and disabled plugins for an extension point.
If an array is empty, missing, or nil, default plugins at that extension point will be used.
Enabled specifies plugins that should be enabled in addition to default plugins.
If the default plugin is also configured in the scheduler config file, the weight of plugin will
be overridden accordingly.
These are called after default plugins and in the same order specified here.
Disabled specifies default plugins that should be disabled.
When all default plugins need to be disabled, an array containing only one "*" should be provided.
Plugins include multiple extension points. When specified, the list of plugins for
a particular extension point are the only ones enabled. If an extension point is
omitted from the config, then the default set of plugins is used for that extension point.
Enabled plugins are called in the order specified here, after default plugins. If they need to
be invoked before default plugins, default plugins must be disabled and re-enabled here in desired order.
Bind is a list of plugins that should be invoked at "Bind" extension point of the scheduling framework.
The scheduler call these plugins in order. Scheduler skips the rest of these plugins as soon as one returns success.
Resources to consider when scoring.
The default resource set includes "cpu" and "memory" with an equal weight.
Allowed weights go from 1 to 100.
Weight defaults to 1 if not specified or explicitly set to 0.
DefaultPreemptionArgs holds arguments used to configure the
DefaultPreemption plugin.
Field
Description
apiVersion string
kubescheduler.config.k8s.io/v1beta3
kind string
DefaultPreemptionArgs
minCandidateNodesPercentage[Required] int32
MinCandidateNodesPercentage is the minimum number of candidates to
shortlist when dry running preemption as a percentage of number of nodes.
Must be in the range [0, 100]. Defaults to 10% of the cluster size if
unspecified.
minCandidateNodesAbsolute[Required] int32
MinCandidateNodesAbsolute is the absolute minimum number of candidates to
shortlist. The likely number of candidates enumerated for dry running
preemption is given by the formula:
numCandidates = max(numNodes * minCandidateNodesPercentage, minCandidateNodesAbsolute)
We say "likely" because there are other factors such as PDB violations
that play a role in the number of candidates shortlisted. Must be at least
0 nodes. Defaults to 100 nodes if unspecified.
InterPodAffinityArgs
InterPodAffinityArgs holds arguments used to configure the InterPodAffinity plugin.
Field
Description
apiVersion string
kubescheduler.config.k8s.io/v1beta3
kind string
InterPodAffinityArgs
hardPodAffinityWeight[Required] int32
HardPodAffinityWeight is the scoring weight for existing pods with a
matching hard affinity to the incoming pod.
KubeSchedulerConfiguration
KubeSchedulerConfiguration configures a scheduler
Field
Description
apiVersion string
kubescheduler.config.k8s.io/v1beta3
kind string
KubeSchedulerConfiguration
parallelism[Required] int32
Parallelism defines the amount of parallelism in algorithms for scheduling a Pods. Must be greater than 0. Defaults to 16
(Members of DebuggingConfiguration are embedded into this type.)
DebuggingConfiguration holds configuration for Debugging related features
TODO: We might wanna make this a substruct like Debugging componentbaseconfigv1alpha1.DebuggingConfiguration
percentageOfNodesToScore[Required] int32
PercentageOfNodesToScore is the percentage of all nodes that once found feasible
for running a pod, the scheduler stops its search for more feasible nodes in
the cluster. This helps improve scheduler's performance. Scheduler always tries to find
at least "minFeasibleNodesToFind" feasible nodes no matter what the value of this flag is.
Example: if the cluster size is 500 nodes and the value of this flag is 30,
then scheduler stops finding further feasible nodes once it finds 150 feasible ones.
When the value is 0, default percentage (5%--50% based on the size of the cluster) of the
nodes will be scored.
podInitialBackoffSeconds[Required] int64
PodInitialBackoffSeconds is the initial backoff for unschedulable pods.
If specified, it must be greater than 0. If this value is null, the default value (1s)
will be used.
podMaxBackoffSeconds[Required] int64
PodMaxBackoffSeconds is the max backoff for unschedulable pods.
If specified, it must be greater than podInitialBackoffSeconds. If this value is null,
the default value (10s) will be used.
Profiles are scheduling profiles that kube-scheduler supports. Pods can
choose to be scheduled under a particular profile by setting its associated
scheduler name. Pods that don't specify any scheduler name are scheduled
with the "default-scheduler" profile, if present here.
Extenders are the list of scheduler extenders, each holding the values of how to communicate
with the extender. These extenders are shared by all scheduler profiles.
NodeAffinityArgs
NodeAffinityArgs holds arguments to configure the NodeAffinity plugin.
AddedAffinity is applied to all Pods additionally to the NodeAffinity
specified in the PodSpec. That is, Nodes need to satisfy AddedAffinity
AND .spec.NodeAffinity. AddedAffinity is empty by default (all Nodes
match).
When AddedAffinity is used, some Pods with affinity requirements that match
a specific Node (such as Daemonset Pods) might remain unschedulable.
NodeResourcesBalancedAllocationArgs
NodeResourcesBalancedAllocationArgs holds arguments used to configure NodeResourcesBalancedAllocation plugin.
Resources to be managed, the default is "cpu" and "memory" if not specified.
NodeResourcesFitArgs
NodeResourcesFitArgs holds arguments used to configure the NodeResourcesFit plugin.
Field
Description
apiVersion string
kubescheduler.config.k8s.io/v1beta3
kind string
NodeResourcesFitArgs
ignoredResources[Required] []string
IgnoredResources is the list of resources that NodeResources fit filter
should ignore. This doesn't apply to scoring.
ignoredResourceGroups[Required] []string
IgnoredResourceGroups defines the list of resource groups that NodeResources fit filter should ignore.
e.g. if group is ["example.com"], it will ignore all resource names that begin
with "example.com", such as "example.com/aaa" and "example.com/bbb".
A resource group name can't contain '/'. This doesn't apply to scoring.
DefaultConstraints defines topology spread constraints to be applied to
Pods that don't define any in pod.spec.topologySpreadConstraints.
.defaultConstraints[*].labelSelectors must be empty, as they are
deduced from the Pod's membership to Services, ReplicationControllers,
ReplicaSets or StatefulSets.
When not empty, .defaultingType must be "List".
DefaultingType determines how .defaultConstraints are deduced. Can be one
of "System" or "List".
"System": Use kubernetes defined constraints that spread Pods among
Nodes and Zones.
"List": Use constraints defined in .defaultConstraints.
Defaults to "List" if feature gate DefaultPodTopologySpread is disabled
and to "System" if enabled.
VolumeBindingArgs
VolumeBindingArgs holds arguments used to configure the VolumeBinding plugin.
Field
Description
apiVersion string
kubescheduler.config.k8s.io/v1beta3
kind string
VolumeBindingArgs
bindTimeoutSeconds[Required] int64
BindTimeoutSeconds is the timeout in seconds in volume binding operation.
Value must be non-negative integer. The value zero indicates no waiting.
If this value is nil, the default value (600) will be used.
Shape specifies the points defining the score function shape, which is
used to score nodes based on the utilization of statically provisioned
PVs. The utilization is calculated by dividing the total requested
storage of the pod by the total capacity of feasible PVs on each node.
Each point contains utilization (ranges from 0 to 100) and its
associated score (ranges from 0 to 10). You can turn the priority by
specifying different scores for different utilization numbers.
The default shape points are:
0 for 0 utilization
10 for 100 utilization
All points must be sorted in increasing order by utilization.
Extender holds the parameters used to communicate with the extender. If a verb is unspecified/empty,
it is assumed that the extender chose not to provide that extension.
Field
Description
urlPrefix[Required] string
URLPrefix at which the extender is available
filterVerb[Required] string
Verb for the filter call, empty if not supported. This verb is appended to the URLPrefix when issuing the filter call to extender.
preemptVerb[Required] string
Verb for the preempt call, empty if not supported. This verb is appended to the URLPrefix when issuing the preempt call to extender.
prioritizeVerb[Required] string
Verb for the prioritize call, empty if not supported. This verb is appended to the URLPrefix when issuing the prioritize call to extender.
weight[Required] int64
The numeric multiplier for the node scores that the prioritize call generates.
The weight should be a positive integer
bindVerb[Required] string
Verb for the bind call, empty if not supported. This verb is appended to the URLPrefix when issuing the bind call to extender.
If this method is implemented by the extender, it is the extender's responsibility to bind the pod to apiserver. Only one extender
can implement this function.
enableHTTPS[Required] bool
EnableHTTPS specifies whether https should be used to communicate with the extender
HTTPTimeout specifies the timeout duration for a call to the extender. Filter timeout fails the scheduling of the pod. Prioritize
timeout is ignored, k8s/other extenders priorities are used to select the node.
nodeCacheCapable[Required] bool
NodeCacheCapable specifies that the extender is capable of caching node information,
so the scheduler should only send minimal information about the eligible nodes
assuming that the extender already cached full details of all nodes in the cluster
ManagedResources is a list of extended resources that are managed by
this extender.
A pod will be sent to the extender on the Filter, Prioritize and Bind
(if the extender is the binder) phases iff the pod requests at least
one of the extended resources in this list. If empty or unspecified,
all pods will be sent to this extender.
If IgnoredByScheduler is set to true for a resource, kube-scheduler
will skip checking the resource in predicates.
ignorable[Required] bool
Ignorable specifies if the extender is ignorable, i.e. scheduling should not
fail when the extender returns an error or is not reachable.
ExtenderTLSConfig contains settings to enable TLS with extender
Field
Description
insecure[Required] bool
Server should be accessed without verifying the TLS certificate. For testing only.
serverName[Required] string
ServerName is passed to the server for SNI and is used in the client to check server
certificates against. If ServerName is empty, the hostname used to contact the
server is used.
certFile[Required] string
Server requires TLS client certificate authentication
keyFile[Required] string
Server requires TLS client certificate authentication
caFile[Required] string
Trusted root certificates for server
certData[Required] []byte
CertData holds PEM-encoded bytes (typically read from a client certificate file).
CertData takes precedence over CertFile
keyData[Required] []byte
KeyData holds PEM-encoded bytes (typically read from a client certificate key file).
KeyData takes precedence over KeyFile
caData[Required] []byte
CAData holds PEM-encoded bytes (typically read from a root certificates bundle).
CAData takes precedence over CAFile
SchedulerName is the name of the scheduler associated to this profile.
If SchedulerName matches with the pod's "spec.schedulerName", then the pod
is scheduled with this profile.
Plugins specify the set of plugins that should be enabled or disabled.
Enabled plugins are the ones that should be enabled in addition to the
default plugins. Disabled plugins are any of the default plugins that
should be disabled.
When no enabled or disabled plugin is specified for an extension point,
default plugins for that extension point will be used if there is any.
If a QueueSort plugin is specified, the same QueueSort Plugin and
PluginConfig must be specified for all profiles.
PluginConfig is an optional set of custom plugin arguments for each plugin.
Omitting config args for a plugin is equivalent to using the default config
for that plugin.
PluginConfig specifies arguments that should be passed to a plugin at the time of initialization.
A plugin that is invoked at multiple extension points is initialized once. Args can have arbitrary structure.
It is up to the plugin to process these Args.
PluginSet specifies enabled and disabled plugins for an extension point.
If an array is empty, missing, or nil, default plugins at that extension point will be used.
Enabled specifies plugins that should be enabled in addition to default plugins.
If the default plugin is also configured in the scheduler config file, the weight of plugin will
be overridden accordingly.
These are called after default plugins and in the same order specified here.
Disabled specifies default plugins that should be disabled.
When all default plugins need to be disabled, an array containing only one "*" should be provided.
Plugins include multiple extension points. When specified, the list of plugins for
a particular extension point are the only ones enabled. If an extension point is
omitted from the config, then the default set of plugins is used for that extension point.
Enabled plugins are called in the order specified here, after default plugins. If they need to
be invoked before default plugins, default plugins must be disabled and re-enabled here in desired order.
Bind is a list of plugins that should be invoked at "Bind" extension point of the scheduling framework.
The scheduler call these plugins in order. Scheduler skips the rest of these plugins as soon as one returns success.
MultiPoint is a simplified config section to enable plugins for all valid extension points.
Plugins enabled through MultiPoint will automatically register for every individual extension
point the plugin has implemented. Disabling a plugin through MultiPoint disables that behavior.
The same is true for disabling "*" through MultiPoint (no default plugins will be automatically registered).
Plugins can still be disabled through their individual extension points.
In terms of precedence, plugin config follows this basic hierarchy
Specific extension points
Explicitly configured MultiPoint plugins
The set of default plugins, as MultiPoint plugins
This implies that a higher precedence plugin will run first and overwrite any settings within MultiPoint.
Explicitly user-configured plugins also take a higher precedence over default plugins.
Within this hierarchy, an Enabled setting takes precedence over Disabled. For example, if a plugin is
set in both multiPoint.Enabled and multiPoint.Disabled, the plugin will be enabled. Similarly,
including multiPoint.Disabled = '*' and multiPoint.Enabled = pluginA will still register that specific
plugin through MultiPoint. This follows the same behavior as all other extension point configurations.
Resources to consider when scoring.
The default resource set includes "cpu" and "memory" with an equal weight.
Allowed weights go from 1 to 100.
Weight defaults to 1 if not specified or explicitly set to 0.
ClientConnectionConfiguration contains details for constructing a client.
Field
Description
kubeconfig[Required] string
kubeconfig is the path to a KubeConfig file.
acceptContentTypes[Required] string
acceptContentTypes defines the Accept header sent by clients when connecting to a server, overriding the
default value of 'application/json'. This field will control all connections to the server used by a particular
client.
contentType[Required] string
contentType is the content type used when sending data to the server from this client.
qps[Required] float32
qps controls the number of queries per second allowed for this connection.
burst[Required] int32
burst allows extra queries to accumulate when a client is exceeding its rate.
JSONOptions contains options for logging format "json".
Field
Description
splitStream[Required] bool
[Experimental] SplitStream redirects error messages to stderr while
info messages go to stdout, with buffering. The default is to write
both to stdout, without buffering.
LeaderElectionConfiguration defines the configuration of leader election
clients for components that can run with leader election enabled.
Field
Description
leaderElect[Required] bool
leaderElect enables a leader election client to gain leadership
before executing the main loop. Enable this when running replicated
components for high availability.
leaseDuration is the duration that non-leader candidates will wait
after observing a leadership renewal until attempting to acquire
leadership of a led but unrenewed leader slot. This is effectively the
maximum duration that a leader can be stopped before it is replaced
by another candidate. This is only applicable if leader election is
enabled.
renewDeadline is the interval between attempts by the acting master to
renew a leadership slot before it stops leading. This must be less
than or equal to the lease duration. This is only applicable if leader
election is enabled.
retryPeriod is the duration the clients should wait between attempting
acquisition and renewal of a leadership. This is only applicable if
leader election is enabled.
resourceLock[Required] string
resourceLock indicates the resource object type that will be used to lock
during leader election cycles.
resourceName[Required] string
resourceName indicates the name of resource object that will be used to lock
during leader election cycles.
resourceNamespace[Required] string
resourceName indicates the namespace of resource object that will be used to lock
during leader election cycles.
Maximum number of seconds between log flushes. Ignored if the
selected logging backend writes log messages without buffering.
verbosity[Required] uint32
Verbosity is the threshold that determines which log messages are
logged. Default is zero which logs only the most important
messages. Higher values enable additional messages. Error messages
are always logged.
VModule overrides the verbosity threshold for individual files.
Only supported for "text" log format.
sanitization[Required] bool
[Experimental] When enabled prevents logging of fields tagged as sensitive (passwords, keys, tokens).
Runtime log sanitization may introduce significant computation overhead and therefore should not be enabled in production.`)
[Experimental] Options holds additional parameters that are specific
to the different logging formats. Only the options for the selected
format get used, but all of them get validated.
VModuleConfiguration
(Alias of []k8s.io/component-base/config/v1alpha1.VModuleItem)
VModuleConfiguration is a collection of individual file names or patterns
and the corresponding verbosity threshold.
12.10 - kubeadm Configuration (v1beta2)
Overview
Package v1beta2 defines the v1beta2 version of the kubeadm configuration file format.
This version improves on the v1beta1 format by fixing some minor issues and adding a few new fields.
A list of changes since v1beta1:
"certificateKey" field is added to InitConfiguration and JoinConfiguration.
"ignorePreflightErrors" field is added to the NodeRegistrationOptions.
The JSON "omitempty" tag is used in a more places where appropriate.
The JSON "omitempty" tag of the "taints" field (inside NodeRegistrationOptions) is removed.
See the Kubernetes 1.15 changelog for further details.
Migration from old kubeadm config versions
Please convert your v1beta1 configuration files to v1beta2 using the "kubeadm config migrate" command of kubeadm v1.15.x
(conversion from older releases of kubeadm config files requires older release of kubeadm as well e.g.
kubeadm v1.11 should be used to migrate v1alpha1 to v1alpha2; kubeadm v1.12 should be used to translate v1alpha2 to v1alpha3;
kubeadm v1.13 or v1.14 should be used to translate v1alpha3 to v1beta1)
Nevertheless, kubeadm v1.15.x will support reading from v1beta1 version of the kubeadm config file format.
Basics
The preferred way to configure kubeadm is to pass an YAML configuration file with the --config option. Some of the
configuration options defined in the kubeadm config file are also available as command line flags, but only
the most common/simple use case are supported with this approach.
A kubeadm config file could contain multiple configuration types separated using three dashes (---).
kubeadm supports the following configuration types:
The list of configuration types that must be included in a configuration file depends by the action you are
performing (init or join) and by the configuration options you are going to use (defaults or advanced customization).
If some configuration types are not provided, or provided only partially, kubeadm will use default values; defaults
provided by kubeadm includes also enforcing consistency of values across components when required (e.g.
--cluster-cidr flag on controller manager and clusterCIDR on kube-proxy).
Users are always allowed to override default values, with the only exception of a small subset of setting with
relevance for security (e.g. enforce authorization-mode Node and RBAC on API server)
If the user provides a configuration types that is not expected for the action you are performing, kubeadm will
ignore those types and print a warning.
Kubeadm init configuration types
When executing kubeadm init with the --config option, the following configuration types could be used:
InitConfiguration, ClusterConfiguration, KubeProxyConfiguration, KubeletConfiguration, but only one
between InitConfiguration and ClusterConfiguration is mandatory.
The InitConfiguration type should be used to configure runtime settings, that in case of kubeadm init
are the configuration of the bootstrap token and all the setting which are specific to the node where kubeadm
is executed, including:
nodeRegistration, that holds fields that relate to registering the new node to the cluster;
use it to customize the node name, the CRI socket to use or any other settings that should apply to this
node only (e.g. the node ip).
apiServer, that represents the endpoint of the instance of the API server to be deployed on this node;
use it e.g. to customize the API server advertise address.
The ClusterConfiguration type should be used to configure cluster-wide settings,
including settings for:
Networking, that holds configuration for the networking topology of the cluster; use it e.g. to customize
pod subnet or services subnet.
Etcd configurations; use it e.g. to customize the local etcd or to configure the API server
for using an external etcd cluster.
kube-apiserver, kube-scheduler, kube-controller-manager configurations; use it to customize control-plane
components by adding customized setting or overriding kubeadm default settings.
The KubeProxyConfiguration type should be used to change the configuration passed to kube-proxy instances deployed
in the cluster. If this object is not provided or provided only partially, kubeadm applies defaults.
See https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kube-proxy/ or
https://godoc.org/k8s.io/kube-proxy/config/v1alpha1#KubeProxyConfiguration
for kube proxy official documentation.
The KubeletConfiguration type should be used to change the configurations that will be passed to all kubelet instances
deployed in the cluster. If this object is not provided or provided only partially, kubeadm applies defaults.
See https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet/ or
https://godoc.org/k8s.io/kubelet/config/v1beta1#KubeletConfiguration
for kubelet official documentation.
Here is a fully populated example of a single YAML file containing multiple
configuration types to be used during a kubeadm init run.
apiVersion:kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta2kind:InitConfigurationbootstrapTokens:- token:"9a08jv.c0izixklcxtmnze7"description:"kubeadm bootstrap token"ttl:"24h"- token:"783bde.3f89s0fje9f38fhf"description:"another bootstrap token"usages:- authentication- signinggroups:- system:bootstrappers:kubeadm:default-node-tokennodeRegistration:name:"ec2-10-100-0-1"criSocket:"/var/run/dockershim.sock"taints:- key:"kubeadmNode"value:"master"effect:"NoSchedule"kubeletExtraArgs:v:4ignorePreflightErrors:- IsPrivilegedUserlocalAPIEndpoint:advertiseAddress:"10.100.0.1"bindPort:6443certificateKey:"e6a2eb8581237ab72a4f494f30285ec12a9694d750b9785706a83bfcbbbd2204"---apiVersion:kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta2kind:ClusterConfigurationetcd:# one of local or externallocal:imageRepository:"k8s.gcr.io"imageTag:"3.2.24"dataDir:"/var/lib/etcd"extraArgs:listen-client-urls:"http://10.100.0.1:2379"serverCertSANs:- "ec2-10-100-0-1.compute-1.amazonaws.com"peerCertSANs:- "10.100.0.1"# external:# endpoints:# - "10.100.0.1:2379"# - "10.100.0.2:2379"# caFile: "/etcd/kubernetes/pki/etcd/etcd-ca.crt"# certFile: "/etcd/kubernetes/pki/etcd/etcd.crt"# keyFile: "/etcd/kubernetes/pki/etcd/etcd.key"networking:serviceSubnet:"10.96.0.0/16"podSubnet:"10.244.0.0/24"dnsDomain:"cluster.local"kubernetesVersion:"v1.12.0"controlPlaneEndpoint:"10.100.0.1:6443"apiServer:extraArgs:authorization-mode:"Node,RBAC"extraVolumes:- name:"some-volume"hostPath:"/etc/some-path"mountPath:"/etc/some-pod-path"readOnly:falsepathType:FilecertSANs:- "10.100.1.1"- "ec2-10-100-0-1.compute-1.amazonaws.com"timeoutForControlPlane:4m0scontrollerManager:extraArgs:"node-cidr-mask-size": "20"extraVolumes:- name:"some-volume"hostPath:"/etc/some-path"mountPath:"/etc/some-pod-path"readOnly:falsepathType:Filescheduler:extraArgs:address:"10.100.0.1"extraVolumes:- name:"some-volume"hostPath:"/etc/some-path"mountPath:"/etc/some-pod-path"readOnly:falsepathType:FilecertificatesDir:"/etc/kubernetes/pki"imageRepository:"k8s.gcr.io"useHyperKubeImage:falseclusterName:"example-cluster"---apiVersion:kubelet.config.k8s.io/v1beta1kind:KubeletConfiguration# kubelet specific options here---apiVersion:kubeproxy.config.k8s.io/v1alpha1kind:KubeProxyConfiguration# kube-proxy specific options here
Kubeadm join configuration types
When executing kubeadm join with the --config option, the JoinConfiguration type should be provided.
The JoinConfiguration type should be used to configure runtime settings, that in case of kubeadm join
are the discovery method used for accessing the cluster info and all the setting which are specific
to the node where kubeadm is executed, including:
NodeRegistration, that holds fields that relate to registering the new node to the cluster;
use it to customize the node name, the CRI socket to use or any other settings that should apply to this
node only (e.g. the node IP).
APIEndpoint, that represents the endpoint of the instance of the API server to be eventually deployed on this node.
networking holds configuration for the networking topology of the cluster.
kubernetesVersion[Required] string
kubernetesVersion is the target version of the control plane.
controlPlaneEndpoint[Required] string
controlPlaneEndpoint sets a stable IP address or DNS name for the control plane; it
can be a valid IP address or a RFC-1123 DNS subdomain, both with optional TCP port.
In case the controlPlaneEndpoint is not specified, the advertiseAddress + bindPort
are used; in case the controlPlaneEndpoint is specified but without a TCP port,
the bindPort is used.
Possible usages are:
In a cluster with more than one control plane instances, this field should be
assigned the address of the external load balancer in front of the
control plane instances.
In environments with enforced node recycling, the controlPlaneEndpoint
could be used for assigning a stable DNS to the control plane.
dns defines the options for the DNS add-on installed in the cluster.
certificatesDir[Required] string
certificatesDir specifies where to store or look for all required certificates.
imageRepository[Required] string
mageRepository sets the container registry to pull images from.
If empty, k8s.gcr.io will be used by default; in case of kubernetes version is
a CI build (kubernetes version starts with ci/) gcr.io/k8s-staging-ci-images
is used as a default for control plane components and for kube-proxy, while
k8s.gcr.io will be used for all the other images.
useHyperKubeImage[Required] bool
useHyperKubeImage controls if hyperkube should be used for Kubernetes components
instead of their respective separate images.
DEPRECATED: As hyperkube is itself deprecated, this fields is too. It will be
removed in future kubeadm config versions, kubeadm will print multiple warnings
when this set to true, and at some point it may become ignored.
featureGates[Required] map[string]bool
featureGates contains the feature gates enabled by the user.
clusterName[Required] string
The cluster name.
ClusterStatus
ClusterStatus contains the cluster status. The ClusterStatus will be stored in
the kubeadm-config ConfigMap in the cluster, and then updated by kubeadm when
additional control plane instance joins or leaves the cluster.
apiEndpoints currently available in the cluster, one for each control
plane/API server instance.
The key of the map is the IP of the host's default interface.
InitConfiguration
InitConfiguration contains a list of elements that is specific "kubeadm init"-only runtime
information.
bootstrapTokens is respected at kubeadm init time and describes a set of bootstrap tokens to create.
This information IS NOT uploaded to the kubeadm cluster ConfigMap, partly because of its sensitive nature.
localAPIEndpoint represents the endpoint of the API server instance that's deployed on this control plane node.
In HA setups, this differs from ClusterConfiguration.controlPlaneEndpoint in the sense that ControlPlaneEndpoint
is the global endpoint for the cluster, which then load-balances the requests to each individual API server. This
configuration object lets you customize what IP/DNS name and port the local API server advertises it's accessible
on. By default, kubeadm tries to auto-detect the IP of the default interface and use that, but in case that process
fails you may set the desired value here.
certificateKey[Required] string
certificateKey sets the key with which certificates and keys are encrypted prior to being uploaded in
a secret in the cluster during the uploadcerts init phase.
JoinConfiguration
JoinConfiguration contains elements describing a particular node.
nodeRegistration holds fields that relate to registering the new
control-plane node to the cluster
caCertPath[Required] string
caCertPath is the path to the SSL certificate authority used to
secure comunications between a node and the control-plane.
Defaults to "/etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.crt".
controlPlane defines the additional control plane instance to be deployed
on the joining node. If nil, no additional control plane instance will be deployed.
expires specifies the timestamp when this token expires. Defaults to being set
dynamically at runtime based on the ttl. expires and ttl are mutually exclusive.
usages[Required] []string
usages describes the ways in which this token can be used. Can by default be used
for establishing bidirectional trust, but that can be changed here.
groups[Required] []string
groups specifies the extra groups that this token will authenticate as when/if
used for authentication.
BootstrapTokenDiscovery is used to set the options for bootstrap token based discovery
Field
Description
token[Required] string
token is a token used to validate cluster information fetched from
the control-plane.
apiServerEndpoint[Required] string
apiServerEndpoint is an IP or domain name to the API server from which information
will be fetched.
caCertHashes[Required] []string
caCertHashes specifies a set of public key pins to verify when token-based discovery
is used. The root CA found during discovery must match one of these values.
Specifying an empty set disables root CA pinning, which can be unsafe.
Each hash is specified as ":", where the only currently supported type is "sha256".
This is a hex-encoded SHA-256 hash of the Subject Public Key Info (SPKI) object in
DER-encoded ASN.1. These hashes can be calculated using, for example, OpenSSL.
unsafeSkipCAVerification[Required] bool
unsafeSkipCAVerification allows token-based discovery without CA verification via
caCertHashes. This can weaken the security of kubeadm since other nodes can
impersonate the control-plane.
BootstrapTokenString is a token of the format abcdef.abcdef0123456789 that is used
for both validation of the practically of the API server from a joining node's point
of view and as an authentication method for the node in the bootstrap phase of
"kubeadm join". This token is and should be short-lived
ControlPlaneComponent holds settings common to control plane component of the cluster
Field
Description
extraArgs[Required] map[string]string
extraArgs is an extra set of flags to pass to a control plane component.
A key in this map is the flag name as it appears on the command line except
without leading dash(es).
file is used to specify a file or URL to a kubeconfig file from which to load
cluster information.
bootstrapToken and file are mutually exclusive.
tlsBootstrapToken[Required] string
tlsBootstrapToken is a token used for TLS bootstrapping.
If bootstrapToken is set, this field is defaulted to .bootstrapToken.token, but can be overridden. If file` is set, this field must be set in case the KubeConfigFile does not
contain any other authentication information.
ImageMeta allows to customize the image used for components that are not
originated from the Kubernetes/Kubernetes release process
Field
Description
imageRepository[Required] string
mageRepository sets the container registry to pull images from.
If not set, the imageRepository defined in ClusterConfiguration will be used.
imageTag[Required] string
imageTag allows for specifying a tag for the image.
In case this value is set, kubeadm does not change automatically the
version of the above components during upgrades.
localAPIEndpoint represents the endpoint of the API server instance
to be deployed on this node.
certificateKey[Required] string
certificateKey is the key that is used for decryption of certificates after
they are downloaded from the secret upon joining a new control plane node.
The corresponding encryption key is in the InitConfiguration.
(Members of ImageMeta are embedded into this type.)
ImageMeta allows to customize the container used for etcd.
dataDir[Required] string
dataDir is the directory etcd will place its data.
Defaults to "/var/lib/etcd".
extraArgs[Required] map[string]string
extraArgs are extra arguments provided to the etcd binary when run
inside a static pod.
A key in this map is the flag name as it appears on the
command line except without leading dash(es).
serverCertSANs[Required] []string
serverCertSANs sets extra Subject Alternative Names (SANs) for the
etcd server signing certificate.
peerCertSANs[Required] []string
peerCertSANs sets extra Subject Alternative Names (SANs) for the
etcd peer signing certificate.
NodeRegistrationOptions holds fields that relate to registering a new control-plane
or node to the cluster, either via "kubeadm init" or "kubeadm join".
Field
Description
name[Required] string
name is the .Metadata.Name field of the Node API object that will be created
in this kubeadm init or kubeadm join operation.
This field is also used in the CommonName field of the kubelet's client certificate
to the API server.
Defaults to the hostname of the node if not provided.
criSocket[Required] string
`criSocket is used to retrieve container runtime information. This information will
be annotated to the Node API object, for later re-use.
taints specifies the taints the Node API object should be registered with.
If this field is unset, i.e. nil, in the kubeadm init process it will be defaulted to
'node-role.kubernetes.io/master=""'. If you don't want to taint your control-plane node,
set this field to an empty list, i.e. taints: [] in the YAML file. This field is
solely used for Node registration.
kubeletExtraArgs[Required] map[string]string
kubeletExtraArgs passes through extra arguments to the kubelet. The arguments here are
passed to the kubelet command line via the environment file kubeadm writes at runtime for
the kubelet to source. This overrides the generic base-level configuration in the
'kubelet-config-1.X' ConfigMap.
Flags have higher priority when parsing. These values are local and specific to the node
kubeadm is executing on.
A key in this map is the flag name as it appears on the command line except without leading dash(es).
ignorePreflightErrors[Required] []string
ignorePreflightErrors provides a list of pre-flight errors to be ignored when the
current node is registered.
12.11 - kubeadm Configuration (v1beta3)
Overview
Package v1beta3 defines the v1beta3 version of the kubeadm configuration file format.
This version improves on the v1beta2 format by fixing some minor issues and adding a few new fields.
A list of changes since v1beta2:
The deprecated "ClusterConfiguration.useHyperKubeImage" field has been removed.
Kubeadm no longer supports the hyperkube image.
The "ClusterConfiguration.DNS.Type" field has been removed since CoreDNS is the only supported
DNS server type by kubeadm.
Include "datapolicy" tags on the fields that hold secrets.
This would result in the field values to be omitted when API structures are printed with klog.
Add "InitConfiguration.SkipPhases", "JoinConfiguration.SkipPhases" to allow skipping
a list of phases during kubeadm init/join command execution.
Add "InitConfiguration.NodeRegistration.ImagePullPolicy" and "JoinConfiguration.NodeRegistration.ImagePullPolicy"
to allow specifying the images pull policy during kubeadm "init" and "join".
The value must be one of "Always", "Never" or "IfNotPresent".
"IfNotPresent" is the default, which has been the existing behavior prior to this addition.
Add "InitConfiguration.Patches.Directory", "JoinConfiguration.Patches.Directory" to allow
the user to configure a directory from which to take patches for components deployed by kubeadm.
Move the BootstrapToken* API and related utilities out of the "kubeadm" API group to a new group
"bootstraptoken". The kubeadm API version v1beta3 no longer contains the BootstrapToken* structures.
Migration from old kubeadm config versions
kubeadm v1.15.x and newer can be used to migrate from v1beta1 to v1beta2.
kubeadm v1.22.x and newer no longer support v1beta1 and older APIs, but can be used to migrate v1beta2 to v1beta3.
Basics
The preferred way to configure kubeadm is to pass an YAML configuration file with the --config option. Some of the
configuration options defined in the kubeadm config file are also available as command line flags, but only
the most common/simple use case are supported with this approach.
A kubeadm config file could contain multiple configuration types separated using three dashes (---).
kubeadm supports the following configuration types:
The list of configuration types that must be included in a configuration file depends by the action you are
performing (init or join) and by the configuration options you are going to use (defaults or advanced
customization).
If some configuration types are not provided, or provided only partially, kubeadm will use default values; defaults
provided by kubeadm includes also enforcing consistency of values across components when required (e.g.
--cluster-cidr flag on controller manager and clusterCIDR on kube-proxy).
Users are always allowed to override default values, with the only exception of a small subset of setting with
relevance for security (e.g. enforce authorization-mode Node and RBAC on api server)
If the user provides a configuration types that is not expected for the action you are performing, kubeadm will
ignore those types and print a warning.
Kubeadm init configuration types
When executing kubeadm init with the --config option, the following configuration types could be used:
InitConfiguration, ClusterConfiguration, KubeProxyConfiguration, KubeletConfiguration, but only one
between InitConfiguration and ClusterConfiguration is mandatory.
The InitConfiguration type should be used to configure runtime settings, that in case of kubeadm init
are the configuration of the bootstrap token and all the setting which are specific to the node where
kubeadm is executed, including:
NodeRegistration, that holds fields that relate to registering the new node to the cluster;
use it to customize the node name, the CRI socket to use or any other settings that should apply to this
node only (e.g. the node ip).
LocalAPIEndpoint, that represents the endpoint of the instance of the API server to be deployed on this node;
use it e.g. to customize the API server advertise address.
The ClusterConfiguration type should be used to configure cluster-wide settings,
including settings for:
networking that holds configuration for the networking topology of the cluster; use it e.g. to customize
Pod subnet or services subnet.
etcd: use it e.g. to customize the local etcd or to configure the API server
for using an external etcd cluster.
kube-apiserver, kube-scheduler, kube-controller-manager configurations; use it to customize control-plane
components by adding customized setting or overriding kubeadm default settings.
The KubeProxyConfiguration type should be used to change the configuration passed to kube-proxy instances
deployed in the cluster. If this object is not provided or provided only partially, kubeadm applies defaults.
See https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kube-proxy/ or
https://godoc.org/k8s.io/kube-proxy/config/v1alpha1#KubeProxyConfiguration
for kube-proxy official documentation.
The KubeletConfiguration type should be used to change the configurations that will be passed to all kubelet instances
deployed in the cluster. If this object is not provided or provided only partially, kubeadm applies defaults.
See https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet/ or
https://godoc.org/k8s.io/kubelet/config/v1beta1#KubeletConfiguration
for kubelet official documentation.
Here is a fully populated example of a single YAML file containing multiple
configuration types to be used during a kubeadm init run.
apiVersion:kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta3kind:InitConfigurationbootstrapTokens:- token:"9a08jv.c0izixklcxtmnze7"description:"kubeadm bootstrap token"ttl:"24h"- token:"783bde.3f89s0fje9f38fhf"description:"another bootstrap token"usages:- authentication- signinggroups:- system:bootstrappers:kubeadm:default-node-tokennodeRegistration:name:"ec2-10-100-0-1"criSocket:"/var/run/dockershim.sock"taints:- key:"kubeadmNode"value:"master"effect:"NoSchedule"kubeletExtraArgs:v:4ignorePreflightErrors:- IsPrivilegedUserimagePullPolicy:"IfNotPresent"localAPIEndpoint:advertiseAddress:"10.100.0.1"bindPort:6443certificateKey:"e6a2eb8581237ab72a4f494f30285ec12a9694d750b9785706a83bfcbbbd2204"skipPhases:- addon/kube-proxy---apiVersion:kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta3kind:ClusterConfigurationetcd:# one of local or externallocal:imageRepository:"k8s.gcr.io"imageTag:"3.2.24"dataDir:"/var/lib/etcd"extraArgs:listen-client-urls:"http://10.100.0.1:2379"serverCertSANs:- "ec2-10-100-0-1.compute-1.amazonaws.com"peerCertSANs:- "10.100.0.1"# external:# endpoints:# - "10.100.0.1:2379"# - "10.100.0.2:2379"# caFile: "/etcd/kubernetes/pki/etcd/etcd-ca.crt"# certFile: "/etcd/kubernetes/pki/etcd/etcd.crt"# keyFile: "/etcd/kubernetes/pki/etcd/etcd.key"networking:serviceSubnet:"10.96.0.0/16"podSubnet:"10.244.0.0/24"dnsDomain:"cluster.local"kubernetesVersion:"v1.21.0"controlPlaneEndpoint:"10.100.0.1:6443"apiServer:extraArgs:authorization-mode:"Node,RBAC"extraVolumes:- name:"some-volume"hostPath:"/etc/some-path"mountPath:"/etc/some-pod-path"readOnly:falsepathType:FilecertSANs:- "10.100.1.1"- "ec2-10-100-0-1.compute-1.amazonaws.com"timeoutForControlPlane:4m0scontrollerManager:extraArgs:"node-cidr-mask-size": "20"extraVolumes:- name:"some-volume"hostPath:"/etc/some-path"mountPath:"/etc/some-pod-path"readOnly:falsepathType:Filescheduler:extraArgs:address:"10.100.0.1"extraVolumes:- name:"some-volume"hostPath:"/etc/some-path"mountPath:"/etc/some-pod-path"readOnly:falsepathType:FilecertificatesDir:"/etc/kubernetes/pki"imageRepository:"k8s.gcr.io"clusterName:"example-cluster"---apiVersion:kubelet.config.k8s.io/v1beta1kind:KubeletConfiguration# kubelet specific options here---apiVersion:kubeproxy.config.k8s.io/v1alpha1kind:KubeProxyConfiguration# kube-proxy specific options here
Kubeadm join configuration types
When executing kubeadm join with the --config option, the JoinConfiguration type should be provided.
The JoinConfiguration type should be used to configure runtime settings, that in case of kubeadm join
are the discovery method used for accessing the cluster info and all the setting which are specific
to the node where kubeadm is executed, including:
nodeRegistration, that holds fields that relate to registering the new node to the cluster;
use it to customize the node name, the CRI socket to use or any other settings that should apply to this
node only (e.g. the node ip).
apiEndpoint, that represents the endpoint of the instance of the API server to be eventually deployed on this node.
expires specifies the timestamp when this token expires. Defaults to being set
dynamically at runtime based on the ttl. expires and ttl are mutually exclusive.
usages []string
usages describes the ways in which this token can be used. Can by default be used
for establishing bidirectional trust, but that can be changed here.
groups []string
groups specifies the extra groups that this token will authenticate as when/if
used for authentication
BootstrapTokenString is a token of the format abcdef.abcdef0123456789 that is used
for both validation of the practically of the API server from a joining node's point
of view and as an authentication method for the node in the bootstrap phase of
"kubeadm join". This token is and should be short-lived.
Field
Description
-[Required] string
No description provided.
-[Required] string
No description provided.
ClusterConfiguration
ClusterConfiguration contains cluster-wide configuration for a kubeadm cluster
networking holds configuration for the networking topology of the cluster.
kubernetesVersion string
kubernetesVersion is the target version of the control plane.
controlPlaneEndpoint string
controlPlaneEndpoint sets a stable IP address or DNS name for the control plane.
It can be a valid IP address or a RFC-1123 DNS subdomain, both with optional TCP port.
In case the controlPlaneEndpoint is not specified, the advertiseAddress + bindPort
are used; in case the controlPlaneEndpoint is specified but without a TCP port,
the bindPort is used.
Possible usages are:
In a cluster with more than one control plane instances, this field should be
assigned the address of the external load balancer in front of the
control plane instances.
In environments with enforced node recycling, the controlPlaneEndpoint could
be used for assigning a stable DNS to the control plane.
dns defines the options for the DNS add-on installed in the cluster.
certificatesDir string
certificatesDir specifies where to store or look for all required certificates.
imageRepository string
imageRepository sets the container registry to pull images from.
If empty, k8s.gcr.io will be used by default.
In case of kubernetes version is a CI build (kubernetes version starts with ci/)
gcr.io/k8s-staging-ci-images will be used as a default for control plane components
and for kube-proxy, while k8s.gcr.io will be used for all the other images.
featureGates map[string]bool
featureGates contains the feature gates enabled by the user.
clusterName string
The cluster name.
InitConfiguration
InitConfiguration contains a list of elements that is specific "kubeadm init"-only runtime
information.
kubeadm init-only information. These fields are solely used the first time kubeadm init runs.
After that, the information in the fields IS NOT uploaded to the kubeadm-config ConfigMap
that is used by kubeadm upgrade for instance. These fields must be omitempty.
bootstrapTokens is respected at kubeadm init time and describes a set of Bootstrap Tokens to create.
This information IS NOT uploaded to the kubeadm cluster configmap, partly because of its sensitive nature
localAPIEndpoint represents the endpoint of the API server instance that's deployed on this
control plane node. In HA setups, this differs from ClusterConfiguration.controlPlaneEndpoint
in the sense that controlPlaneEndpoint is the global endpoint for the cluster, which then
load-balances the requests to each individual API server.
This configuration object lets you customize what IP/DNS name and port the local API server
advertises it's accessible on. By default, kubeadm tries to auto-detect the IP of the default
interface and use that, but in case that process fails you may set the desired value here.
certificateKey string
certificateKey sets the key with which certificates and keys are encrypted prior to being
uploaded in a Secret in the cluster during the uploadcerts init phase.
skipPhases []string
skipPhases is a list of phases to skip during command execution.
The list of phases can be obtained with the kubeadm init --help command.
The flag "--skip-phases" takes precedence over this field.
nodeRegistration holds fields that relate to registering the new
control-plane node to the cluster.
caCertPath string
caCertPath is the path to the SSL certificate authority used to secure
comunications between a node and the control-plane.
Defaults to "/etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.crt".
controlPlane defines the additional control plane instance to be deployed
on the joining node. If nil, no additional control plane instance will be deployed.
skipPhases []string
skipPhases is a list of phases to skip during command execution.
The list of phases can be obtained with the kubeadm join --help command.
The flag --skip-phases takes precedence over this field.
BootstrapTokenDiscovery is used to set the options for bootstrap token based discovery
Field
Description
token[Required] string
token is a token used to validate cluster information fetched from the
control-plane.
apiServerEndpoint string
apiServerEndpoint is an IP or domain name to the API server from which
information will be fetched.
caCertHashes []string
caCertHashes specifies a set of public key pins to verify when token-based discovery
is used. The root CA found during discovery must match one of these values.
Specifying an empty set disables root CA pinning, which can be unsafe.
Each hash is specified as ":", where the only currently supported type is
"sha256". This is a hex-encoded SHA-256 hash of the Subject Public Key Info (SPKI)
object in DER-encoded ASN.1. These hashes can be calculated using, for example, OpenSSL.
unsafeSkipCAVerification bool
unsafeSkipCAVerification allows token-based discovery without CA verification
via caCertHashes. This can weaken the security of kubeadm since other nodes can
impersonate the control-plane.
ControlPlaneComponent holds settings common to control plane component of the cluster
Field
Description
extraArgs map[string]string
extraArgs is an extra set of flags to pass to the control plane component.
A key in this map is the flag name as it appears on the command line except
without leading dash(es).
file is used to specify a file or URL to a kubeconfig file from which to load
cluster information.
bootstrapToken and file are mutually exclusive.
tlsBootstrapToken string
tlsBootstrapToken is a token used for TLS bootstrapping.
If bootstrapToken is set, this field is defaulted to .bootstrapToken.token, but
can be overridden. If file is set, this field must be set in case the KubeConfigFile
does not contain any other authentication information
ImageMeta allows to customize the image used for components that are not
originated from the Kubernetes/Kubernetes release process
Field
Description
imageRepository string
imageRepository sets the container registry to pull images from.
If not set, the imageRepository defined in ClusterConfiguration will be used instead.
imageTag string
imageTag allows to specify a tag for the image.
In case this value is set, kubeadm does not change automatically the version of
the above components during upgrades.
localAPIEndpoint represents the endpoint of the API server instance to be
deployed on this node.
certificateKey string
certificateKey is the key that is used for decryption of certificates after
they are downloaded from the secret upon joining a new control plane node.
The corresponding encryption key is in the InitConfiguration.
(Members of ImageMeta are embedded into this type.)
ImageMeta allows to customize the container used for etcd.
dataDir[Required] string
dataDir is the directory etcd will place its data.
Defaults to "/var/lib/etcd".
extraArgs map[string]string
extraArgs are extra arguments provided to the etcd binary when run
inside a static Pod. A key in this map is the flag name as it appears on the
command line except without leading dash(es).
serverCertSANs []string
serverCertSANs sets extra Subject Alternative Names (SANs) for the etcd
server signing certificate.
peerCertSANs []string
peerCertSANs sets extra Subject Alternative Names (SANs) for the etcd peer
signing certificate.
NodeRegistrationOptions holds fields that relate to registering a new control-plane or
node to the cluster, either via "kubeadm init" or "kubeadm join"
Field
Description
name string
name is the .metadata.name field of the Node API object that will be created in this
kubeadm init or kubeadm join operation.
This field is also used in the CommonName field of the kubelet's client certificate to
the API server.
Defaults to the hostname of the node if not provided.
criSocket string
criSocket is used to retrieve container runtime info.
This information will be annotated to the Node API object, for later re-use
tains specifies the taints the Node API object should be registered with.
If this field is unset, i.e. nil, in the kubeadm init process it will be defaulted to
taints: ["node-role.kubernetes.io/master:""].
If you don't want to taint your control-plane node, set this field to an empty slice,
i.e. taints: [] in the YAML file. This field is solely used for Node registration.
kubeletExtraArgs map[string]string
kubeletExtraArgs passes through extra arguments to the kubelet.
The arguments here are passed to the kubelet command line via the environment file
kubeadm writes at runtime for the kubelet to source.
This overrides the generic base-level configuration in the 'kubelet-config-1.X' ConfigMap.
Flags have higher priority when parsing. These values are local and specific to the node
kubeadm is executing on. A key in this map is the flag name as it appears on the
command line except without leading dash(es).
ignorePreflightErrors []string
ignorePreflightErrors provides a list of pre-flight errors to be ignored when
the current node is registered.
imagePullPolicy specifies the policy for image pulling during kubeadm "init" and
"join" operations.
The value of this field must be one of "Always", "IfNotPresent" or "Never".
If this field is unset kubeadm will default it to "IfNotPresent", or pull the required
images if not present on the host.
Patches contains options related to applying patches to components deployed by kubeadm.
Field
Description
directory string
directory is a path to a directory that contains files named
"target[suffix][+patchtype].extension".
For example, "kube-apiserver0+merge.yaml" or just "etcd.json". "target" can be one of
"kube-apiserver", "kube-controller-manager", "kube-scheduler", "etcd". "patchtype" can
be one of "strategic" "merge" or "json" and they match the patch formats supported by
kubectl.
The default "patchtype" is "strategic". "extension" must be either "json" or "yaml".
"suffix" is an optional string that can be used to determine which patches are applied
first alpha-numerically.
CredentialProviderConfig is the configuration containing information about
each exec credential provider. Kubelet reads this configuration from disk and enables
each provider as specified by the CredentialProvider type.
providers is a list of credential provider plugins that will be enabled by the kubelet.
Multiple providers may match against a single image, in which case credentials
from all providers will be returned to the kubelet. If multiple providers are called
for a single image, the results are combined. If providers return overlapping
auth keys, the value from the provider earlier in this list is used.
CredentialProvider represents an exec plugin to be invoked by the kubelet. The plugin is only
invoked when an image being pulled matches the images handled by the plugin (see matchImages).
Field
Description
name[Required] string
name is the required name of the credential provider. It must match the name of the
provider executable as seen by the kubelet. The executable must be in the kubelet's
bin directory (set by the --image-credential-provider-bin-dir flag).
matchImages[Required] []string
matchImages is a required list of strings used to match against images in order to
determine if this provider should be invoked. If one of the strings matches the
requested image from the kubelet, the plugin will be invoked and given a chance
to provide credentials. Images are expected to contain the registry domain
and URL path.
Each entry in matchImages is a pattern which can optionally contain a port and a path.
Globs can be used in the domain, but not in the port or the path. Globs are supported
as subdomains like '.k8s.io' or 'k8s..io', and top-level-domains such as 'k8s.'.
Matching partial subdomains like 'app.k8s.io' is also supported. Each glob can only match
a single subdomain segment, so *.io does not match *.k8s.io.
A match exists between an image and a matchImage when all of the below are true:
Both contain the same number of domain parts and each part matches.
The URL path of an imageMatch must be a prefix of the target image URL path.
If the imageMatch contains a port, then the port must match in the image as well.
defaultCacheDuration is the default duration the plugin will cache credentials in-memory
if a cache duration is not provided in the plugin response. This field is required.
apiVersion[Required] string
Required input version of the exec CredentialProviderRequest. The returned CredentialProviderResponse
MUST use the same encoding version as the input. Current supported values are:
credentialprovider.kubelet.k8s.io/v1alpha1
args []string
Arguments to pass to the command when executing it.
Env defines additional environment variables to expose to the process. These
are unioned with the host's environment, as well as variables client-go uses
to pass argument to the plugin.
JSONOptions contains options for logging format "json".
Field
Description
splitStream[Required] bool
[Experimental] SplitStream redirects error messages to stderr while
info messages go to stdout, with buffering. The default is to write
both to stdout, without buffering.
KubeletConfiguration contains the configuration for the Kubelet
Field
Description
apiVersion string
kubelet.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind string
KubeletConfiguration
enableServer[Required] bool
enableServer enables Kubelet's secured server.
Note: Kubelet's insecure port is controlled by the readOnlyPort option.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may disrupt components that interact with the Kubelet server.
Default: true
staticPodPath string
staticPodPath is the path to the directory containing local (static) pods to
run, or the path to a single static pod file.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
the set of static pods specified at the new path may be different than the
ones the Kubelet initially started with, and this may disrupt your node.
Default: ""
syncFrequency is the max period between synchronizing running
containers and config.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
shortening this duration may have a negative performance impact, especially
as the number of Pods on the node increases. Alternatively, increasing this
duration will result in longer refresh times for ConfigMaps and Secrets.
Default: "1m"
fileCheckFrequency is the duration between checking config files for
new data.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
shortening the duration will cause the Kubelet to reload local Static Pod
configurations more frequently, which may have a negative performance impact.
Default: "20s"
httpCheckFrequency is the duration between checking http for new data.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
shortening the duration will cause the Kubelet to poll staticPodURL more
frequently, which may have a negative performance impact.
Default: "20s"
staticPodURL string
staticPodURL is the URL for accessing static pods to run.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
the set of static pods specified at the new URL may be different than the
ones the Kubelet initially started with, and this may disrupt your node.
Default: ""
staticPodURLHeader map[string][]string
staticPodURLHeader is a map of slices with HTTP headers to use when accessing the podURL.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may disrupt the ability to read the latest set of static pods from StaticPodURL.
Default: nil
address string
address is the IP address for the Kubelet to serve on (set to 0.0.0.0
for all interfaces).
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may disrupt components that interact with the Kubelet server.
Default: "0.0.0.0"
port int32
port is the port for the Kubelet to serve on.
The port number must be between 1 and 65535, inclusive.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may disrupt components that interact with the Kubelet server.
Default: 10250
readOnlyPort int32
readOnlyPort is the read-only port for the Kubelet to serve on with
no authentication/authorization.
The port number must be between 1 and 65535, inclusive.
Setting this field to 0 disables the read-only service.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may disrupt components that interact with the Kubelet server.
Default: 0 (disabled)
tlsCertFile string
tlsCertFile is the file containing x509 Certificate for HTTPS. (CA cert,
if any, concatenated after server cert). If tlsCertFile and
tlsPrivateKeyFile are not provided, a self-signed certificate
and key are generated for the public address and saved to the directory
passed to the Kubelet's --cert-dir flag.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may disrupt components that interact with the Kubelet server.
Default: ""
tlsPrivateKeyFile string
tlsPrivateKeyFile is the file containing x509 private key matching tlsCertFile.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may disrupt components that interact with the Kubelet server.
Default: ""
tlsCipherSuites []string
tlsCipherSuites is the list of allowed cipher suites for the server.
Values are from tls package constants (https://golang.org/pkg/crypto/tls/#pkg-constants).
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may disrupt components that interact with the Kubelet server.
Default: nil
tlsMinVersion string
tlsMinVersion is the minimum TLS version supported.
Values are from tls package constants (https://golang.org/pkg/crypto/tls/#pkg-constants).
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may disrupt components that interact with the Kubelet server.
Default: ""
rotateCertificates bool
rotateCertificates enables client certificate rotation. The Kubelet will request a
new certificate from the certificates.k8s.io API. This requires an approver to approve the
certificate signing requests.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
disabling it may disrupt the Kubelet's ability to authenticate with the API server
after the current certificate expires.
Default: false
serverTLSBootstrap bool
serverTLSBootstrap enables server certificate bootstrap. Instead of self
signing a serving certificate, the Kubelet will request a certificate from
the 'certificates.k8s.io' API. This requires an approver to approve the
certificate signing requests (CSR). The RotateKubeletServerCertificate feature
must be enabled when setting this field.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
disabling it will stop the renewal of Kubelet server certificates, which can
disrupt components that interact with the Kubelet server in the long term,
due to certificate expiration.
Default: false
authentication specifies how requests to the Kubelet's server are authenticated.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may disrupt components that interact with the Kubelet server.
Defaults:
anonymous:
enabled: false
webhook:
enabled: true
cacheTTL: "2m"
authorization specifies how requests to the Kubelet's server are authorized.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may disrupt components that interact with the Kubelet server.
Defaults:
mode: Webhook
webhook:
cacheAuthorizedTTL: "5m"
cacheUnauthorizedTTL: "30s"
registryPullQPS int32
registryPullQPS is the limit of registry pulls per second.
The value must not be a negative number.
Setting it to 0 means no limit.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may impact scalability by changing the amount of traffic produced
by image pulls.
Default: 5
registryBurst int32
registryBurst is the maximum size of bursty pulls, temporarily allows
pulls to burst to this number, while still not exceeding registryPullQPS.
The value must not be a negative number.
Only used if registryPullQPS is greater than 0.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may impact scalability by changing the amount of traffic produced
by image pulls.
Default: 10
eventRecordQPS int32
eventRecordQPS is the maximum event creations per second. If 0, there
is no limit enforced. The value cannot be a negative number.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may impact scalability by changing the amount of traffic produced by
event creations.
Default: 5
eventBurst int32
eventBurst is the maximum size of a burst of event creations, temporarily
allows event creations to burst to this number, while still not exceeding
eventRecordQPS. This field canot be a negative number and it is only used
when eventRecordQPS > 0.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may impact scalability by changing the amount of traffic produced by
event creations.
Default: 10
enableDebuggingHandlers bool
enableDebuggingHandlers enables server endpoints for log access
and local running of containers and commands, including the exec,
attach, logs, and portforward features.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
disabling it may disrupt components that interact with the Kubelet server.
Default: true
enableContentionProfiling bool
enableContentionProfiling enables lock contention profiling, if enableDebuggingHandlers is true.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
enabling it may carry a performance impact.
Default: false
healthzPort int32
healthzPort is the port of the localhost healthz endpoint (set to 0 to disable).
A valid number is between 1 and 65535.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may disrupt components that monitor Kubelet health.
Default: 10248
healthzBindAddress string
healthzBindAddress is the IP address for the healthz server to serve on.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may disrupt components that monitor Kubelet health.
Default: "127.0.0.1"
oomScoreAdj int32
oomScoreAdj is The oom-score-adj value for kubelet process. Values
must be within the range [-1000, 1000].
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may impact the stability of nodes under memory pressure.
Default: -999
clusterDomain string
clusterDomain is the DNS domain for this cluster. If set, kubelet will
configure all containers to search this domain in addition to the
host's search domains.
Dynamic Kubelet Config (deprecated): Dynamically updating this field is not recommended,
as it should be kept in sync with the rest of the cluster.
Default: ""
clusterDNS []string
clusterDNS is a list of IP addresses for the cluster DNS server. If set,
kubelet will configure all containers to use this for DNS resolution
instead of the host's DNS servers.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
changes will only take effect on Pods created after the update. Draining
the node is recommended before changing this field.
Default: nil
streamingConnectionIdleTimeout is the maximum time a streaming connection
can be idle before the connection is automatically closed.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may impact components that rely on infrequent updates over streaming
connections to the Kubelet server.
Default: "4h"
nodeStatusUpdateFrequency is the frequency that kubelet computes node
status. If node lease feature is not enabled, it is also the frequency that
kubelet posts node status to master.
Note: When node lease feature is not enabled, be cautious when changing the
constant, it must work with nodeMonitorGracePeriod in nodecontroller.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may impact node scalability, and also that the node controller's
nodeMonitorGracePeriod must be set to N*NodeStatusUpdateFrequency,
where N is the number of retries before the node controller marks
the node unhealthy.
Default: "10s"
nodeStatusReportFrequency is the frequency that kubelet posts node
status to master if node status does not change. Kubelet will ignore this
frequency and post node status immediately if any change is detected. It is
only used when node lease feature is enabled. nodeStatusReportFrequency's
default value is 5m. But if nodeStatusUpdateFrequency is set explicitly,
nodeStatusReportFrequency's default value will be set to
nodeStatusUpdateFrequency for backward compatibility.
Default: "5m"
nodeLeaseDurationSeconds int32
nodeLeaseDurationSeconds is the duration the Kubelet will set on its corresponding Lease.
NodeLease provides an indicator of node health by having the Kubelet create and
periodically renew a lease, named after the node, in the kube-node-lease namespace.
If the lease expires, the node can be considered unhealthy.
The lease is currently renewed every 10s, per KEP-0009. In the future, the lease renewal
interval may be set based on the lease duration.
The field value must be greater than 0.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
decreasing the duration may reduce tolerance for issues that temporarily prevent
the Kubelet from renewing the lease (e.g. a short-lived network issue).
Default: 40
imageMinimumGCAge is the minimum age for an unused image before it is
garbage collected. If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off)
is on, when dynamically updating this field, consider that it may trigger or
delay garbage collection, and may change the image overhead on the node.
Default: "2m"
imageGCHighThresholdPercent int32
imageGCHighThresholdPercent is the percent of disk usage after which
image garbage collection is always run. The percent is calculated by
dividing this field value by 100, so this field must be between 0 and
100, inclusive. When specified, the value must be greater than
imageGCLowThresholdPercent.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may trigger or delay garbage collection, and may change the image overhead
on the node.
Default: 85
imageGCLowThresholdPercent int32
imageGCLowThresholdPercent is the percent of disk usage before which
image garbage collection is never run. Lowest disk usage to garbage
collect to. The percent is calculated by dividing this field value by 100,
so the field value must be between 0 and 100, inclusive. When specified, the
value must be less than imageGCHighThresholdPercent.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may trigger or delay garbage collection, and may change the image overhead
on the node.
Default: 80
volumeStatsAggPeriod is the frequency for calculating and caching volume
disk usage for all pods.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
shortening the period may carry a performance impact.
Default: "1m"
kubeletCgroups string
kubeletCgroups is the absolute name of cgroups to isolate the kubelet in
Dynamic Kubelet Config (deprecated): This field should not be updated without a full node
reboot. It is safest to keep this value the same as the local config.
Default: ""
systemCgroups string
systemCgroups is absolute name of cgroups in which to place
all non-kernel processes that are not already in a container. Empty
for no container. Rolling back the flag requires a reboot.
The cgroupRoot must be specified if this field is not empty.
Dynamic Kubelet Config (deprecated): This field should not be updated without a full node
reboot. It is safest to keep this value the same as the local config.
Default: ""
cgroupRoot string
cgroupRoot is the root cgroup to use for pods. This is handled by the
container runtime on a best effort basis.
Dynamic Kubelet Config (deprecated): This field should not be updated without a full node
reboot. It is safest to keep this value the same as the local config.
Default: ""
cgroupsPerQOS bool
cgroupsPerQOS enable QoS based CGroup hierarchy: top level CGroups for QoS classes
and all Burstable and BestEffort Pods are brought up under their specific top level
QoS CGroup.
Dynamic Kubelet Config (deprecated): This field should not be updated without a full node
reboot. It is safest to keep this value the same as the local config.
Default: true
cgroupDriver string
cgroupDriver is the driver kubelet uses to manipulate CGroups on the host (cgroupfs
or systemd).
Dynamic Kubelet Config (deprecated): This field should not be updated without a full node
reboot. It is safest to keep this value the same as the local config.
Default: "cgroupfs"
cpuManagerPolicy string
cpuManagerPolicy is the name of the policy to use.
Requires the CPUManager feature gate to be enabled.
Dynamic Kubelet Config (deprecated): This field should not be updated without a full node
reboot. It is safest to keep this value the same as the local config.
Default: "None"
cpuManagerPolicyOptions map[string]string
cpuManagerPolicyOptions is a set of key=value which allows to set extra options
to fine tune the behaviour of the cpu manager policies.
Requires both the "CPUManager" and "CPUManagerPolicyOptions" feature gates to be enabled.
Dynamic Kubelet Config (beta): This field should not be updated without a full node
reboot. It is safest to keep this value the same as the local config.
Default: nil
cpuManagerReconcilePeriod is the reconciliation period for the CPU Manager.
Requires the CPUManager feature gate to be enabled.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
shortening the period may carry a performance impact.
Default: "10s"
memoryManagerPolicy string
memoryManagerPolicy is the name of the policy to use by memory manager.
Requires the MemoryManager feature gate to be enabled.
Dynamic Kubelet Config (deprecated): This field should not be updated without a full node
reboot. It is safest to keep this value the same as the local config.
Default: "none"
topologyManagerPolicy string
topologyManagerPolicy is the name of the topology manager policy to use.
Valid values include:
restricted: kubelet only allows pods with optimal NUMA node alignment for
requested resources;
best-effort: kubelet will favor pods with NUMA alignment of CPU and device
resources;
none: kubelet has no knowledge of NUMA alignment of a pod's CPU and device resources.
single-numa-node: kubelet only allows pods with a single NUMA alignment
of CPU and device resources.
Policies other than "none" require the TopologyManager feature gate to be enabled.
Dynamic Kubelet Config (deprecated): This field should not be updated without a full node
reboot. It is safest to keep this value the same as the local config.
Default: "none"
topologyManagerScope string
topologyManagerScope represents the scope of topology hint generation
that topology manager requests and hint providers generate. Valid values include:
container: topology policy is applied on a per-container basis.
pod: topology policy is applied on a per-pod basis.
"pod" scope requires the TopologyManager feature gate to be enabled.
Default: "container"
qosReserved map[string]string
qosReserved is a set of resource name to percentage pairs that specify
the minimum percentage of a resource reserved for exclusive use by the
guaranteed QoS tier.
Currently supported resources: "memory"
Requires the QOSReserved feature gate to be enabled.
Dynamic Kubelet Config (deprecated): This field should not be updated without a full node
reboot. It is safest to keep this value the same as the local config.
Default: nil
runtimeRequestTimeout is the timeout for all runtime requests except long running
requests - pull, logs, exec and attach.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may disrupt components that interact with the Kubelet server.
Default: "2m"
hairpinMode string
hairpinMode specifies how the Kubelet should configure the container
bridge for hairpin packets.
Setting this flag allows endpoints in a Service to loadbalance back to
themselves if they should try to access their own Service. Values:
"promiscuous-bridge": make the container bridge promiscuous.
"hairpin-veth": set the hairpin flag on container veth interfaces.
"none": do nothing.
Generally, one must set --hairpin-mode=hairpin-veth to achieve hairpin NAT,
because promiscuous-bridge assumes the existence of a container bridge named cbr0.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may require a node reboot, depending on the network plugin.
Default: "promiscuous-bridge"
maxPods int32
maxPods is the maximum number of Pods that can run on this Kubelet.
The value must be a non-negative integer.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
changes may cause Pods to fail admission on Kubelet restart, and may change
the value reported in Node.Status.Capacity[v1.ResourcePods], thus affecting
future scheduling decisions. Increasing this value may also decrease performance,
as more Pods can be packed into a single node.
Default: 110
podCIDR string
podCIDR is the CIDR to use for pod IP addresses, only used in standalone mode.
In cluster mode, this is obtained from the control plane.
Dynamic Kubelet Config (deprecated): This field should always be set to the empty default.
It should only set for standalone Kubelets, which cannot use Dynamic Kubelet Config.
Default: ""
podPidsLimit int64
podPidsLimit is the maximum number of PIDs in any pod.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
lowering it may prevent container processes from forking after the change.
Default: -1
resolvConf string
resolvConf is the resolver configuration file used as the basis
for the container DNS resolution configuration.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
changes will only take effect on Pods created after the update. Draining
the node is recommended before changing this field.
If set to the empty string, will override the default and effectively disable DNS lookups.
Default: "/etc/resolv.conf"
runOnce bool
runOnce causes the Kubelet to check the API server once for pods,
run those in addition to the pods specified by static pod files, and exit.
Default: false
cpuCFSQuota bool
cpuCFSQuota enables CPU CFS quota enforcement for containers that
specify CPU limits.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
disabling it may reduce node stability.
Default: true
cpuCFSQuotaPeriod is the CPU CFS quota period value, cpu.cfs_period_us.
The value must be between 1 us and 1 second, inclusive.
Requires the CustomCPUCFSQuotaPeriod feature gate to be enabled.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
limits set for containers will result in different cpu.cfs_quota settings. This
will trigger container restarts on the node being reconfigured.
Default: "100ms"
nodeStatusMaxImages int32
nodeStatusMaxImages caps the number of images reported in Node.status.images.
The value must be greater than -2.
Note: If -1 is specified, no cap will be applied. If 0 is specified, no image is returned.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
different values can be reported on node status.
Default: 50
maxOpenFiles int64
maxOpenFiles is Number of files that can be opened by Kubelet process.
The value must be a non-negative number.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may impact the ability of the Kubelet to interact with the node's filesystem.
Default: 1000000
contentType string
contentType is contentType of requests sent to apiserver.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may impact the ability for the Kubelet to communicate with the API server.
If the Kubelet loses contact with the API server due to a change to this field,
the change cannot be reverted via dynamic Kubelet config.
Default: "application/vnd.kubernetes.protobuf"
kubeAPIQPS int32
kubeAPIQPS is the QPS to use while talking with kubernetes apiserver.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may impact scalability by changing the amount of traffic the Kubelet
sends to the API server.
Default: 5
kubeAPIBurst int32
kubeAPIBurst is the burst to allow while talking with kubernetes API server.
This field cannot be a negative number.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may impact scalability by changing the amount of traffic the Kubelet
sends to the API server.
Default: 10
serializeImagePulls bool
serializeImagePulls when enabled, tells the Kubelet to pull images one
at a time. We recommend not changing the default value on nodes that
run docker daemon with version < 1.9 or an Aufs storage backend.
Issue #10959 has more details.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may impact the performance of image pulls.
Default: true
evictionHard map[string]string
evictionHard is a map of signal names to quantities that defines hard eviction
thresholds. For example: {"memory.available": "300Mi"}.
To explicitly disable, pass a 0% or 100% threshold on an arbitrary resource.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may trigger or delay Pod evictions.
Default:
memory.available: "100Mi"
nodefs.available: "10%"
nodefs.inodesFree: "5%"
imagefs.available: "15%"
evictionSoft map[string]string
evictionSoft is a map of signal names to quantities that defines soft eviction thresholds.
For example: {"memory.available": "300Mi"}.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may trigger or delay Pod evictions, and may change the allocatable reported
by the node.
Default: nil
evictionSoftGracePeriod map[string]string
evictionSoftGracePeriod is a map of signal names to quantities that defines grace
periods for each soft eviction signal. For example: {"memory.available": "30s"}.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may trigger or delay Pod evictions.
Default: nil
evictionPressureTransitionPeriod is the duration for which the kubelet has to wait
before transitioning out of an eviction pressure condition.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
lowering it may decrease the stability of the node when the node is overcommitted.
Default: "5m"
evictionMaxPodGracePeriod int32
evictionMaxPodGracePeriod is the maximum allowed grace period (in seconds) to use
when terminating pods in response to a soft eviction threshold being met. This value
effectively caps the Pod's terminationGracePeriodSeconds value during soft evictions.
Note: Due to issue #64530, the behavior has a bug where this value currently just
overrides the grace period during soft eviction, which can increase the grace
period from what is set on the Pod. This bug will be fixed in a future release.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
lowering it decreases the amount of time Pods will have to gracefully clean
up before being killed during a soft eviction.
Default: 0
evictionMinimumReclaim map[string]string
evictionMinimumReclaim is a map of signal names to quantities that defines minimum reclaims,
which describe the minimum amount of a given resource the kubelet will reclaim when
performing a pod eviction while that resource is under pressure.
For example: {"imagefs.available": "2Gi"}.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may change how well eviction can manage resource pressure.
Default: nil
podsPerCore int32
podsPerCore is the maximum number of pods per core. Cannot exceed maxPods.
The value must be a non-negative integer.
If 0, there is no limit on the number of Pods.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
changes may cause Pods to fail admission on Kubelet restart, and may change
the value reported in Node.status.capacity.pods, thus affecting
future scheduling decisions. Increasing this value may also decrease performance,
as more Pods can be packed into a single node.
Default: 0
enableControllerAttachDetach bool
enableControllerAttachDetach enables the Attach/Detach controller to
manage attachment/detachment of volumes scheduled to this node, and
disables kubelet from executing any attach/detach operations.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
changing which component is responsible for volume management on a live node
may result in volumes refusing to detach if the node is not drained prior to
the update, and if Pods are scheduled to the node before the
volumes.kubernetes.io/controller-managed-attach-detach annotation is updated by the
Kubelet. In general, it is safest to leave this value set the same as local config.
Default: true
protectKernelDefaults bool
protectKernelDefaults, if true, causes the Kubelet to error if kernel
flags are not as it expects. Otherwise the Kubelet will attempt to modify
kernel flags to match its expectation.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
enabling it may cause the Kubelet to crash-loop if the Kernel is not configured as
Kubelet expects.
Default: false
makeIPTablesUtilChains bool
makeIPTablesUtilChains, if true, causes the Kubelet ensures a set of iptables rules
are present on host.
These rules will serve as utility rules for various components, e.g. kube-proxy.
The rules will be created based on iptablesMasqueradeBit and iptablesDropBit.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
disabling it will prevent the Kubelet from healing locally misconfigured iptables rules.
Default: true
iptablesMasqueradeBit int32
iptablesMasqueradeBit is the bit of the iptables fwmark space to mark for SNAT.
Values must be within the range [0, 31]. Must be different from other mark bits.
Warning: Please match the value of the corresponding parameter in kube-proxy.
TODO: clean up IPTablesMasqueradeBit in kube-proxy.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it needs to be coordinated with other components, like kube-proxy, and the update
will only be effective if MakeIPTablesUtilChains is enabled.
Default: 14
iptablesDropBit int32
iptablesDropBit is the bit of the iptables fwmark space to mark for dropping packets.
Values must be within the range [0, 31]. Must be different from other mark bits.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it needs to be coordinated with other components, like kube-proxy, and the update
will only be effective if MakeIPTablesUtilChains is enabled.
Default: 15
featureGates map[string]bool
featureGates is a map of feature names to bools that enable or disable experimental
features. This field modifies piecemeal the built-in default values from
"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/features/kube_features.go".
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider the
documentation for the features you are enabling or disabling. While we
encourage feature developers to make it possible to dynamically enable
and disable features, some changes may require node reboots, and some
features may require careful coordination to retroactively disable.
Default: nil
failSwapOn bool
failSwapOn tells the Kubelet to fail to start if swap is enabled on the node.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
setting it to true will cause the Kubelet to crash-loop if swap is enabled.
Default: true
memorySwap configures swap memory available to container workloads.
containerLogMaxSize string
containerLogMaxSize is a quantity defining the maximum size of the container log
file before it is rotated. For example: "5Mi" or "256Ki".
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may trigger log rotation.
Default: "10Mi"
containerLogMaxFiles int32
containerLogMaxFiles specifies the maximum number of container log files that can
be present for a container.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
lowering it may cause log files to be deleted.
Default: 5
configMapAndSecretChangeDetectionStrategy is a mode in which ConfigMap and Secret
managers are running. Valid values include:
Get: kubelet fetches necessary objects directly from the API server;
Cache: kubelet uses TTL cache for object fetched from the API server;
Watch: kubelet uses watches to observe changes to objects that are in its interest.
Default: "Watch"
systemReserved map[string]string
systemReserved is a set of ResourceName=ResourceQuantity (e.g. cpu=200m,memory=150G)
pairs that describe resources reserved for non-kubernetes components.
Currently only cpu and memory are supported.
See http://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/compute-resources for more detail.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may not be possible to increase the reserved resources, because this
requires resizing cgroups. Always look for a NodeAllocatableEnforced event
after updating this field to ensure that the update was successful.
Default: nil
kubeReserved map[string]string
kubeReserved is a set of ResourceName=ResourceQuantity (e.g. cpu=200m,memory=150G) pairs
that describe resources reserved for kubernetes system components.
Currently cpu, memory and local storage for root file system are supported.
See https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/manage-resources-containers/
for more details.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may not be possible to increase the reserved resources, because this
requires resizing cgroups. Always look for a NodeAllocatableEnforced event
after updating this field to ensure that the update was successful.
Default: nil
reservedSystemCPUs[Required] string
The reservedSystemCPUs option specifies the CPU list reserved for the host
level system threads and kubernetes related threads. This provide a "static"
CPU list rather than the "dynamic" list by systemReserved and kubeReserved.
This option does not support systemReservedCgroup or kubeReservedCgroup.
showHiddenMetricsForVersion string
showHiddenMetricsForVersion is the previous version for which you want to show
hidden metrics.
Only the previous minor version is meaningful, other values will not be allowed.
The format is <major>.<minor>, e.g.: 1.16.
The purpose of this format is make sure you have the opportunity to notice
if the next release hides additional metrics, rather than being surprised
when they are permanently removed in the release after that.
Default: ""
systemReservedCgroup string
systemReservedCgroup helps the kubelet identify absolute name of top level CGroup used
to enforce systemReserved compute resource reservation for OS system daemons.
Refer to Node Allocatable
doc for more information.
Dynamic Kubelet Config (deprecated): This field should not be updated without a full node
reboot. It is safest to keep this value the same as the local config.
Default: ""
kubeReservedCgroup string
kubeReservedCgroup helps the kubelet identify absolute name of top level CGroup used
to enforce KubeReserved compute resource reservation for Kubernetes node system daemons.
Refer to Node Allocatable
doc for more information.
Dynamic Kubelet Config (deprecated): This field should not be updated without a full node
reboot. It is safest to keep this value the same as the local config.
Default: ""
enforceNodeAllocatable []string
This flag specifies the various Node Allocatable enforcements that Kubelet needs to perform.
This flag accepts a list of options. Acceptable options are none, pods,
system-reserved and kube-reserved.
If none is specified, no other options may be specified.
When system-reserved is in the list, systemReservedCgroup must be specified.
When kube-reserved is in the list, kubeReservedCgroup must be specified.
This field is supported only when cgroupsPerQOS is set to true.
Refer to Node Allocatable
for more information.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
removing enforcements may reduce the stability of the node. Alternatively, adding
enforcements may reduce the stability of components which were using more than
the reserved amount of resources; for example, enforcing kube-reserved may cause
Kubelets to OOM if it uses more than the reserved resources, and enforcing system-reserved
may cause system daemons to OOM if they use more than the reserved resources.
Default: ["pods"]
allowedUnsafeSysctls []string
A comma separated whitelist of unsafe sysctls or sysctl patterns (ending in *).
Unsafe sysctl groups are kernel.shm*, kernel.msg*, kernel.sem, fs.mqueue.*,
and net.*. For example: "kernel.msg*,net.ipv4.route.min_pmtu"
Default: []
volumePluginDir string
volumePluginDir is the full path of the directory in which to search
for additional third party volume plugins.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that changing
the volumePluginDir may disrupt workloads relying on third party volume plugins.
Default: "/usr/libexec/kubernetes/kubelet-plugins/volume/exec/"
providerID string
providerID, if set, sets the unique ID of the instance that an external
provider (i.e. cloudprovider) can use to identify a specific node.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may impact the ability of the Kubelet to interact with cloud providers.
Default: ""
kernelMemcgNotification bool
kernelMemcgNotification, if set, instructs the the kubelet to integrate with the
kernel memcg notification for determining if memory eviction thresholds are
exceeded rather than polling.
If DynamicKubeletConfig (deprecated; default off) is on, when
dynamically updating this field, consider that
it may impact the way Kubelet interacts with the kernel.
Default: false
shutdownGracePeriod specifies the total duration that the node should delay the
shutdown and total grace period for pod termination during a node shutdown.
Default: "0s"
shutdownGracePeriodCriticalPods specifies the duration used to terminate critical
pods during a node shutdown. This should be less than shutdownGracePeriod.
For example, if shutdownGracePeriod=30s, and shutdownGracePeriodCriticalPods=10s,
during a node shutdown the first 20 seconds would be reserved for gracefully
terminating normal pods, and the last 10 seconds would be reserved for terminating
critical pods.
Default: "0s"
shutdownGracePeriodByPodPriority specifies the shutdown grace period for Pods based
on their associated priority class value.
When a shutdown request is received, the Kubelet will initiate shutdown on all pods
running on the node with a grace period that depends on the priority of the pod,
and then wait for all pods to exit.
Each entry in the array represents the graceful shutdown time a pod with a priority
class value that lies in the range of that value and the next higher entry in the
list when the node is shutting down.
For example, to allow critical pods 10s to shutdown, priority>=10000 pods 20s to
shutdown, and all remaining pods 30s to shutdown.
The time the Kubelet will wait before exiting will at most be the maximum of all
shutdownGracePeriodSeconds for each priority class range represented on the node.
When all pods have exited or reached their grace periods, the Kubelet will release
the shutdown inhibit lock.
Requires the GracefulNodeShutdown feature gate to be enabled.
This configuration must be empty if either ShutdownGracePeriod or ShutdownGracePeriodCriticalPods is set.
Default: nil
reservedMemory specifies a comma-separated list of memory reservations for NUMA nodes.
The parameter makes sense only in the context of the memory manager feature.
The memory manager will not allocate reserved memory for container workloads.
For example, if you have a NUMA0 with 10Gi of memory and the reservedMemory was
specified to reserve 1Gi of memory at NUMA0, the memory manager will assume that
only 9Gi is available for allocation.
You can specify a different amount of NUMA node and memory types.
You can omit this parameter at all, but you should be aware that the amount of
reserved memory from all NUMA nodes should be equal to the amount of memory specified
by the node allocatable.
If at least one node allocatable parameter has a non-zero value, you will need
to specify at least one NUMA node.
Also, avoid specifying:
Duplicates, the same NUMA node, and memory type, but with a different value.
zero limits for any memory type.
NUMAs nodes IDs that do not exist under the machine.
memory types except for memory and hugepages-
Default: nil
enableProfilingHandler bool
enableProfilingHandler enables profiling via web interface host:port/debug/pprof/
Default: true
enableDebugFlagsHandler bool
enableDebugFlagsHandler enables flags endpoint via web interface host:port/debug/flags/v
Default: true
seccompDefault bool
SeccompDefault enables the use of RuntimeDefault as the default seccomp profile for all workloads.
This requires the corresponding SeccompDefault feature gate to be enabled as well.
Default: false
memoryThrottlingFactor float64
MemoryThrottlingFactor specifies the factor multiplied by the memory limit or node allocatable memory
when setting the cgroupv2 memory.high value to enforce MemoryQoS.
Decreasing this factor will set lower high limit for container cgroups and put heavier reclaim pressure
while increasing will put less reclaim pressure.
See http://kep.k8s.io/2570 for more details.
Default: 0.8
registerWithTaints are an array of taints to add to a node object when
the kubelet registers itself. This only takes effect when registerNode
is true and upon the initial registration of the node.
Default: nil
registerNode bool
registerNode enables automatic registration with the apiserver.
Default: true
SerializedNodeConfigSource
SerializedNodeConfigSource allows us to serialize v1.NodeConfigSource.
This type is used internally by the Kubelet for tracking checkpointed dynamic configs.
It exists in the kubeletconfig API group because it is classified as a versioned input to the Kubelet.
enabled allows anonymous requests to the kubelet server.
Requests that are not rejected by another authentication method are treated as
anonymous requests.
Anonymous requests have a username of system:anonymous, and a group name of
system:unauthenticated.
mode is the authorization mode to apply to requests to the kubelet server.
Valid values are AlwaysAllow and Webhook.
Webhook mode uses the SubjectAccessReview API to determine authorization.
clientCAFile is the path to a PEM-encoded certificate bundle. If set, any request
presenting a client certificate signed by one of the authorities in the bundle
is authenticated with a username corresponding to the CommonName,
and groups corresponding to the Organization in the client certificate.
swapBehavior configures swap memory available to container workloads. May be one of
"", "LimitedSwap": workload combined memory and swap usage cannot exceed pod memory limit
"UnlimitedSwap": workloads can use unlimited swap, up to the allocatable limit.
JSONOptions contains options for logging format "json".
Field
Description
splitStream[Required] bool
[Experimental] SplitStream redirects error messages to stderr while
info messages go to stdout, with buffering. The default is to write
both to stdout, without buffering.
Maximum number of seconds between log flushes. Ignored if the
selected logging backend writes log messages without buffering.
verbosity[Required] uint32
Verbosity is the threshold that determines which log messages are
logged. Default is zero which logs only the most important
messages. Higher values enable additional messages. Error messages
are always logged.
VModule overrides the verbosity threshold for individual files.
Only supported for "text" log format.
sanitization[Required] bool
[Experimental] When enabled prevents logging of fields tagged as sensitive (passwords, keys, tokens).
Runtime log sanitization may introduce significant computation overhead and therefore should not be enabled in production.`)
[Experimental] Options holds additional parameters that are specific
to the different logging formats. Only the options for the selected
format get used, but all of them get validated.
VModuleConfiguration
(Alias of []k8s.io/component-base/config/v1alpha1.VModuleItem)
CredentialProviderRequest includes the image that the kubelet requires authentication for.
Kubelet will pass this request object to the plugin via stdin. In general, plugins should
prefer responding with the same apiVersion they were sent.
Field
Description
apiVersion string
credentialprovider.kubelet.k8s.io/v1alpha1
kind string
CredentialProviderRequest
image[Required] string
image is the container image that is being pulled as part of the
credential provider plugin request. Plugins may optionally parse the image
to extract any information required to fetch credentials.
CredentialProviderResponse
CredentialProviderResponse holds credentials that the kubelet should use for the specified
image provided in the original request. Kubelet will read the response from the plugin via stdout.
This response should be set to the same apiVersion as CredentialProviderRequest.
cacheKeyType indiciates the type of caching key to use based on the image provided
in the request. There are three valid values for the cache key type: Image, Registry, and
Global. If an invalid value is specified, the response will NOT be used by the kubelet.
cacheDuration indicates the duration the provided credentials should be cached for.
The kubelet will use this field to set the in-memory cache duration for credentials
in the AuthConfig. If null, the kubelet will use defaultCacheDuration provided in
CredentialProviderConfig. If set to 0, the kubelet will not cache the provided AuthConfig.
auth is a map containing authentication information passed into the kubelet.
Each key is a match image string (more on this below). The corresponding authConfig value
should be valid for all images that match against this key. A plugin should set
this field to null if no valid credentials can be returned for the requested image.
Each key in the map is a pattern which can optionally contain a port and a path.
Globs can be used in the domain, but not in the port or the path. Globs are supported
as subdomains like '∗.k8s.io' or 'k8s.∗.io', and top-level-domains such as 'k8s.∗'.
Matching partial subdomains like 'app∗.k8s.io' is also supported. Each glob can only match
a single subdomain segment, so ∗.io does not match ∗.k8s.io.
The kubelet will match images against the key when all of the below are true:
Both contain the same number of domain parts and each part matches.
The URL path of an imageMatch must be a prefix of the target image URL path.
If the imageMatch contains a port, then the port must match in the image as well.
When multiple keys are returned, the kubelet will traverse all keys in reverse order so that:
longer keys come before shorter keys with the same prefix
non-wildcard keys come before wildcard keys with the same prefix.
For any given match, the kubelet will attempt an image pull with the provided credentials,
stopping after the first successfully authenticated pull.
AuthConfig contains authentication information for a container registry.
Only username/password based authentication is supported today, but more authentication
mechanisms may be added in the future.
Field
Description
username[Required] string
username is the username used for authenticating to the container registry
An empty username is valid.
password[Required] string
password is the password used for authenticating to the container registry
An empty password is valid.
WebhookAdmission provides configuration for the webhook admission controller.
Field
Description
apiVersion string
apiserver.config.k8s.io/v1
kind string
WebhookAdmission
kubeConfigFile[Required] string
KubeConfigFile is the path to the kubeconfig file.
13 - Scheduling
13.1 - Scheduler Configuration
FEATURE STATE:Kubernetes v1.19 [beta]
You can customize the behavior of the kube-scheduler by writing a configuration
file and passing its path as a command line argument.
A scheduling Profile allows you to configure the different stages of scheduling
in the kube-scheduler.
Each stage is exposed in an extension point. Plugins provide scheduling behaviors
by implementing one or more of these extension points.
You can specify scheduling profiles by running kube-scheduler --config <filename>,
using the
KubeSchedulerConfiguration (v1beta2
or v1beta3)
struct.
A scheduling Profile allows you to configure the different stages of scheduling
in the kube-scheduler.
Each stage is exposed in an extension point.
Plugins provide scheduling behaviors by implementing one
or more of these extension points.
You can configure a single instance of kube-scheduler to run
multiple profiles.
Extension points
Scheduling happens in a series of stages that are exposed through the following
extension points:
queueSort: These plugins provide an ordering function that is used to
sort pending Pods in the scheduling queue. Exactly one queue sort plugin
may be enabled at a time.
preFilter: These plugins are used to pre-process or check information
about a Pod or the cluster before filtering. They can mark a pod as
unschedulable.
filter: These plugins are the equivalent of Predicates in a scheduling
Policy and are used to filter out nodes that can not run the Pod. Filters
are called in the configured order. A pod is marked as unschedulable if no
nodes pass all the filters.
postFilter: These plugins are called in their configured order when no
feasible nodes were found for the pod. If any postFilter plugin marks the
Pod schedulable, the remaining plugins are not called.
preScore: This is an informational extension point that can be used
for doing pre-scoring work.
score: These plugins provide a score to each node that has passed the
filtering phase. The scheduler will then select the node with the highest
weighted scores sum.
reserve: This is an informational extension point that notifies plugins
when resources have been reserved for a given Pod. Plugins also implement an
Unreserve call that gets called in the case of failure during or after
Reserve.
permit: These plugins can prevent or delay the binding of a Pod.
preBind: These plugins perform any work required before a Pod is bound.
bind: The plugins bind a Pod to a Node. bind plugins are called in order
and once one has done the binding, the remaining plugins are skipped. At
least one bind plugin is required.
postBind: This is an informational extension point that is called after
a Pod has been bound.
multiPoint: This is a config-only field that allows plugins to be enabled
or disabled for all of their applicable extension points simultaneously.
For each extension point, you could disable specific default plugins
or enable your own. For example:
You can use * as name in the disabled array to disable all default plugins
for that extension point. This can also be used to rearrange plugins order, if
desired.
Scheduling plugins
The following plugins, enabled by default, implement one or more of these
extension points:
ImageLocality: Favors nodes that already have the container images that the
Pod runs.
Extension points: score.
NodeUnschedulable: Filters out nodes that have .spec.unschedulable set to
true.
Extension points: filter.
NodeResourcesFit: Checks if the node has all the resources that the Pod is
requesting. The score can use one of three strategies: LeastAllocated
(default), MostAllocated and RequestedToCapacityRatio.
Extension points: preFilter, filter, score.
NodeResourcesBalancedAllocation: Favors nodes that would obtain a more
balanced resource usage if the Pod is scheduled there.
Extension points: score.
VolumeBinding: Checks if the node has or if it can bind the requested
volumes.
Extension points: preFilter, filter, reserve, preBind, score.
Note:score extension point is enabled when VolumeCapacityPriority feature is
enabled. It prioritizes the smallest PVs that can fit the requested volume
size.
VolumeRestrictions: Checks that volumes mounted in the node satisfy
restrictions that are specific to the volume provider.
Extension points: filter.
VolumeZone: Checks that volumes requested satisfy any zone requirements they
might have.
Extension points: filter.
NodeVolumeLimits: Checks that CSI volume limits can be satisfied for the
node.
Extension points: filter.
EBSLimits: Checks that AWS EBS volume limits can be satisfied for the node.
Extension points: filter.
GCEPDLimits: Checks that GCP-PD volume limits can be satisfied for the node.
Extension points: filter.
AzureDiskLimits: Checks that Azure disk volume limits can be satisfied for
the node.
Extension points: filter.
PrioritySort: Provides the default priority based sorting.
Extension points: queueSort.
DefaultBinder: Provides the default binding mechanism.
Extension points: bind.
DefaultPreemption: Provides the default preemption mechanism.
Extension points: postFilter.
You can also enable the following plugins, through the component config APIs,
that are not enabled by default:
SelectorSpread: Favors spreading across nodes for Pods that belong to
Services,
ReplicaSets and
StatefulSets.
Extension points: preScore, score.
CinderLimits: Checks that OpenStack Cinder
volume limits can be satisfied for the node.
Extension points: filter.
Multiple profiles
You can configure kube-scheduler to run more than one profile.
Each profile has an associated scheduler name and can have a different set of
plugins configured in its extension points.
With the following sample configuration, the scheduler will run with two
profiles: one with the default plugins and one with all scoring plugins
disabled.
Pods that want to be scheduled according to a specific profile can include
the corresponding scheduler name in its .spec.schedulerName.
By default, one profile with the scheduler name default-scheduler is created.
This profile includes the default plugins described above. When declaring more
than one profile, a unique scheduler name for each of them is required.
If a Pod doesn't specify a scheduler name, kube-apiserver will set it to
default-scheduler. Therefore, a profile with this scheduler name should exist
to get those pods scheduled.
Note: Pod's scheduling events have .spec.schedulerName as the ReportingController.
Events for leader election use the scheduler name of the first profile in the
list.
Note: All profiles must use the same plugin in the queueSort extension point and have
the same configuration parameters (if applicable). This is because the scheduler
only has one pending pods queue.
Plugins that apply to multiple extension points
Starting from kubescheduler.config.k8s.io/v1beta3, there is an additional field in the
profile config, multiPoint, which allows for easily enabling or disabling a plugin
across several extension points. The intent of multiPoint config is to simplify the
configuration needed for users and administrators when using custom profiles.
Consider a plugin, MyPlugin, which implements the preScore, score, preFilter,
and filter extension points. To enable MyPlugin for all its available extension
points, the profile config looks like:
One benefit of using multiPoint here is that if MyPlugin implements another
extension point in the future, the multiPoint config will automatically enable it
for the new extension.
Specific extension points can be excluded from MultiPoint expansion using
the disabled field for that extension point. This works with disabling default
plugins, non-default plugins, or with the wildcard ('*') to disable all plugins.
An example of this, disabling Score and PreScore, would be:
In v1beta3, all default plugins are enabled internally through MultiPoint.
However, individual extension points are still available to allow flexible
reconfiguration of the default values (such as ordering and Score weights). For
example, consider two Score plugins DefaultScore1 and DefaultScore2, each with
a weight of 1. They can be reordered with different weights like so:
In this example, it's unnecessary to specify the plugins in MultiPoint explicitly
because they are default plugins. And the only plugin specified in Score is DefaultScore2.
This is because plugins set through specific extension points will always take precedence
over MultiPoint plugins. So, this snippet essentially re-orders the two plugins
without needing to specify both of them.
The general hierarchy for precedence when configuring MultiPoint plugins is as follows:
Specific extension points run first, and their settings override whatever is set elsewhere
Plugins manually configured through MultiPoint and their settings
Default plugins and their default settings
To demonstrate the above hierarchy, the following example is based on these plugins:
Plugin
Extension Points
DefaultQueueSort
QueueSort
CustomQueueSort
QueueSort
DefaultPlugin1
Score, Filter
DefaultPlugin2
Score
CustomPlugin1
Score, Filter
CustomPlugin2
Score, Filter
A valid sample configuration for these plugins would be:
Note that there is no error for re-declaring a MultiPoint plugin in a specific
extension point. The re-declaration is ignored (and logged), as specific extension points
take precedence.
Besides keeping most of the config in one spot, this sample does a few things:
Enables the custom queueSort plugin and disables the default one
Enables CustomPlugin1 and CustomPlugin2, which will run first for all of their extension points
Disables DefaultPlugin1, but only for filter
Reorders DefaultPlugin2 to run first in score (even before the custom plugins)
In versions of the config before v1beta3, without multiPoint, the above snippet would equate to this:
While this is a complicated example, it demonstrates the flexibility of MultiPoint config
as well as its seamless integration with the existing methods for configuring extension points.
With the v1beta2 configuration version, you can use a new score extension for the
NodeResourcesFit plugin.
The new extension combines the functionalities of the NodeResourcesLeastAllocated,
NodeResourcesMostAllocated and RequestedToCapacityRatio plugins.
For example, if you previously used the NodeResourcesMostAllocated plugin, you
would instead use NodeResourcesFit (enabled by default) and add a pluginConfig
with a scoreStrategy that is similar to:
In Kubernetes versions before v1.23, a scheduling policy can be used to specify the predicates and priorities process. For example, you can set a scheduling policy by
running kube-scheduler --policy-config-file <filename> or kube-scheduler --policy-configmap <ConfigMap>.
This scheduling policy is not supported since Kubernetes v1.23. Associated flags policy-config-file, policy-configmap, policy-configmap-namespace and use-legacy-policy-config are also not supported. Instead, use the Scheduler Configuration to achieve similar behavior.
Kubernetes contains several tools to help you work with the Kubernetes system.
crictl
crictl is a command-line
interface for inspecting and debugging CRI-compatible
container runtimes.
Dashboard
Dashboard, the web-based user interface of Kubernetes, allows you to deploy containerized applications
to a Kubernetes cluster, troubleshoot them, and manage the cluster and its
resources itself.
Helm
🛇 This item links to a third party project or product that is not part of Kubernetes itself. More information
Helm is a tool for managing packages of pre-configured
Kubernetes resources. These packages are known as Helm charts.
Helm is a third party managed tool for managing packages of pre-configured
Kubernetes resources, aka Kubernetes charts.
Use Helm to:
Find and use popular software packaged as Kubernetes charts
Share your own applications as Kubernetes charts
Create reproducible builds of your Kubernetes applications
Intelligently manage your Kubernetes manifest files
Manage releases of Helm packages
Kompose
Kompose is a tool to help Docker Compose users move to Kubernetes.
Use Kompose to:
Translate a Docker Compose file into Kubernetes objects
Go from local Docker development to managing your application via Kubernetes
Kui is a GUI tool that takes your normal
kubectl command line requests and responds with graphics.
Kui takes the normal kubectl command line requests and responds with graphics. Instead
of ASCII tables, Kui provides a GUI rendering with tables that you can sort.
Kui lets you:
Directly click on long, auto-generated resource names instead of copying and pasting
Type in kubectl commands and see them execute, even sometimes faster than kubectl itself
Query a Job and see its execution rendered
as a waterfall diagram
Click through resources in your cluster using a tabbed UI
Minikube
minikube is a tool that
runs a single-node Kubernetes cluster locally on your workstation for
development and testing purposes.
14.1 - Mapping from dockercli to crictl
Note:
This section links to third party projects that provide functionality required by Kubernetes. The Kubernetes project authors aren't responsible for these projects, which are listed alphabetically. To add a project to this list, read the content guide before submitting a change. More information.
Note: This page is deprecated and will be removed in Kubernetes 1.27.
crictl is a command-line interface for CRI-compatible container runtimes.
You can use it to inspect and debug container runtimes and applications on a
Kubernetes node. crictl and its source are hosted in the
cri-tools repository.
This page provides a reference for mapping common commands for the docker
command-line tool into the equivalent commands for crictl.
Mapping from docker CLI to crictl
The exact versions for the mapping table are for docker CLI v1.40 and crictl
v1.19.0. This list is not exhaustive. For example, it doesn't include
experimental docker CLI commands.
Note: The output format of crictl is similar to docker CLI, despite some missing
columns for some CLI. Make sure to check output for the specific command if your
command output is being parsed programmatically.
Retrieve debugging information
mapping from docker cli to crictl - retrieve debugging information
docker cli
crictl
Description
Unsupported Features
attach
attach
Attach to a running container
--detach-keys, --sig-proxy
exec
exec
Run a command in a running container
--privileged, --user, --detach-keys
images
images
List images
info
info
Display system-wide information
inspect
inspect, inspecti
Return low-level information on a container, image or task
logs
logs
Fetch the logs of a container
--details
ps
ps
List containers
stats
stats
Display a live stream of container(s) resource usage statistics
Column: NET/BLOCK I/O, PIDs
version
version
Show the runtime (Docker, ContainerD, or others) version information
Perform Changes
mapping from docker cli to crictl - perform changes
docker cli
crictl
Description
Unsupported Features
create
create
Create a new container
kill
stop (timeout = 0)
Kill one or more running container
--signal
pull
pull
Pull an image or a repository from a registry
--all-tags, --disable-content-trust
rm
rm
Remove one or more containers
rmi
rmi
Remove one or more images
run
run
Run a command in a new container
start
start
Start one or more stopped containers
--detach-keys
stop
stop
Stop one or more running containers
update
update
Update configuration of one or more containers
--restart, --blkio-weight and some other resource limit not supported by CRI.
Supported only in crictl
mapping from docker cli to crictl - supported only in crictl
Kubeadm is a tool built to provide